Seasonal Change in Forage Value of Rangeland Weeds in Northern Idaho

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Frost ◽  
Linda M. Wilson ◽  
Karen L. Launchbaugh ◽  
Elayne M. Hovde
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hoary Cress ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax ◽  
Forage Value ◽  
Northern Idaho ◽  
Prescribed Grazing ◽  
Rush Skeletonweed

AbstractPrescribed grazing is an effective tool for controlling some rangeland weeds. Forage quality of eight nonnative rangeland weeds common to northern Idaho was determined. Five collection sites were established for each weed species: rush skeletonweed, meadow hawkweed, houndstongue, sulfur cinquefoil, yellow starthistle, Dalmatian toadflax, hoary cress, and tansy ragwort. Plants were collected at rosette, bolt, flower, and seed set stages; dried and separated into leaves, stems, flowers, or seed; and analyzed separately for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and mineral content (ash). As expected, plants became more fibrous as they matured because stems increased in NDF value throughout the season and the leaf : stem ratio of most weeds we examined decreased throughout the season. In general, the weeds we examined expressed only moderate fiber levels, beginning the season with NDF values near 34% in the rosette stage and becoming near 52% NDF in the seed set stage. CP values were near 25% in the rosette stage for houndstongue, rush skeletonweed, and hoary cress whereas other weeds we examined had about 15% CP in the rosette. As the season advanced, all plants lost protein content and ended the season with CP values from 5 to 8% at seed set. Ash values declined for all species as the season progressed. Our results indicate that these weeds have forage values similar to many native plants and could be reasonable forage resources for livestock. We did not examine the content of secondary compounds in these weeds that may render them unpalatable and limit their forage value.

PREDICTED FORAGE VALUE OF WHOLE PLANT CEREALS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Value

Dry matter yield, percent dry weight, in vitro digestible dry matter, in vitro digestible organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash and hemicellulose contents were determined for spring- and fall-sown common wheat, barley, rye and triticale and spring-sown durum wheat and oats for the period from late boot to maturity. Differences among cultivars and stages of maturity were significant for all parameters. These differences were accompanied by stage of maturity interactions. Consideration of the interrelationships among these parameters revealed that level of in vitro digestible dry matter was reflected in measures of acid detergent fiber and ash or percent dry weight. Further analyses indicated that differences in digestibility due to stage of maturity were primarily reflected by changes in ash or percent dry weight, while differences in digestibility among cultivars were mainly attributable to differences in acid detergent fiber.

Seasonal changes in forage nutritive value of common weeds encountered in Missouri pastures

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
Gatlin Bunton ◽  
Zach Trower ◽  
Craig Roberts ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Growing Seasons

AbstractDuring the 2015, 2016, and 2017 growing seasons, weed and weed-free mixed tall fescue and legume forage samples were harvested from 29 pastures throughout Missouri for investigation of the nutritive value of 20 common pasture weed species throughout the season. At certain times during the growing season, many broadleaf weed species had greater nutritive values for a given quality parameter as compared with the available weed-free, mixed tall fescue and legume forage harvested from the same location. There were no significant differences in crude protein concentration between the weed-free forage and many weeds throughout the growing season. However, crude protein content of common burdock, common cocklebur, common ragweed, dandelion, horsenettle, and lanceleaf ragweed was greater than that of the corresponding forage sample at multiple collection periods. The digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF) content of all broadleaf weeds except lanceleaf ragweed was significantly lower than that of the weed-free forage at all collection periods. Conversely, large crabgrass had significantly greater digestible neutral detergent fiber levels than did the mixed tall fescue forage at all sampling dates. Dandelion and spiny amaranth had greater in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) content than did the forage for the entire growing season. Three perennial weeds—horsenettle, vervains, and late boneset—did not differ in IVTD levels as compared with the mixed tall fescue and legume forage at any collection date. For most summer annual weeds, the trend was toward greater digestibility earlier in the season, with a gradual decline and often lower IVTD by the late summer or early fall. The results of this study will enable producers to make more informed management decisions about the potential benefit or detriment a weed may provide to the overall nutritive value of the pasture system.

Heterostyly in a tropical weed: the reproductive biology of the Turnera ulmifolia complex (Turneraceae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (15) ◽  
pp. 1713-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. H. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
New World ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Floral Dimorphism ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Turnera Ulmifolia

Turnera ulmifolia (Turneraceae) is a polymorphic complex native to the New World tropics which is composed of heterostylous and homostylous forms. The distylous varieties elegans, intermedia, and surinamensis exhibit the typical expression of heterostyly. Floral dimorphism is associated with a strong self-incompatibility system and size dimorphism of pollen. Approximately equal representation of floral morphs occurred in 24 out of 28 New World populations surveyed. In 9 out of 10 populations studied, there were no significant differences between the seed fecundity of floral forms. Populations of the homostylous variety angustifolia are self-compatible and produce monomorphic pollen.In contrast to the majority of heterostylous species, some varieties of T. ulmifolia are ruderal weeds. Varieties angustifolia, elegans, and intermedia are also used as garden ornamentals, and man has played a major role in the expansion of their ranges. Weediness in T. ulmifolia is not associated with features commonly found in other weed species, such as self-compatibility, vigorous clonal propagation, and long-distance seed dispersal. However, the continuous year-round flowering of T. ulmifolia plants gives populations a high reproductive capacity. Seed dispersal is by ants which transport seeds relatively short distances. Local seed dispersal favors the establishment of dense populations and increases the likelihood of seed set. Hence the dispersal system of T. ulmifolia appears to be coadapted with the population requirements of the breeding system.

scholarly journals Flowering, Forage Value, and Insect Pollination in Borage (Borago Officinalis L.) Cultivated in Se Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Ernest Stawiarz ◽  
Anna Wróblewska ◽  
Marzena Masierowska ◽  
Dagmara Sadowska
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Forage Value

AbstractThe three-year study on borage was conducted in Lublin, SE Poland. The aims were to investigate the flowering pattern and abundance, and the attractiveness (in terms of nectar and pollen production) for flower-visiting insects, mainly bees. Insect visitation and the effect of pollinators on fruit set and seed set were assessed as well. Flowering of borage started in the latter half of June and lasted eight weeks. The mean number of flowers · m−2 of the crop was 4570 per season. A borage flower produced on average 4.0 mg of nectar with a mean sugar concentration of 31.5%. The mean total sugar amount secreted in nectar was 1.2 mg. The pollen amount · flower−1 was 1.1 mg. A borage plant can supply insects with 1.1 g of nectar sugars and 1.1 g of pollen. The estimated nectar sugar yield and pollen yield per 1 m2 of the crop were similar, i.e. 5.2 g. Bees accounted for 73.0% of all insect visits to the borage flowers. The presence of insect pollinators increased the fruit set by 43.3% and seed set by 26.8%.

scholarly journals PSIX-29 Effect of quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) extract inclusion in a high roughage diet upon in situ digestion

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 399-400
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Dias Batista ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Madeline Rivera ◽  
Genevieve D’ Souza ◽  
Jordan Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Quebracho Tannin ◽  
Schinopsis Balansae

Abstract The objective was to determine the effect of quebracho tannin extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a roughage-based diet upon dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (DMD and NDFD, respectively). The use of natural plant secondary compounds as a feed additive in animal nutrition has been studied due to their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions in both ruminants and non-ruminants. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation has demonstrated potential to mitigate CH4 emissions, but this commonly corresponds with reduced ruminal fiber degradation. However, prolonged supplementation of CT in a roughage-based diet is limited within the literature. Twenty rumen cannulated animals (227 ± 19 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n = 4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). A maintenance-fed diet containing 88% bermudagrass hay and 12% concentrate was offered at 2.1% of shrunk body weight. Steers were adapted to the base diet for 24-d then introduced to predetermined treatments for 35 d. In situ digestibility data were collected weekly over 5 wk. Digestibility estimates were determined using 48-h in situ disappearance of DM and NDF. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. There was no difference in DM or NDF intake for dietary treatment (P = 0.66, and P = 0.65, respectively). However, on week 2 QT2 had lower DMD (P = 0.03) and tended to decrease NDFD (P = 0.06) compared to QT1, and QT3. In contrast, there was no observed difference (P = 0.22) in DMD, and NDFD on week 1, 3, 4, 5, and when the 5-wk data were combined. The addition of QT up to 3% DM in a roughage-based diet does not sacrifice DMD and NDFD over time, but it is not clear as to why QT2 affected DMD and NDFD.

scholarly journals Nutritive Value of Alfalfa Harvested with a Modified Flail Chopper

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Andrzejewska ◽  
Stanisław Ignaczak ◽  
Kenneth A. Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fiber Concentration ◽  
Plant Maturity ◽  
Forage Value ◽  
Early Flower

The leaves of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are a valuable source of protein, and the stems a source of fiber. Harvest methods are sought that would allow separation of different plant fractions for agricultural or industrial functions. A solution is proposed, consisting of collecting leaves together with upper, fine stem fragments, while leaving most of the stem standing in the field. For this purpose, a modified flail chopper (MFC), typically used for harvesting green forage, was employed. The objective of this study was to assess the forage value of alfalfa biomass harvested at various development stages using an MFC, and stem stubble remaining after harvest. Alfalfa was harvested with a sickle-bar mower or MFC in the first and second cuts at bud, early flower and late flower stages of development. Using the MFC, 60% to 74% of the potential dry matter yield of alfalfa was harvested, in which the proportion of leaves was, on average, 22% greater than the proportion of leaves in forage harvested with a mower. Crude protein concentration was, on average, 16% greater and neutral detergent fiber concentration 13% less in alfalfa harvested with the MFC than with a mower. In alfalfa harvested with the MFC at early flower, crude protein concentration and in vitro true digestibility were similar or greater than, with neutral and acid detergent fiber at a similar or lower level as in forage harvested with a mower at bud stage. The forage nutritive value of alfalfa harvested with an MFC at late flower was similar to the forage value of alfalfa cut with a mower at early flower. The chemical composition of the 20 to 50 cm tall residual stubble was affected little by plant maturity or harvest method, and the quality parameters also indicate the possibility of its forage use.

Efficacy of Five Herbicides for Weed Control in Rain-Fed Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdol Reza Ahmadi ◽  
Saeed Shahbazi ◽  
Marjan Diyanat
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Hoary Cress ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Wild Safflower

Lentil is vulnerable to weed competition because of its short stature, slow establishment, and limited vegetative growth. Although the vast majority of lentil production is under rain-fed conditions, there is a little published information on weed control with herbicides in rain-fed lentils. Field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of nine herbicide treatments including fomesafen, imazethapyr, linuron, pendimethalin, and pyridate alone or in combination compared with one or two hand weeding(s) on weed control and yield response in rain-fed lentil in Khorramabad, Iran in 2012 and 2013. Weed species included catchweed bedstraw, cowcockle, haresear mustard, hoary cress, wild mustard, and wild safflower. Total weed dry biomass in weedy check plots averaged 156 and 170 g m−2 in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and weed density and biomass were reduced in all treatments compared to the weedy check in both years. Plots that were hand weeded twice reduced weed biomass the greatest, whereas fomesafen, linuron, or one hand weeding did not control weeds satisfactorily. Noncontrolled weeds reduced lentil yield by 67% both years compared to the weed-free control. Lentil yield in 2013 (1,370 kg ha−1) was higher than in 2012 (1,150 kg ha−1). All herbicides tested injured lentil slightly, with pyridate (1,200 g ai ha−1) and pendimethalin (660 g ai ha−1 plus imazethapyr at 250 to 500 g ai ha−1) causing the least injury. Across all treatments, imazethapyr plus pendimethalin PRE, pyridate POST, and two hand-weeding treatments had the best performance for weed control and lentil yield.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the incidence, severity and forage nutritive value of common weed species in Missouri pastures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Zachary Lee Trower
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Primary Parameter ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Growing Seasons

Across the 2015-2016 growing seasons, 43 mixed tall fescue and legume pastures were surveyed to determine the effects of selected soil and forage parameters on the density of individual weed species and overall weed density. The parameters included soil phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) concentration, soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), cattle grazing density, total forage groundcover density, tall fescue density, and beneficial legume density, which was comprised of white clover, red clover and annual lespedeza densities. Sampling areas were established in each pasture at a frequency of one representative 20 m2 area per 4 ha of pasture. Once established, survey locations were sampled every 14 days during a period from April through September. Weed density was divided into categories (total, annual broadleaves, perennial broadleaves, and annual grasses) and also by the most common individual weed species encountered. These datasets were then divided into 3 timings, 05 (April-May), 07 (June-July), and 12 (August-September), and then analyzed using regression tree models. Across all weed types and species, forage groundcover density was the main parameter that affected weed density. Soil K, P, and Mg levels also impacted weed density for many life cycles and weed species. Soil K level was the primary parameter that reduced density of common ragweed in the 07 and 12 timeframes, and this is one of the most common weed species encountered in Missouri pastures. Similarly, soil P level was the primary parameter that reduced perennial broadleaf weed density in the 07 and 12 timeframes; when P was greater than 1.5 ppm, there was a 66 and 59% reduction in the density of these species in the 07 and 12 timeframes, respectively. Cattle grazing densities less than1.2 units per acre also resulted in fewer annual grass weeds in pastures. Results from this survey indicate that maximizing the groundcover of beneficial forage species is the most important factor that results in weed density reductions in mixed tall fescue and legume pastures, followed by proper maintenance of soil nutrients like P and K. Weed and representative forage samples were collected from 22 mixed tall fescue and legume pastures during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons to investigate the seasonal variation in forage quality of 15common pasture weeds in Missouri. Sampling occurred at 14-day intervals throughout the season and began in early April or when emergence of each weed species was observed. Sampling concluded either at plant senescence or mid- to late-September. There was no significant linear relationship between increasing time and crude protein (CP) concentration or digestibility for buckhorn plantain, dandelion, sericea lespedeza, and yellow foxtail, but CP concentration and digestibility declined linearly through the growing season for all other weed species evaluated. Most weed species also had a linear decline in neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) and a linear increase in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) as the season progressed. When comparing pure weed samples to the representative forage from the same location, CP concentrations in spiny amaranth, woolly croton, annual fleabane, white snakeroot, Pennsylvania smartweed, and vervain species were not significantly different than their representative forage samples at any sampling interval throughout the season. However, CP concentration of common ragweed, lance leaf ragweed, horsenettle, and dandelion were often higher than the representative forage sample for the majority of sampling timings throughout the season while yellow foxtail and ironweed species had significantly lower CP concentration than the representative forage samples from July 26 to August 23.Additionally, digestibility of common ragweed, lanceleaf ragweed, broadleaf plantain, Pennsylvania smartweed, dandelion, and common cocklebur was greater than that of the representative forage sample for the majority of sampling periods throughout the season (P [less than] 0.05). These results can be used to understand how the nutritive value of common weed species changes throughout the season and at what times specific weed species have the potential to influence the overall forage quality in mixed tall fescueand legume pastures.

Broadleaf weed control in rain-fed chickpea

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shahbazi ◽  
Marjan Diyanat ◽  
Sareh Mahdavi ◽  
Soheida Samadi
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Hoary Cress ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Wild Safflower

AbstractWeeds are among the main limitations on chickpea production in Iran. The efficacy of herbicide treatments including linuron PPI, imazethapyr PPI, PRE, and POST, pendimethalin PPI and POST, bentazon POST, pyridate POST, and oxadiazon POST along with one or two hand weedings were evaluated for weed control and yield response in rain-fed chickpea in Aleshtar, Lorestan, Iran in 2015 and 2016. Wild safflower, threehorn bedstraw, wild mustard, and hoary cress were the predominant weed species in both experimental years. Total weed dry biomass in weedy check plots averaged 187 and 238 g m−2 in 2015 and 2016, respectively, and weed density and biomass were reduced in all treatments compared to the weedy check in both years. Treatments composed of pyridate followed by one hand weeding or imazethapyr POST followed by two hand weedings resulted in the lowest weed biomass. The presence of weeds reduced yield by 74% and 66% in the weedy check plots compared to the weed-free control plots in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Application of oxadiazon, bentazon, and imazethapyr PPI, PRE, and POST resulted in lower chickpea yields. All herbicides tested injured chickpea slightly, with pyridate causing the least injury.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document