Self-perception of side effects by adolescents in a chlorhexidine-fluoride-based preventive oral health program

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of adverse effects reported by adolescents following 14 days of use of a mouthrinse containing 0.05% NaF+0.12% chlorhexidine. METHODS: This double-blind study was developed as part of a randomized clinical trial. The adolescents enrolled to the study were randomly divided into two groups to use either: 0.05% NaF+0.12% chlorhexidine (G1, n=85) or 0.05% NaF (G2, n=85). Both groups used a 10mL solution of the mouthwash during 1 minute daily for 2 weeks under supervision. After that period, the subject's acceptance of taste was measured using a verbal descriptive scale (Labeled Magnitude Scale - LMS)11. Participants were also interviewed regarding the occurrence of possible adverse effects during treatment (temporary palate disorders, tooth staining or unpleasant taste). The proportional differences between the groups were tested using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Palate changes were reported by 26% of participants of each group; 17.7% of G1 and 32% of G2 reported an unpleasant taste (p = 0.062), while staining was reported by 55% of G1 and 68.9% of G2 (p = 0.117). Absenteeism rates were similar in both groups (G1= 2.58 ± 2.69; G2=2.81 ± 2.39), p=0.362. CONCLUSION: adherence was high in both groups and side effects reported by subjects were not perceived by them as being important. Since subjects' acceptance and compliance is fundamental to the success of an oral health program, chlorhexidine-fluoride could be a useful resource in a program of plaque control.

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Evaluation of adverse effects with COVID-19 vaccination in Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.12669/pjms.37.7.4522 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Dr Sana Abbas ◽

Beenish Abbas ◽

Sidra Amir ◽

Mehreen Wajahat

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Gastrointestinal Disturbance ◽

Creative Commons ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Categorical Groups

Objectives: Vaccinations work with different mechanisms to offer protection against disease; however, process of immunity building can cause symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the immediate side effects of COVID–19 vaccination in the Pakistani Population. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Foundation University College of Dentistry, Islamabad from February to April 2021. 0.5 mL per dose of the Covid-19 vaccine was administered to the candidates. These 205 candidates receiving vaccination were then interviewed investigating the adverse effects of the vaccine. Post-vaccination side effects were compared among categorical groups using the Chi-Square test, whereas post-vaccination side effects were compared with age using independent samples T-test. A p-value of ≤0.05 was statistically significant. Results: Among post-vaccination side effects, fever was reported by 69 participants, while 56 of 205 reported soreness, redness, and swelling at the injection site. It was reported by 42/205 participants to have felt chills and rigor, whereas gastrointestinal disturbance and flu-like symptoms were reported in 55/205 and 28/205 participants, respectively. Younger participants were more likely to develop gastrointestinal disturbance and flu-like symptoms following vaccination as compared to older participants. Conclusion: Malaise, headache, and fever were observed to be the most common side effects of the vaccine, moreover there was a linear relationship between manifestations of adverse effects and history of comorbidities. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.7.4522 How to cite this:Abbas S, Abbas B, Amir S, Wajahat M. Evaluation of adverse effects with COVID-19 vaccination in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.7.4522 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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A Tale of Two Therapies- A Comparison of Armour Thyroid and Levothyroxine

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1678 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A823-A824

Author(s):

Meghna Shah ◽

Rachael Proumen ◽

Akhila Sunkara ◽

Runa Acharya ◽

Amy Patel

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Side Effects ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Hair Loss ◽

P Value ◽

Thyroid Extract ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Difference ◽

Loss Of Appetite

Abstract Treatment of hypothyroidism is predominantly with levothyroxine due to its ability to generate stable T3 levels and its long half-life. Many patients report continued hypothyroid symptoms despite normal TSH values on levothyroxine and request to switch to desiccated animal thyroid extract. Desiccated thyroid extract is less used for fear of side effects and risks. There are only a handful of studies available comparing desiccated animal thyroid extract to levothyroxine. We conducted a retrospective study on 250 hypothyroid patients over the age of 18 who presented to our clinic from 2008-2018. We excluded patients who had a history of thyroid cancer and documented non-adherence. We analyzed 125 patients on levothyroxine (males=43, females=82) and 125 patients who were on levothyroxine but chose to switch to Armour Thyroid (males=7, females=118). We examined the following variables; when comparisons of proportions were made between the two groups, N-1 chi square test was used to determine significance. 1. Reason for change to Armour Thyroid from levothyroxine: Top reasons were fatigue (n=51/125, 40.8%), inability to lose weight (n=32/125, 25.6%), mental fog (n=8/125, 6.4%), hair loss (n=8/125, 6.4%) and desire for a natural product (n=7/125, 5.6%) 2. Percentage of patients complaining of fatigue/weight gain in euthyroid state: 16/125 (12.8%) of patients on Armour Thyroid and 29/125 (23.2%) of patients on levothyroxine had complaints of fatigue and weight gain with a normal TSH. This 10.4% difference was significant (p value=0.033, 95% CI 0.84% to 19.8%). 3. Presence of side effects: 24/125 (19.2%) patients on Armour Thyroid discontinued it before 6 months. The top reasons were no improvement of symptoms (n=9/24, 37.5%), palpitations (n=5/24, 20.8%), worsening anxiety (n=3/24, 12.5%), cost (n=2/24, 8.33%), and loss of appetite (n=2/24, 8.33%). 5/125 (4.00%) patients on levothyroxine chose to discontinue it before 6 months. The reasons included presence of palpitations (n=3/5, 60.0%), hair loss (n=1/5, 20.0%), and gluten intolerance (n=1/5, 20.0%). A total of 11/125 (8.8%) had adverse effects from Armour Thyroid while 4/125 (3.2%) of patients on levothyroxine had adverse effects to the medication. The difference of 5.6% leaned toward clinical significance and trended toward being statistically significant (p value=0.06, CI -0.4842% to 12.1677%). Our research shows that patients generally feel better on Armour Thyroid compared to levothyroxine. Armour Thyroid is an effective medication to use for patients who remain symptomatic on levothyroxine and should be considered as a viable option in clinical practice. However, our study also indicated that patients may have more adverse effects on Armour Thyroid when compared to levothyroxine and further studies are needed comparing the two medications. Limitations of our study include the retrospective nature of the study and the sample size.

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A Prospective Comparison of Iotrolan and Iohexol in Lumbar Myelography

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.1177/028418519403500217 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 182-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Wagner ◽

C. Jensen ◽

A. Sæbye ◽

T. B. Rasmussen

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Image Quality ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Neck Pain ◽

Side Effect ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Lumbar Myelography ◽

Prospective Comparison ◽

Males And Females

In a double-blind study 238 patients were examined with lumbar myelography using iotrolan or iohexol in randomized sequence in order to evaluate the image quality, the safety and tolerance of iotrolan by monitoring the adverse effects with special attention to late reactions. There were no serious complications. On the first day 28 patients (24%) had headache after iotrolan and 41 (34%) after iohexol. This difference was not significant, and these frequencies are similiar to those found after spinal puncture alone. The second most frequent side effect was neck pain; the duration of neck pain were significantly longer after myelography with iohexol than with iotrolan. There was a significantly higher frequency of adverse effects in females the first 24 hours, but during examination and on days 2 to 4 there were no differences between males and females. Anamnestic information or myelographic diagnosis could not predict which patients would have side effects. The image quality was excellent or good in all examinations but one. It is concluded that iotrolan is a safe contrast medium well suited for lumbar myelography.

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HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG PENANGANAN KEJADIAN IKUTAN PASCA IMUNISASI (KIPI) PADA BAYI DI PUSKESMAS TEBAT AGUNG KABUPATEN MUARA ENIM

Jurnal Kebidanan : Jurnal Medical Science Ilmu Kesehatan Akademi Kebidanan Budi Mulia Palembang ◽

10.35325/kebidanan.v7i2.108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Yuhemy Zurizah Yuhemy Zurizah

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Side Effects ◽

Health Program ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Related Research ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Program Error

ABSTRAK WHO memperkirakan di negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh memperkirakan terjadinya KIPI menjadi lima kelompok penyebab yaitu kesalahan program (27%), reaksi suntikan (28,7%), reaksi vaksin (21%) koinsiden (17,8%) dan efek samping toksilitas (5,5%). Pengetahuan ibu tentang KIPI adalah bagaimana cara mengatasinya apabila kejadian tersebut terjadi dirumah. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan ibu tentang penanganan kejadian ikutan pasca imunisasi pada bayi Peneliti menggunakan metode analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil uji chi-square diperoleh p value (0,001) < α (0,05), hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan dengan penanganan KIPI diharapkan lebih memprioritaskan program kesehatan dalam upaya bagaimana penanganan terjadinya KIPI. Diharapkan bagi institusi pendidikan agar dapat meningkatkan penyediaan sumber-sumber referensi tentang penelitian terkait dan jurnal kesehatan lainnya serta buku-buku pedoman khususnya mengenai metodelogi penelitian, agar dapat menunjang secara lebih dalam pelaksanaan penelitian selanjutnya. ABSTRACK WHO estimates that in developing countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh estimates the occurrence of KIPI into five groups of causes of program error (27%), injection reactions (28.7%), vaccine reactions (21%) coincidence (17.8%) and toxic side effects (5.5%). Mother's knowledge about KIPI is how to overcome if the incident happened at home. The purpose of this research is to know the correlation between mother's knowledge about the handling of post-immunization occurrence in baby. Researcher use analytical method with cross sectional approach. The result of this research showed that chi-square test obtained p value (0.001) <α (0,05), it shows that there is a significant correlation between knowledge and handling of KIPI expected to prioritize health program in the effort of handling KIPI. It is desirable for educational institutions to improve the provision of reference resources on related research and other health journals as well as specific guidebooks on research methodology, in order to better support the further implementation of the research.

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A DOUBLE BLIND COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INTRATHECAL BUPIVACAINE AND INTRATHECAL FENTANYLAS THE INITIAL DOSE OF COMBINED SPINAL EPIDURAL TECHNIQUE FOR LABOUR ANALGESIA

10.36106/ijsr/8921758 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 48-50

Author(s):

Niraj Kumar Mishra ◽

Sushil Kumar

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Fetal Distress ◽

Labour Pain ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Chi Square ◽

Double Blind ◽

Motor Weakness ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii ◽

Fetal Oxygenation

Introduction: Labour pain is among the most severe pain a woman can experience in her lifetime. Painful labour has decrimental effects on both mother and fetus leads to severe physical and psychological stress. Maternal hyperventilation in response to pain reduces fetal oxygenation and hypoventilation between contractions combined with decreased blood ow worsens fetal hypoxemia. It has been suggested that conning women to bed during labour may cause the labour to be longer and more painful with increase in abnormal presentation, instrumental deliveries and fetal distress. Aims And Objectives:The onset, quality and duration of their analgesic action. Incidence of unwanted effects like muscle weakness, hypotension, pruritus, nausea/vomiting, fetal bradycardia by the individual drugs. Materials And Methods: The study was conducted in the department of anesthesia, Darbhanga Medical College & Hospital, Laheriasarai, Bihar. Methods of collection of data (including sampling procedure if any) : After institutional committee approval and written informed consent from parturients and their relatives for the procedure the study was conducted and data were collected. Results: Duration of analgesia was found varying widely. It was 55±12.34 minutes in Group I whereas 75 ±14.36 minutes in Group II. The incidence of pruritus almost mild or negligible in both groups. The incidence of motor weakness in group II was 24 (80%) whereas in group I it was 10(33%). There was signicant statistics difference in motor weakness between two groups (p< 0.001) by Chi square test 9 with yate's correction. Other side effects differences between two groups were not statistically signicant. Summary And Conclusion:Both the drugs provided excellent quality of analgesia to the parturient in pain. The difference in duration of analgesia was signicant between the two groups statistically. Mean duration of analgesia lasted for 55 minutes in group I whereas in group II, it lasted for 75 minutes. Main side effects encountered in this study were motor weakness of longer duration in group II than in group I. Other side effects like nausea-vomiting were comparable to each other and were minimal in nature.

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The Efficacy and Tolerability of Combined Antidepressant Treatment in Different Depressive Subgroups

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.162.3.363 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 162 (3) ◽

pp. 363-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Sinead O'brien ◽

Patrick McKeon ◽

Myra O'regan

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Side Effects ◽

Major Depression ◽

Orthostatic Hypotension ◽

Antidepressant Treatment ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Endogenous Depression ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Global Improvement

Eighty patients admitted to hospital with major depression were randomly allocated to six weeks of treatment with tranylcypromine, amitriptyline, or tranylcypromine and amitriptyline in combination, in a double-blind study. Scores on the HRSD improved significantly in all three groups, but there were no differences between the three groups. Patients on tranylcypromine and amitriptyline combined improved more according to their self-ratings after six weeks, and response was earlier as measured by a clinical global improvement scale. Those with endogenous depression improved more than those with neurotic depression, irrespective of treatment group. Combined treatment was less well tolerated than single treatments and gave rise to more side-effects, although there was no serious toxicity. Orthostatic hypotension was observed more frequently in patients on combined treatment. This group also experienced a significant increase in weight and prolongation of the P-R interval on ECG.

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Perbandingan Efektivitas Anestesi Spinal dengan Bupivacain 12,5 Mg dan Bupivacain 5 Mg yang ditambah Fentanyl 50 Mcg pada Seksio Sesarea

Jurnal Anestesi Obstetri Indonesia ◽

10.47507/obstetri.v4i1.55 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 11-7

Author(s):

Fritzky Indradata ◽

Heri Dwi Purnomo ◽

Muh. Husni Thamrin ◽

Sugeng Budi Santoso ◽

Ardana Tri Arianto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Spinal Anesthesia ◽

Randomized Control Trial ◽

Hyperbaric Bupivacaine ◽

Chi Square ◽

Double Blind ◽

Duration Of Action ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Randomized Control

Latar Belakang: Anestesi spinal mempunyai efek samping berupa hipotensi dan mual muntah. Tujuan: penelitian ini adalah membandingkan efek anestesi spinal bupivacain dosis normal 12,5 mg dan bupivacain dosis rendah 5 mg dengan fentanyl 50 mg pada seksio sesarea terhadap perubahan hemodinamik, ketinggian blok, onset, durasi dan efek samping. Subjek dan Metode: Penelitian double blind randomized control trial pada 36 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria. Pasien dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yang masing-masing terdiri 18 pasien, kelompok 1 dilakukan anestesi spinal dengan bupivacain hiperbarik 5 mg ditambah adjuvan fentanyl 50 mcg, sedangkan kelompok 2 diberikan bupivacain hiperbarik 12,5 mg. Penilaian meliputi saat mula kerja blokade sensorik, mula kerja blokade motorik, durasi, tekanan darah, laju nadi, dan saturasi oksigen, lama kerja dan efek samping. Data hasil penelitian diuji secara statistik dengan uji chi-square. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada onset dan durasi blokade sensorik dan motorik, bupivacain 12,5 mg lebih baik dibandingkan bupivacain 5 mg + fentanyl 50 mcg (p<0.05). Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada perubahan tanda vital dan efek samping (p>0.05). Simpulan: Bupivacain 12,5 mg menghasilkan onset lebih cepat dan durasi lebih lama dibandingkan bupivacain 5 mg + fentanil 50 mcg pada anestesi spinal untuk seksio sesarea Comparison of The Effectiveness Spinal Anesthesia with Bupivacaine 12,5 Mg and Bupivacaine 5 Mg added Fentanyl 50 Mcg in Caesarean Section Abstract Background: Spinal anesthesia has side effects such as hypotension and nausea and vomiting. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of spinal anesthesia with normal doses of 12,5 mg of bupivacaine and 5 mg of low-dose bupivacaine with fentanyl 50 mg in the cesarean section on hemodynamic changes, block height, onset, duration, and side effects. Subjects and Methods: Double-blind randomized control trial in 36 patients who met the criteria. Patients were divided into two groups, each consisting of 18 patients, group 1 underwent spinal anesthesia with 5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 50 mcg of fentanyl adjuvant, while group 2 was given 12,5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine. Assessments include the initiation of sensory block action, onset of motor block action, duration, blood pressure, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation, duration of action, and side effects. The research data were statistically tested with the chi-square test. Results: There were significant differences in the onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, bupivacaine 12,5 mg was better than bupivacaine 5 mg + fentanyl 50 mcg (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in changes in vital signs and side effects (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Bupivacaine 12,5 mg resulted in a faster onset and longer duration than bupivacaine 5 mg + fentanyl 50 mcg in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.

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Assessment of knowledge and practice of oral health among nursing and pharmacy students

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204727 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 4339

Author(s):

Chetanjit Baruah ◽

Alpana P. Rabha ◽

Hiranya Saikia

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Health Knowledge ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Pharmacy Students ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Health Related ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Knowledge And Practice

Background: Oral health is an integral part of general health and wellbeing of an individual at every stage of life. Good oral health knowledge is a requisite criterion for good oral health related behavior. So, this study was done to assess knowledge and practice about oral health and whether there is any difference of knowledge and practice about it among nursing and pharmacy students.Methods: A cross sectional study was done among 110 nursing and 90 pharmacy students in June 2019 by stratified random sampling method using a self-administered predesigned structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were applied using SPSS software.Results: Knowledge and practice of pharmacy students was found to be better than nursing students.Conclusions: Knowledge and practice of the students should be improved through health education.

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CONTROL OF POST-SURGICAL PAIN

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.03.2477 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 17 (03) ◽

pp. 400-404

Author(s):

ALI MIR MANSOURI ◽

FARNOUSH FARZI ◽

SHIRIN KHALKHALIRAD ◽

Katayoon Haryalchi ◽

Abas Sediginejad

Keyword(s):

Pain Relief ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Pain Control ◽

Nausea And Vomiting ◽

Chi Square ◽

Double Blind ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Emergency Cesarean ◽

Surgical Pain ◽

Chi Square Test

Introduction: There are many complications for patients with post cesarean section relative pain. So it delays in discharging or increasing in hospital stay. The objective of this study was a comparison between Tramadol and Meperidine according to pain relief or other possible complications in post cesarean section pain control. Materials and Methods: This study was a double blind clinical trial. It arranged for 240 parturients who scheduled for emergency cesarean section with pain after surgery in spite of spinal anesthesia. All patients were in ASA class I. They were divided randomly in two groups .Meperidine (M) and Tramadol (T) groups with 120 patients in each group. After beginning of pain in post anesthesia care unit (VAS> or = 4), in group (T) tramadol 1.5 mg/kg and in group (M) meperidine .5 mg/kg were injected intravenously. Apart from pain, other drug complications such as shivering, blood pressure changes, itching, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness were recorded one and two hours after injection. Data were analyzed by chi-square test. Results: Relative frequency rate (RFR) of 50% decrease in pain score one hour after intravenous injection was 56.7% in group (T) and 69.2% in group (M) ( P = 0.054). RFR for respiratory depression after one hour was 5.8% in (M) group and 0 in (T) group (P = 0.007). RFR for nausea after one hour was 39.2% in (T) group and 23.3% in (M) group (P = 0.008). RFR for vomiting after one hour was 23.3% in (T) group and 13.3% in (M) group (P= 0.045). RFR for drowsiness after one hour was 25% in (M) group and 3.3% in (T) group (P=0.007). There was no statistically significant relationship after 2nd hour for pain relief, nausea, vomiting and drowsiness between two groups. There was no difference between two groups in RFR for shivering, blood pressurechanges and itching in both two groups. Conclusion: This study illustrates both remedies Meperidine and Tramadol which were effective for pain relief and shivering after cesarean section. But according to high incidence of nausea and vomiting with Tramadol and more analgesic effects of Meperidine than Tramadol, administration of Meperidine is better than Tramadol after cesarean section for pain control.

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A prospective randomised double blind study of the comparison of two opioids- fentanyl and buprenorphine – as adjuvant to spinal bupivacaine in caesarean sections

International Journal of Clinical Trials ◽

10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20170308 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Kamal Sonya ◽

Davies C. V.

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Intrathecal Morphine ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Sensory Block ◽

Local Anaesthetics ◽

Blind Study ◽

Maximum Height ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Fentanyl Group

Background: Opioids are first introduced as additives to spinal anaesthesia in 1979, with intrathecal morphine as forerunner. Neuraxial opioids when added to local anaesthetics prolong the duration of sensory block, improve quality of block and no unwanted sympathetic blockade leading to hypotension. This prospective randomized double blind study was undertaken to evaluate the duration of analgesia, sensory and motor blocking properties and side effects of two opioids – Fentanyl and Buprenorphine, when used as adjuvant to spinal Bupivacaine in caesarean section.Methods: Sixty patients between the age group 18-35 years belonging to ASA I and II posted for elective LSCS were randomly divided into two groups. Each group consisting of 30 patients , received either 1.8 ml 0.5% Bupivacaine with 25 mcg Fentanyl (group F) or 1.8 ml 0.5% Bupivacaine with 75 mcg buprenorphine (Group B). The onset, maximum level and duration of sensory and motor blockade and hemodynamic parameters were monitored.Results: Maximum height of sensory block was achieved faster in fentanyl group (i.e. 4.09±1.12 minutes compared to 4.56±1.21 minutes in buprenorphine group). Duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in buprenorphine group. It was 317±54 minutes and 214±35 minutes respectively for buprenorphine and fentanyl groups.Conclusions: The study thus concluded that although fentanyl produce faster sensory block, duration of analgesia is longer with buprenorphine, and both the drugs do not cause significant side effects.

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