Effects of Irradiation and Methyl-Triazene on Craniofacial Development in Mouse Embryos: A Semiautomated Morphometric Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-350
Author(s):  
R. Glineur ◽  
S. Van Sint Jan ◽  
S. Louryan ◽  
C. Philippson ◽  
V. De Maertelaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Nmri Mouse ◽  
Additional Group ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
The Face ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Digitized Pictures ◽  
Growth Changes

Objective The purpose of the present study was a 2D-semiautomated morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth in nuclear magnetic resonance imaged (NMRI) mouse embryos. Methods The NMRI mouse embryos were exposed in utero to either a single dose of 2 Gy X-irradiation on day 9 of gestation (113 embryos) or to 1.5 mg methyl-triazene administered orally to their pregnant mothers on gestational day 10.5 (124 embryos). An additional group of 108 embryos was used as controls. Digitized pictures of embryos from gestational days 14 to 17 were taken in lateral right view using a video system. Landmarks were located and digitized for computerized analysis of growth changes in relation to developmental stages of the face. Results The results revealed that the snout of control embryos lengthens during the developmental period considered. The snout of embryos previously submitted to methyl-triazene displayed micrognathia, and all treated fetuses exhibited macroscopic signs of microcephaly with a reduced mandible. The snouts of irradiated embryos appeared shortened at the 14-day stage and continued to shorten as development proceeded. A shortening of the midface was detected macroscopically in 83% of the cases. Conclusion The results of this morphometric analysis enabled us to trace the developmental progression of the induced dysmorphosis and to assess the differences compared with normal development.

Mothering Identity Experiences: A Backwards Glance

2021 ◽  
pp. 106648072110239
Author(s):  
Robyn T. Simmons ◽  
Kelly Coker ◽  
Brooks B. Hanks ◽  
Donna S. Sheperis ◽  
Lynn Bohecker
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Letting Go ◽  
Human Growth And Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Universal Themes

Aspects of human growth and development have been studied since the inception of psychology as a field of science. The impact of the quality of mothering on children has been highly researched. However, little attention has been paid in the professional literature to the experiences of mothers as their children move through developmental stages. The focus of this hermeneutic phenomenology study was to investigate how mothers’ experiences of their child's growth and development changed her perceptions of her identity and herself. Participants were eight women who had launched the oldest child from the home within the last 2 years. Extensive data analysis and triangulation procedures were conducted to develop themes. Universal themes experienced by all participants were categorized as internal (questioning, comparison, being purposeful, and feeling supported) and external (experiencing joy). Some participant experiences were influenced by incidental themes such as subsequent children, expectations versus reality, and spirituality. Participants’ experience of their mothering role was also impacted by the process of letting go through the developmental progression of their children. Clinical implications are discussed.

Equilibrium vitrification of mouse embryos at various developmental stages

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 785-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Jin ◽  
Keiji Mochida ◽  
Atsuo Ogura ◽  
Chihiro Koshimoto ◽  
Kazutsugu Matsukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mouse Embryos

X Irradiation in G 2 Phase of Two-Cell Mouse Embryos in Vitro: Cleavage, Blastulation, Cell Kinetics, and Fetal Development

1982 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Molls ◽  
C. Streffer ◽  
D. van Beuningen ◽  
N. Zamboglou
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Cell Kinetics ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
X Irradiation

scholarly journals A size threshold governs Caenorhabditis elegans developmental progression

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1813) ◽  
pp. 20151283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sravanti Uppaluri ◽  
Clifford P. Brangwynne
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Size Threshold ◽  
The Impact

The growth of organisms from humans to bacteria is affected by environmental conditions. However, mechanisms governing growth and size control are not well understood, particularly in the context of changes in food availability in developing multicellular organisms. Here, we use a novel microfluidic platform to study the impact of diet on the growth and development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . This device allows us to observe individual worms throughout larval development, quantify their growth as well as pinpoint the moulting transitions marking successive developmental stages. Under conditions of low food availability, worms grow very slowly, but do not moult until they have achieved a threshold size. The time spent in larval stages can be extended by over an order of magnitude, in agreement with a simple threshold size model. Thus, a critical worm size appears to trigger developmental progression, and may contribute to prolonged lifespan under dietary restriction.

The histogenetic capacity of tissues in the caudal end of the embryonic axis of the mouse

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-266
Author(s):  
P. P. L. Tam
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Germ Layers ◽  
Kidney Capsule ◽  
Caudal Region ◽  
Caudal Portion ◽  
Adult Body

The caudal end of the embryonic axis consists of the primitive streak and the tail bud. Small fragments of this caudal tissue were transplanted from mouse embryos of various developmental stages to the kidney capsule in order to test their histogenetic capacity. The variety of mature tissues obtained from these small fragments was similar to that obtained by grafting a larger caudal portion of the embryo. Initially, the grafted tissue broke up into loose masses of embryonic mesenchyme and this was later re-organized into more compact tissues and into cysts that were lined with various types of epithelia. After 14 days in the ectopic site, grafted tissues coming from embryos of the primitive-streak, the early-somite and the forelimb-bud stages differentiated into structures that has presumably originated from the three embryonic germ layers. Many of these structures were related to the caudal region of the adult body, such as the mid- and hindgut segments and urogenital derivatives. The histogenetic capacity for endodermal tissues and urogenital organs was lost when the grafted tissue consisted entirely of the tail bud of the hindlimb-bud-stage embryos. The behaviour of the caudal tissues suggested that (1) the primordia for the various parts of embryonic body were derived from a small progenitor population in the primitive streak and the tail bud, and (2) the histogenetic capacity of this population changed during development.

Fgf8is required for pharyngeal arch and cardiovascular development in the mouse

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (19) ◽  
pp. 4613-4625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radwan Abu-Issa ◽  
Graham Smyth ◽  
Ida Smoak ◽  
Ken-ichi Yamamura ◽  
Erik N. Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Craniofacial Development ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Pharyngeal Arch ◽  
Compound Heterozygous ◽  
Cardiovascular Development ◽  
Early Analysis ◽  
Pharyngeal Arches ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cardiovascular Defects ◽  
Additional Role

We present here an analysis of cardiovascular and pharyngeal arch development in mouse embryos hypomorphic for Fgf8. Previously, we have described the generation of Fgf8 compound heterozygous (Fgf8neo/–) embryos. Although early analysis demonstrated that some of these embryos have abnormal left-right (LR) axis specification and cardiac looping reversals, the number and type of cardiac defects present at term suggested an additional role for Fgf8 in cardiovascular development. Most Fgf8neo/– mutant embryos survive to term with abnormal cardiovascular patterning, including outflow tract, arch artery and intracardiac defects. In addition, these mutants have hypoplastic pharyngeal arches, small or absent thymus and abnormal craniofacial development. Neural crest cells (NCCs) populate the pharyngeal arches and contribute to many structures of the face, neck and cardiovascular system, suggesting that Fgf8 may be required for NCC development. Fgf8 is expressed within the developing pharyngeal arch ectoderm and endoderm during NCC migration through the arches. Analysis of NCC development in Fgf8neo/– mutant embryos demonstrates that NCCs are specified and migrate, but undergo cell death in areas both adjacent and distal to where Fgf8 is normally expressed. This study defines the cardiovascular defects present in Fgf8 mutants and supports a role for Fgf8 in development of all the pharyngeal arches and in NCC survival.

scholarly journals PML Regulates the Epidermal Differentiation Complex and Skin Morphogenesis during Mouse Embryogenesis

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1130
Author(s):  
Anna Połeć ◽  
Alexander D. Rowe ◽  
Pernille Blicher ◽  
Rajikala Suganthan ◽  
Magnar Bjørås ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation Complex

The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is an essential component of nuclear compartments called PML bodies. This protein participates in several cellular processes, including growth control, senescence, apoptosis, and differentiation. Previous studies have suggested that PML regulates gene expression at a subset of loci through a function in chromatin remodeling. Here we have studied global gene expression patterns in mouse embryonic skin derived from Pml depleted and wild type mouse embryos. Differential gene expression analysis at different developmental stages revealed a key role of PML in regulating genes involved in epidermal stratification. In particular, we observed dysregulation of the late cornified envelope gene cluster, which is a sub-region of the epidermal differentiation complex. In agreement with these data, PML body numbers are elevated in basal keratinocytes during embryogenesis, and we observed reduced epidermal thickness and defective hair follicle development in PML depleted mouse embryos.

scholarly journals Serotonin in pre-implantation mouse embryos is localized to the mitochondria and can modulate mitochondrial potential

Reproduction ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basudha Basu ◽  
Radha Desai ◽  
J Balaji ◽  
Raghothama Chaerkady ◽  
V Sriram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Mitochondrial Potential ◽  
Early Embryos

Serotonin is reported to be present in early embryos of many species and plays an important role in early patterning. Since it is a fluorophore, it can be directly visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Here, we use three-photon microscopy to image serotonin in live pre-implantation mouse embryos. We find that it is present as puncta averaging 1.3 square microns and in concentrations as high as 442 mM. The observed serotonin puncta were found to co-localize with mitochondria. Live embryos pre-incubated with serotonin showed a higher mitochondrial potential, indicating that it can modulate mitochondrial potential. Pre-implantation mouse embryos were also examined at various developmental stages for the presence of transcripts of the peripheral and neuronal forms of tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph1andTph2respectively) and the classical serotonin transporter (Slc6a4). Transcripts ofTph2were seen in oocytes and in two-cell stages, whereas transcripts ofTph1were not detected at any stage. Transcripts of the transporter,Slc6a4, were present in all pre-implantation stages investigated. These results suggest that serotonin in embryos can arise from a combination of synthesis and uptake from the surrounding milieu.

The radio-sensitivity of oocytes at different stages of maturation

1963 ◽  
Vol 158 (970) ◽  
pp. 119-141 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Maturation Process ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Radio Sensitivity

The viability of the zygote after fertile mating has been used as an index to assess the radio-sensitivity of oocytes in Graafian follicles at different times before expected ovulation, and at known stages of the maturation process. Radio-sensitivity increases as the interval between irradiation and expected ovulation decreases; the increase is progressive as the oocyte passes from the late dictyate (diplotene) phase through the successive stages of maturation, at least up to congression of chromo­somes at first metaphase. It is estimated that radio-sensitivity increases by about ten times between the earliest and the latest developmental stages studied, on the day of pro-oestrus. Oocytes in 'medium-sized’ follicles (irradiated 5 to 35 days before fertilization) are highly radio-resistant. The estimated LD 50 for oocytes at this stage is about three times higher than that for pre-ovulatory oocytes some 14 to 15 h before expected ovulation. The total differ­ence between the radio-sensitivity of oocytes in ‘medium-sized’ or growing follicles, and that of oocytes at first metaphase, is of the order of × 30. X-irradiation is followed by superovulation and a decrease in the mean size of the corpora lutea of pregnancy. In general, the number of corpora lutea is inversely correlated with their mean size. The degree of superovulation is partially dependent on ( a ) the dose of X -rays and ( b ) the developmental stage of the oocytes at the time of irradiation. The radio-sensitivity of the fertilized ovum, 8 to 12 h after ovulation, is lower than that of pre-ovulatory oocytes which have reached or passed first metaphase. Subsequently, the sensitivity of the zygote decreases with advancing age.

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