Common Molecular Pathways for Patterning of the Body Axis, Limbs, Central Nervous System, and Face during Embryonic Development

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-527
Author(s):  
Claudio D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
Single Cell Type

Many congenital anomalies affecting the face are known to appear as syndromes or associations, in combination with other defects. Often, these involve the limbs, eyes, central nervous system, and body axis. A general, and understandable, tendency among clinical researchers has been to seek a single cell type or definable embryologic process on which to ascribe the etiologic basis for such associations. The possibility of a gene, or group of genes, under coordinate control has not received much attention until recently. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology and the current explosion in basic research on the molecular bases of embryonic development, however, several possibilities are beginning to emerge. Here, I will list a few genes whose expression during development suggests that the molecules they encode are used as part of a coordinate molecular pathway, and that they play a role in the development of systems that often appear together in congenital associations or syndromes.

scholarly journals The Reissner Fiber is Highly Dynamic in vivo and Controls Morphogenesis of the Spine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Troutwine ◽  
Paul Gontarz ◽  
Ryoko Minowa ◽  
Adrian Monstad-Rios ◽  
Mia J. Konjikusic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
List Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spine Morphogenesis

SummarySpine morphogenesis requires the integration of multiple musculoskeletal tissues with the nervous system. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology is important for development and homeostasis of the central nervous system and its disruption has been linked to scoliosis in zebrafish [1, 2]. Suspended in the CSF is an enigmatic glycoprotein thread called the Reissner fiber, which is secreted from the subcomissural organ (SCO) in the brain and extends caudally through the central canal to where it terminates at the base of the spinal cord. In zebrafish, scospondin null mutants are unable to assemble the Reissner fiber and fail to extend a straight body axis during embryonic development [3]. Here, we describe zebrafish hypomorphic missense alleles, which assemble the Reissner fiber and straighten the body axis during early embryonic development, yet progressively lose the fiber, concomitant with the emergence of body curvature, alterations in neuronal gene expression, and scoliosis in adults. Using an endogenously tagged scospondin-GFP zebrafish knock-in line, we directly visualized Reissner fiber dynamics during the normal development and during the progression of scoliosis, and demonstrate that the Reissner fiber is critical for the morphogenesis of the spine. Our study establishes a framework for future investigations of mechanistic roles of the Reissner fiber including its dynamic properties, molecular interactions, and how these processes are involved in the regulation of spine morphogenesis and scoliosis.HighlightsHypomorphic mutations in zebrafish scospondin result in progressive scoliosisThe disassembly of the Reissner fiber in scospondin hypomorphic mutants results in the strong upregulation of neuronal receptors and synaptic transport componentsAn endogenous fluorescent knock-in allele of scospondin reveals dynamic properties of the Reissner fiber during zebrafish developmentLoss of the Reissner fiber during larval development is a common feature of zebrafish scoliosis models

Cytoplasmic localization and chordamesoderm induction in the frog embryo

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 89 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 89-111
Author(s):  
Robert L. Gimlich
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Normal Embryo ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Cytoplasmic Localization

The experiments described here were designed to reveal the distribution in the frog early embryo of components which are sufficient for specification of the dorsal structures of the embryonic body axis. The approach was to allow cleavage planes to divide the embryo into various well-defined regions and to transplant cells from each region into recipient embryos which would otherwise fail to form axial structures. Partial or complete body axis development could then be scored by the use of external criteria or histological methods. Recipients were embryos which had been irradiated before first cleavage with ultraviolet light on the vegetal surface. Irradiated embryos display a well-characterized set of deficiencies in the dorsal structures of the body axis, but their development can be ‘rescued’ toward normalcy in several ways. In particular, transplantation of certain small groups of blastomeres from the normal 32- to 64-cell embryo into irradiated recipients was sufficient to cause partial or complete axis development. Cell groups which could cause rescue were located in the vegetal and equatorial levels of one quadrant of the normal embryo — the quadrant centered on the future dorsal midline. Clonal marking analysis showed that the vegetal-most cells of this quadrant contribute primarily to endodermal structures in normal development. In rescued recipient embryos, these cells also contributed only to the endoderm; the dorsal mesoderm and central nervous system were formed exclusively by host cells which originated near the transplant. Rescue could also result from transplantation of equatorial cells from the dorsal quadrant of the normal embryo. As in normal development, these cells formed primarily the chordamesoderm of the rescued embryo. Host cells were induced to contribute the somitic mesoderm, central nervous system, and other structures which would have been missing but for the presence of the transplanted cells. The frequency and degree of rescue caused by equatorial and vegetal transplants is variable. This was explained by the discovery that the location of components needed for rescue varies among individual embryos without regard to the positions of cleavage planes. This was true even when donor embryos were selected on the basis of a precisely regular pattern of cleavage. In such selected embryos, particular blastomeres make a predictable contribution of progeny to the body axis. Thus it may be that the positions of components which can cause axis formation vary without exact regard to the fate map of prospective areas. The implications of this for the study of cytoplasmic localization in the early embryo are discussed. In any case, it is likely that regional interactions and a degree of developmental autonomy in the area of the prospective chordamesoderm are both involved in formation of the dorsal structures of the embryonic body axis.

Characteristics of the dynamics of the central nervous system and att ention function in workers of shoe production

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
F. L. Azizova ◽  
U. A. Boltaboev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Functional State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conflict Of Interests ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Universal Device ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Working Day

The features of production factors established at the main workplaces of shoe production are considered. The materials on the results of the study of the functional state of the central nervous system of women workers of shoe production in the dynamics of the working day are presented. The level of functional state of the central nervous system was determined by the speed of visual and auditory-motor reactions, installed using the universal device chronoreflexometer. It was revealed that in the body of workers of shoe production there is an early development of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system, which is expressed in an increase in the number of errors when performing tasks on proofreading tables. It was found that the most pronounced shift s in auditory-motor responses were observed in professional groups, where higher levels of noise were registered in the workplace. The correlation analysis showed a close direct relationship between the growth of mistakes made in the market and the decrease in production. An increase in the time spent on the task indicates the occurrence and growth of production fatigue.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

Virtual ultrasound embryo autopsy – myth or reality? Part 1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Yu. Blinov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Embryonic Period ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Central Nervous System Defects

A review of literature data on the study of human embryos using new methods of medical imaging is given. The possibility of prenatal diagnosis of severe central nervous system defects has been demonstrated already in the embryonic period at 8–10 weeks of gestation or at the age of 16 to 23 stages of the embryonic development period

scholarly journals VI. —Anaphylaxis and anaphylatoxins

1923 ◽  
Vol 211 (382-390) ◽  
pp. 273-315 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Fundamental Conception ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the study of the phenomena of anaphylaxis there are certain points on which some measure of agreement seems to have been attained. In the case of anaphylaxis to soluble proteins, with which alone we are directly concerned in this paper, the majority of investigators probably accept the view that the condition is due to the formation of an antibody of the precipitin type. Concerning the method, however, by which the presence of this antibody causes the specific sensitiveness, the means by which its interaction with the antibody produces the anaphylactic shock, there is a wide divergence of conception. Two main currents of speculation can be discerned. One view, historically rather the earlier, and first put forward by Besredka (1) attributes the anaphylactic condition to the location of the antibody in the body cells. There is not complete unanimity among adherents of this view as to the nature of the antibody concerned, or as to the class of cells containing it which are primarily affected in the anaphylactic shock. Besredka (2) himself has apparently not accepted the identification of the anaphylactic antibody with a precipitin, but regards it as belonging to a special class (sensibilisine). He also regards the cells of the central nervous system as those primarily involved in the anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig. Others, including one of us (3), have found no adequate reason for rejecting the strong evidence in favour of the precipitin nature of the anaphylactic antibody, produced by Doerr and Russ (4), Weil (5), and others, and have accepted and confirmed the description of the rapid anaphylactic death in the guinea-pig as due to a direct stimulation of the plain-muscle fibres surrounding the bronchioles, causing valve-like obstruction of the lumen, and leading to asphyxia, with the characteristic fixed distension of the lungs, as first described by Auer and Lewis (6), and almost simultaneously by Biedl and Kraus (7). But the fundamental conception of anaphylaxis as due to cellular location of an antibody, and of the reaction as due to the union of antigen and antibody taking place in the protoplasm, is common to a number of workers who thus differ on details.

The Co-Ordination of Insect Movements

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-333
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Normal Movement ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Blatta Orientalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Leg Movements

I. The effects of limb amputation and the cutting of commissures on the movements of the cockroach Blatta orientalis have been investigated with the aid of cinematography. Detailed analyses of changes in posture and rhythm of leg movements are given. 2. It is shown that quite marked changes occur following the amputation of a single leg or the cutting of a single commissure between the thoracic ganglia. 3. Changes following the amputation of a single leg are immediate and are such that the support normally provided by the missing leg is taken over by the two remaining legs on that side. Compensatory movements are also found in the contralateral legs. 4. When two legs of opposite sides are amputated it has been confirmed that the diagonal sequence tends to be adopted, but this is not invariably true. Besides alterations in the rhythm which this may involve, there are again adaptive modifications in the movements of the limbs with respect to the body. 5. When both comrnissures between the meso- and metathoracic ganglia are cut, the hind pair of legs fall out of rhythm with the other four legs. The observations on the effects of cutting commissures stress the importance of intersegmental pathways in co-ordination. 6. It is shown that all modifications following the amputation of legs may be related to the altered mechanical conditions. Some of the important factors involved in normal co-ordination are discussed, and it is suggested that the altered movements would be produced by the operation of these factors under the new conditions. It is concluded that the sensory inflow to the central nervous system is of major importance in the co-ordination of normal movement.

Intrasellar Paraganglioma with Suprasellar Extension: Case Report

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Laura Del Basso De Caro ◽  
Antonella Siciliano ◽  
Paolo Cappabianca ◽  
Alessandra Alfieri ◽  
Enrico de Divitiis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Sellar Region ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Base Of The Skull ◽  
Suprasellar Extension

Paragangliomas are usually benign tumors which can be found in many sites of the body, from the base of the skull down to the pelvic floor. In the central nervous system the sellar region is very rarely involved; only three well studied cases have been reported to date. We present the cytological, histological, histochemical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features of an intrasellar and suprasellar paraganglioma in an 84-year-old man.

scholarly journals Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple-organ damage / dysfunction in complicated canine babesiosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Welzl ◽  
A.L. Leisewitz ◽  
L.S. Jacobson ◽  
T. Vaughan-Scott ◽  
E. Myburgh
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Increased Risk

This study was designed to document the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in dogs with complicated babesiosis, and to assess their impact on outcome. Ninety-one cases were evaluated retro-spectively for SIRS and 56 for MODS. The liver, kidneys, lungs, central nervous system and musculature were assessed. Eighty-seven percent of cases were SIRS-positive. Fifty-two percent of the cases assessed for organ damage had single-organ damage and 48 % had MODS. Outcome was not significantly affected by either SIRS or MODS, but involvement of specific organs had a profound effect. Central nervous system involvement resulted in a 57 times greater chance of death and renal involvement in a 5-fold increased risk compared to all other complications. Lung involvement could not be statistically evaluated owing to co-linearity with other organs, but was associated with high mortality. Liver and muscle damage were common, but did not significantly affect outcome. There are manysimilarities between the observations in this study and previous human and animal studies in related fields, lending additional support to the body of evidence for shared underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in systemic inflammatory states.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document