Speech Production of Preschoolers with Cleft Palate

Objective The present investigation was conducted to examine the prevalence of preschoolers with cleft palate who require speech therapy, demonstrate significant nasalization of speech, and produce compensatory articulations. The relationship among these three dependent variables and the independent variables of cleft type and age of primary palatal surgery was also examined. Participants The participants included 212 preschoolers with repaired cleft palate aged 2 years 10 months to 5 years 6 months. Main Outcome Measures Chi-square analyses were performed to examine the relationship between two independent variables (cleft type and age of surgery) and three dependent variables (percentage of children requiring speech therapy, percentage demonstrating moderate to severe hypernasality and receiving secondary management for velopharyngeal insufficiency, and percentage producing glottal/pharyngeal substitutions). Results Sixty-eight percent of the children were enrolled in (or had previously received) speech therapy. Thirty-seven percent of the children demonstrated moderate-severe hypernasality or had received secondary surgical management for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Chi-square analyses revealed a significant relationship between cleft type and the number of children referred for speech therapy as well as the number of children with significant hypernasality. The analyses also revealed a significant relationship between age of palatal surgery and number of children with significant hypernasality. Conclusions Despite advances in surgical management and the advantages offered by team care, the majority of preschoolers with cleft palate continue to demonstrate delays in speech sound development that require direct speech therapy. An optimal treatment regimen for these children is one that includes primary palatal surgery no later than 13 months of age.

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A Student’s Guide to the Classification and Operationalization of Variables in the Conceptualization and Design of a Clinical Study: Part 1

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1177/0253717621994334 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 177-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chittaranjan Andrade

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Research Experience ◽

Process Variables ◽

Know How ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Cause And Effect ◽

Confounding Variables ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

The Relationship

Students without prior research experience may not know how to conceptualize and design a study. This article explains how an understanding of the classification and operationalization of variables is the key to the process. Variables describe aspects of the sample that is under study; they are so called because they vary in value from subject to subject in the sample. Variables may be independent or dependent. Independent variables influence the value of other variables; dependent variables are influenced in value by other variables. A hypothesis states an expected relationship between variables. A significant relationship between an independent and dependent variable does not prove cause and effect; the relationship may partly or wholly be explained by one or more confounding variables. Variables need to be operationalized; that is, defined in a way that permits their accurate measurement. These and other concepts are explained with the help of clinically relevant examples.

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Hoarseness in Children with Cleft Palate

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.209 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽

pp. P65-P65

Author(s):

Katherine K Hamming ◽

Marsha Finkelstein ◽

James D Sidman

Keyword(s):

Cleft Palate ◽

Speech Therapy ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

High Rate ◽

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency ◽

Additional Risk ◽

Rate Of Speech ◽

The Relationship ◽

Pierre Robin

Objective 1) To determine the rate of hoarseness in children with cleft palate (CP). 2) To understand the relationship between velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and hoarseness in children with CP. Methods Retrospective chart review of 98 patients treated for CP by a tertiary care Children's Hospital Cleft Team and born between 1990 and 2001. Results Of the 98 patients, 59 were male and 39 female. All types of CP were represented. 89% received speech therapy. 41.6% had VPI. The overall rate of hoarseness was 22.4% and of dysphonia was 55.9%. The presence of VPI did not correlate with the presence of hoarseness or dysphonia. However, while VPI decreased when comparing ages 3–4 (58.1%) with ages 6–7 (32.1%) (p <0.001), the hoarseness rates did not change as children got older. Additionally, there was a trend toward higher hoarseness and dysphonia rates in children with Pierre Robin Syndrome (PRS). Conclusions Both VPI and hoarseness are common findings in patients with CP. VPI improves as children get older in the setting of a tertiary care cleft team and a high rate of speech therapy. However, hoarseness and dysphonia do not appear to improve. These findings suggest that the theory that VPI causes hoarseness due to compensatory speech mechanisms may be incorrect. Even when resonance problems have improved, CP patients should continue to be evaluated by speech therapists for voice disturbances, as well as evaluated by otolaryngologists for treatable causes of hoarseness. Further, patients with PRS may be at additional risk for voice disturbances and should be treated accordingly.

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Clinical Outcomes of Primary Palatal Surgery in Children with Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate with and without Lip

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/185459 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Seunghee Ha ◽

Kyung S. Koh ◽

Heewon Moon ◽

Seungeun Jung ◽

Tae Suk Oh

Keyword(s):

Cleft Palate ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Cleft Lip ◽

Speech Therapy ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Medical Center ◽

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency ◽

Oronasal Fistula ◽

Clinical Records ◽

Palatal Surgery

This study presents clinical outcomes of primary cleft palate surgery, including rate of oronasal fistula development, rate of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) requiring secondary surgery, and speech outcomes. We examined the effect of cleft type on the clinical outcomes. Retrospective analysis was performed using clinical records of all patients who received a primary palatoplasty at the Cleft Palate Clinic at Seoul Asan Medical Center, South Korea, between 2007 and 2012. The study included 292 patients with nonsyndromic overt cleft palate (±cleft lip). The results revealed that the rate of oronasal fistula was 7.9% and the incidence of VPI based on the rate of secondary palatal surgery was 19.2%. The results showed that 50.3% of all the patients had received speech therapy and 28.8% and 51.4% demonstrated significant hypernasality and articulatory deficits, respectively. The results of the rate of VPI and speech outcomes were significantly different in terms of cleft type. Except for the rate of oronasal fistula, patients with cleft palate generally exhibited better clinical outcomes compared to those with bilateral or unilateral cleft lip and palate. This study suggests that several factors, including cleft type, should be identified and comprehensively considered to establish an optimal treatment regimen for patients with cleft palate.

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ANALISA PENGARUH IKLIM ORGANISASI DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PT HUTAMA KARYA

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Krisnadwipayana ◽

10.35137/jmbk.v5i1.82 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Erik Wardhana, MM.

Keyword(s):

Organizational Climate ◽

Employee Performance ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Free Variable ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Correlational Approach ◽

Survey Research Methods ◽

The Relationship

This study entitled "Analysis of Effect of Climate Organization and Competence Againt Employee PT. Hutama Karya ". The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the relationship between the free variable that organizational climate (X1) and competence (X2) with the dependent variable is employee performance (Y), either partially or simultaneously, This study used survey research methods with the correlational approach and predictive, which aims for the relationship and influence between independent and dependent variables. The sampling technique can be done randomly (simple random sampling) of 852 employees, which is considered to resprentatif is 89 people. And to solve problems, to analyze and examine the relationship and influence between the independent variables on the dependent variable used models kausalistik through regression analysis with SPSS 14.0

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Conversion Furlow Palatoplasty and the Use of Preoperative Video Nasendoscopy

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1177/10556656211015008 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105566562110150

Author(s):

Alison Kaye ◽

Meghan Tracy ◽

Janelle Noel-MacDonnell ◽

Kathryn Dent

Keyword(s):

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency ◽

Secondary Surgery ◽

Time To Surgery ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Straight Line ◽

Improved Outcomes ◽

Additional Surgery ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Palatal Surgery ◽

Line Repair

Objective: To assess outcomes after conversion Furlow palatoplasty with and without routine preoperative flexible fiberoptic video nasendoscopy (FFVN). Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Tertiary Children’s Hospital. Patients: Greater than 3 years of age with cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) after straight-line palatoplasty requiring secondary surgery performed with a Furlow palatoplasty. Main Outcome Measures: The number of children with and without routine FFVN prior to conversion Furlow palatoplasty for VPI after initial straight-line palatoplasty. Groups were compared for surgical timing, speech outcomes, and need for additional surgery after conversion Furlow palatoplasty. Results: Fifty-eight patients underwent preoperative FFVN versus 29 without. Mean age at FFVN was 73.8 (SD 34) months. Mean age for secondary palatal surgery by conversion Furlow palatoplasty was 81.5 (SD 34.8) months with FFVN versus 73.4 (SD 34.0) months without FFVN. There was a significant difference ( P < .001) for VPI diagnosis and time to surgery between the groups. Preoperative hypernasality ratings were similar between groups. Postoperatively 65.5% of FFVN and non-FFVN patients corrected to normal resonance. Only 6.9% of all patients rated moderate-severe hypernasality after surgery compared to 42.5% preoperatively. Of total, 5.7% of patients had unchanged hypernasality and only 1 patient rated worse. Seven patients ultimately required additional surgery in attempt to normalize their resonance. Conclusions: Routine preoperative FFVN does not offer any advantage for improved outcomes in children undergoing conversion Furlow palatoplasty after straight-line repair. Routine preoperative FFVN was associated with increased time to surgery after diagnosis of VPI compared to those without FFVN.

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Large rotary dairies achieve high cow throughput but are not more labour efficient than medium-sized rotaries

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an12312 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 573 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. P. Edwards ◽

J. G. Jago ◽

N. Lopez-Villalobos

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Mixed Models ◽

Telephone Survey ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Efficiency Measures ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

A Site ◽

The Relationship ◽

Total Labour

It was hypothesised that large rotary dairies (>60 clusters) are not more operator efficient than medium-sized rotaries (40–60 clusters). This was tested by collecting and analysing milking data, during peak and late lactation, from block calving herds milked in rotary dairies fitted with electronic milk meters. Data were collected from a total of 61 unique farms around New Zealand, with rotary dairies ranging in size from 28 to 80 clusters, for two 5-day periods during spring (September–November 2010; 47 farms; average milk yield 23.1 kg/day) and autumn (February–April 2011; 60 farms; average milk yield 16.4 kg/day). A telephone survey was conducted to collect basic farm details: size, land area, the number of herds managed (including hospital herds), number of operators in the dairy and total labour input. A site visit was conducted to collect data such as the number of bails/stalls over the entrance and exit of the platform. The herd management software on each farm was programmed to record similar fields for each of the six machine manufacturers represented. Variables recorded included cow, date, identification time, bail number, milk yield, milking duration, and average milk flow rate. Calculations were performed to determine the number of cows milked and milk harvested per hour as well as the operator efficiency values for these measures and an estimate of cluster utilisation. Mixed models were used to determine the relationship between the dependent variables, cows milked per hour, milk harvested per hour, cows milked per operator per hour, milk harvested per operator per hour, and cluster utilisation, and the independent variables collected. Cows milked and milk harvested per hour increased linearly with rotary size, during both spring and autumn and there was a quadratic relationship between operator efficiency measures and rotary size, which peaked at ~60 clusters. Cluster utilisation, the amount of time clusters were harvesting milk out of the plant running time, was estimated at 46 ± 6%. Larger rotary dairies on average achieved greater throughput; however, they were not more operator efficient than medium-sized rotaries. Thus, large rotary dairies are best suited to farms where the additional throughput is required.

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Relationship between Number and Order of Children with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices in Surakarta

Smart Society Empowerment Journal ◽

10.20961/ssej.v1i1.48533 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Vivienne Tjung ◽

Husnia Auliyatul Umma ◽

Jarot Subandono

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Breastfeeding Practices ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

The Relationship ◽

Breastfeeding Practice

Introduction: Exclusive breast milk is breastfeeding for six months to babies, without providing other foods and drinks. Breastfeeding for up to 6 months is recommended by various health organizations, including the Ministry of Health. In Indonesia, exclusive breastfeeding is still low, even though the benefits of breastfeeding are numerous. Various studies that have been conducted have shown different results regarding the relationship between the number and sequence of children with breastfeeding practices. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the number of children and the order of the children with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in SurakartaMethods: This study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The research sample was determined by random sampling of mothers registered at the Penumping Health Center. The research sample consisted of 50 people who have children aged 1-5 years. Assessment of completeness of breastfeeding was measured using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using bivariate analysis techniques using chi-square and multivariate logistic regression.Results and discussions: From 47 subjects studied with the bivariate analysis technique using the chi square between the number of children and the order of children with exclusive breastfeeding practice, the results were less significant, p = 0.724 and p = 0.401.Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between the number of children and the order of children with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in Surakarta.Keywords: Exclusive breastfeeding, number of children, order of children.

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Wybrane rodzinne uwarunkowania tożsamości społeczno-kulturowej studentów w wymiarze religijnym

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja ◽

10.14746/kse.2021.20.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 7-25

Author(s):

Mirosław Sobecki

Keyword(s):

Cultural Identity ◽

Family Environment ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Religious Dimension ◽

The Family ◽

The Relationship ◽

Parents Education

The article contains selected results of research from spring 2020 among students of universities in Białystok. The author distinguished 9 types of socio-cultural identity in the religious dimension. He also made an attempt to establish a relationship between these types and selected features of the family environment. The following were used as independent variables: the level of parents’ education, opinions of the surveyed students on the level of parents’ religiosity and the relationship between the respondents and their parents in childhood and adolescence. The relationship between the number of children in the respondent’s family and the type of social and cultural identity in the religious dimension were also analyzed.

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THE EFFECT OF PHYSICIANS’ GENDER AND EXPERIENCE ON PERSIAN MEDICAL INTERACTIONS

Discourse and Interaction ◽

10.5817/di2017-1-89 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 89-110

Author(s):

Fariba Ramazani Sarbandi ◽

Giti Taki ◽

Pakzad Yousefian ◽

Mohamad Reza Farangi

Keyword(s):

Significant Relationship ◽

Chi Square ◽

Patient Interactions ◽

Medical Consultations ◽

Power Strategies ◽

Tag Questions ◽

And Gender ◽

Physician Patient ◽

The Relationship ◽

Chi Square Tests

This study focusing on physician-patient interactions aimed to find out whetherphysicians’ gender and experience influence Persian doctor-patient interactions. Sopower strategies in physician-patient interactions were extracted and categorized toexplore the relationship between physicians’ gender and experience and power strategies.Fieldwork was conducted in clinics and hospitals of Rafsanjan city in Iran. One hundredphysician-patient consultations were audiotaped and transcribed during 2011-2012.Woods’ (2006) view was used to examine four strategies of power and knowledge ontheir talk. The findings pointed out the importance of investigating discourse of medicinein order to improve medical consultations, especially physician-patient interactions.Our study confirmed some previous assertions that physician-patient interactionswere asymmetrical. Physicians controlled and dominated the medical consultations byquestioning, interruptions, directive statements and tag questions. The analysis of the datarevealed that all power strategies were applied in Iranian physician-patient interactions.The results of Chi-Square tests indicated that there was a significant relationship betweenpower strategies and physicians’ experience and gender. It was concluded that the femaleand inexperienced physicians tended to control consultations by questioning, interruption,directives and tag questions more than the male and experienced physicians.

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Pengaruh Jenis Kelamin, Usia, Tingkat Pendidikan, dan Golongan Terhadap Disiplin Pegawai Negeri Sipil Bagian Umum Kantor Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Bengkayang

JURNAL MANAJEMEN MOTIVASI ◽

10.29406/jmm.v10i2.27 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 344

Author(s):

Sutarman 01

Keyword(s):

Significant Relationship ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Civil Servants ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Chi Square ◽

A Value ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Study Population ◽

General Section ◽

The Relationship

This study aimed to examine the extent to which the relationship variables (gender, age, level of education and class) to the discipline of civil servants in the General Section of the Regional Secretariat Bengkayang, to analyze the factors that have a positive and significant relationship with the discipline in General District Secretariat Office Bengkayang. The sample in this study population using all Civil Servants in the General Section Regional Secretariat Bengkayang of 60 people (saturated sampling technique). The analytical method used was a bivariate analysis with chi square test (χ2) and the hypothesis testing. Based on the analysis results of the chi square test showed that four factors have a positive and significant relationship with the discipline of civil servants, namely Gender, the value of χ2 count = 6173> Asymp. sig. (1-sided) = 0.013. Age to calculate χ2 = 23.741> Asymp.Sig. (1-sided) = 0.000. Education level with χ2 count = 11 507> Asymp.Sig. (1-sided) = 0.009. and a group with a value of χ2 count = 10 446> Asymp. sig. (1-sided) = 0.005.

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