Options for Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Control in White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 784-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chikoye ◽  
Jim Ellis-Jones ◽  
Patrick Kormawa ◽  
Udensi E. Udensi ◽  
Simon E. Ibana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dioscorea Rotundata ◽  
Legume Cover Crop ◽  
Rhizome Biomass ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Guinea Yam

Cogongrass is a serious weed in small-scale farms in the lowland humid zone of West Africa. This study evaluated the response of cogongrass to herbicides and the legume cover crop velvetbean in cassava and white Guinea yam. In 2001/2002, cassava tuber yields and gross returns in treatments that received glyphosate alone were higher than in plots that received fluazifop-P-butyl once. In 2002/2003, treatments that received fluazifop-P-butyl once, glyphosate alone, glyphosate integrated with sowing velvetbean, or hoeing only, had higher cassava tuber yields than other treatments. Gross returns were higher in treatments that received glyphosate followed by sowing velvetbean or those hoed only than in other treatments. Fluazifop-P-butyl applied twice, glyphosate alone, or glyphosate followed by sowing velvetbean reduced cogongrass shoot biomass more than other treatments. Rhizome biomass was lower in plots that received glyphosate alone than in all fluazifop-P-butyl treatments. In 2002, white Guinea yam tuber yields were highest in plots that received glyphosate alone and lowest in plots where fluazifop-P-butyl was applied alone or followed by sowing velvetbean. The highest gross return was obtained in plots that received glyphosate alone while the lowest was obtained in plots that received fluazifop-P-butyl once followed by sowing velvetbean. In 2003, the highest tuber yields and gross returns were from plots that received glyphosate alone, fluazifop-P-butyl alone, or those hoed only. The hoed-only plots had 14 times higher cogongrass shoot biomass and 7 times higher rhizome biomass than other treatments. In both crops, hoeing alone or followed by sowing velvetbean was more costly than chemical control. The highest margin over hoeing was obtained from plots that received glyphosate alone. Sensitivity analysis showed that using glyphosate was more cost effective than fluazifop-P-butyl, even if the cost of the herbicide increased by 100% or the cost of labor decreased by 30%.

scholarly journals Paternity Assignment in White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea Rotundata) Half-Sib Progenies from Polycross Mating Design Using SNP Markers

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince E. Norman ◽  
Agre A. Paterne ◽  
Agyemang Danquah ◽  
Pangirayi B. Tongoona ◽  
Eric Y. Danquah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Dioscorea Rotundata ◽  
Mating Design ◽  
Foreign Pollen ◽  
Paternal Identity ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Guinea Yam

White Guinea yam is mostly a dioecious outcrossing crop with male and female flowers produced on distinct plants. Fertile parents produce high fruit set in an open pollination polycross block, which is a cost-effective and convenient way of generating variability in yam breeding. However, the pollen parent of progeny from polycross mating is usually unknown. This study aimed to determine paternity in white Guinea yam half-sib progenies from polycross mating design. A total of 394 half-sib progenies from random open pollination involving nine female and three male parents was genotyped with 6602 SNP markers from DArTSeq platform to recover full pedigree. A higher proportion of expected heterozygosity, allelic richness, and evenness were observed in the half-sib progenies. A complete pedigree was established for all progenies from two families (TDr1685 and TDr1688) with 100% accuracy, while in the remaining families, paternity was assigned successfully only for 56 to 98% of the progenies. Our results indicated unequal paternal contribution under natural open pollination in yam, suggesting unequal pollen migrations or gene flow among the crossing parents. A total of 3.8% of progenies lacking paternal identity due to foreign pollen contamination outside the polycross block was observed. This study established the efficient determination of parental reconstruction and allelic contributions in the white Guinea yam half-sib progenies generated from open pollination polycross using SNP markers. Findings are useful for parental reconstruction, accurate dissection of the genetic effects, and selection in white Guinea yam breeding program utilizing polycross mating design.

Using Homer Software for Cost Analysis of Stand-Alone Power Generation for Small Scale Industry in Nigeria: A Case Study Lumatec Aluminium Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Luqman Raji ◽  
Zhigilla Y.I ◽  
Wadai J
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Nigeria is one of developing countries in the world that experience shortage of electricity for her economic and social development. In Nigeria, most of the small-scale industries use diesel/petrol-based systems to generate their electricity. However, due to the cost fluctuation of oil and gas fuel, an alternative power generation should be considered. This paper targets to examine the cost analysis of system for supplying electricity to LUMATEC Aluminium products shop in Mubi, Adamawa state Nigeria. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) is used as a tool for cost analysis. The scenario consider in this study was only stand-alone with battery system. Results revealed that the system have 10kW PV with cost of electricity (COE) of $0.312/kW. The initial capital cost and total net present cost (NPC) are $21.775 and $26.148 respectively, with payback period of 5.8years. In conclusion, this study provides the solution of power supply to the small-scale industries at cost effective and available throughout the year and it is feasible to solve the small-scale industries, rural and urban electricity supplying in this country (Nigeria). It is recommended that Nigerian Government & Law makers should promotes the use of standalone PV system for domestic and small-scale industry by providing financial assistance through soft loans, subsides and grants.

Pushing toward Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Patch Eradication: The Influence of Herbicide Treatment and Application Timing on Cogongrass Rhizome Elimination

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jatinder S. Aulakh ◽  
Stephen F. Enloe ◽  
Nancy J. Loewenstein ◽  
Andrew J. Price ◽  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Visual Control ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Multiple Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Rhizome Biomass

AbstractCogongrass, an invasive grass native to Asia, has infested thousands of hectares in the southeastern United States. Although numerous studies have examined cogongrass control, no published studies, to our knowledge, have tested strategies for cogongrass eradication. Cogongrass has a persistent, thick rhizome mat but an ephemeral seedbank; therefore, successful eradication methods must largely focus on the rhizomes. A field study to evaluate specific herbicide treatments and application timings for cogongrass patch eradication was conducted at two locations in southwestern Alabama. Herbicide treatments included glyphosate at 4.48 kg ai ha−1, imazapyr at 0.84 kg ai ha−1, and a tank mix of glyphosate and imazapyr at the same rates. Treatments were applied in May, August, or October for 3 consecutive yr, and the May glyphosate treatment included a second annual application each October. Cogongrass visual control, shoot biomass, rhizome biomass, rhizome depth, and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content were sampled during the course of the study. Cogongrass response to treatments varied by location but by 36 mo after initial treatment (MAIT), complete elimination of cogongrass shoot and rhizome biomass and 100% visual control was achieved in several herbicide treatment–timing combinations at both locations. These included glyphosate plus imazapyr at any application timing, imazapyr in August or October, and glyphosate applied in May and October each year. TNC levels of surviving healthy rhizomes were not affected by herbicide treatments, but a seasonal pattern was observed. The maximum live-rhizome depth was not influenced by any treatment, indicating that herbicides were not preferentially leaving deeper, surviving rhizomes. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the entire rhizome layer of cogongrass can be eliminated within 3 yr with multiple treatment options and that cogongrass patch eradication is possible for many land managers.

scholarly journals Do cost-share programs increase cover crop use? Empirical evidence from Iowa

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Wendiam Sawadgo ◽  
Alejandro Plastina
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Crop Acreage ◽  
Cost Share ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nitrogen Loads ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Cover crops can generate both on-farm and water-quality benefits. However, their use in Iowa remains subdued, partly due to implementation costs faced by farmers. We tested the hypothesis that monetary incentives through cost-share programs are effective at increasing the area of farmland planted to cover crops in Iowa, as opposed to the alternative in which the participants of cost-share programs would have planted the same cover-crop acreage in the absence of payment. We found that cost-share payments induced a 15 percentage-point expansion in cover-crop acreage beyond what would have been planted in the absence of payment, among farmers who participated in cost-share programs. The estimated additionality rate was 54%, suggesting at least half of cost-share expenditures funded cover-crop acreage that would not have been planted without payment. Furthermore, we estimated the public cost to reduce nitrogen loads to Iowa waterways via cover crop, beyond what would have occurred in the absence of cost-share programs, to be $1.72–$4.70 lb−1 N ($3.79–$10.36 kg−1 N). Farmers absorbed about 70% of those costs as private losses, and cost-share payments offset the remaining 30%. Although the additionality rate estimated in this study is less than what has been found in other states, the cost-share programs in Iowa have been relatively cost-effective, due to their lower payment rate.

scholarly journals Modelling the cost-effectiveness of introducing subsidised malaria rapid diagnostic tests in the private retail sector in sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. e002138
Author(s):  
David Bath ◽  
Catherine Goodman ◽  
Shunmay Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
First Line ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Cost

BackgroundOver the last 10 years, there has been a huge shift in malaria diagnosis in public health facilities, due to widespread deployment of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), which are accurate, quick and easy to use and inexpensive. There are calls for RDTs to be made available at-scale in the private retail sector where many people with suspected malaria seek care. Retail sector RDT use in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is limited to small-scale studies, and robust evidence on value-for-money is not yet available. We modelled the cost-effectiveness of introducing subsidised RDTs and supporting interventions in the SSA retail sector, in a context of a subsidy programme for first-line antimalarials.MethodsWe developed a decision tree following febrile patients through presentation, diagnosis, treatment, disease progression and further care, to final health outcomes. We modelled results for three ‘treatment scenarios’, based on parameters from three small-scale studies in Nigeria (TS-N), Tanzania (TS-T) and Uganda (TS-U), under low and medium/high transmission (5% and 50% Plasmodium falciparum (parasite) positivity rates (PfPR), respectively).ResultsCost-effectiveness varied considerably between treatment scenarios. Cost per disability-adjusted life year averted at 5% PfPR was US$482 (TS-N) and US$115 (TS-T) and at 50% PfPR US$44 (TS-N) and US$45 (TS-T), from a health service perspective. TS-U was dominated in both transmission settings.ConclusionThe cost-effectiveness of subsidised RDTs is strongly influenced by treatment practices, for which further evidence is required from larger-scale operational settings. However, subsidised RDTs could promote increased use of first-line antimalarials in patients with malaria. RDTs may, therefore, be more cost-effective in higher transmission settings, where a greater proportion of patients have malaria and benefit from increased antimalarial use. This is contrary to previous public sector models, where RDTs were most cost-effective in lower transmission settings as they reduced unnecessary antimalarial use in patients without malaria.

Water systems and risk analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.A.C. Hoes ◽  
W. Schuurmans ◽  
J. Strijker
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Cost

Worldwide the water management sector is about to review the design standards for water systems, as expected climate changes may possibly increase the frequency of flood events. This paper reviews new flood standards for surface water systems in The Netherlands, also presenting a cost-benefit analysis. Flood standards were formulated after several serious incidents in 1998 and 2001 to inform residents about the level of protection that they may expect to receive. At this moment all water boards are about to evaluate their water systems using these standards. The cost-benefit approach has been applied to determine whether the necessary measures to comply with such standards were cost-effective. We found that the standards make too much a simplification of the variety of water systems, and lead to costly measures without being beneficial while many small-scale floods in The Netherlands do not cause any significant damage. A better starting point to anticipate on climate change is to prevent damage, instead of the prevention of flooding.

Good dog! Using livestock guardian dogs to protect livestock from predators in Australia's extensive grazing systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda van Bommel ◽  
Chris N. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Extensive Grazing ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Wild Predators ◽  
Free Ranging

Context Wild predators are a serious threat to livestock in Australia. Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) may be able to reduce or eliminate predation, but their effectiveness in Australian grazing systems has not been systematically evaluated. In particular, little is known about the effectiveness of LGDs in situations where they range freely over large areas in company with large numbers of livestock. Aims We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of LGDs as currently used in Australia and determine the factors influencing effectiveness, in particular in relation to scale of management. We also documented how LGDs are managed in Australia, evaluated their cost effectiveness, and identified factors that influence the number of dogs required in different property situations. Methods We conducted a telephone survey of 150 livestock producers with LGDs in Australia, including all livestock types and property situations, in all States. Ten producers were visited, of which one is detailed as a case study. Key results Effectiveness was apparently high: 65.7% of respondents reported that predation ceased after obtaining LGDs, and a further 30.2% reported a decrease of predation. When the number of stock per dog exceeds 100, LGDs might not be able to eliminate all predation. Dogs are often kept free-ranging on large properties where wild dogs are the main predator, but are usually restricted in their movements on smaller properties or with smaller predators. The cost of obtaining a LGD is returned within 1–3 years after the dog starts working. The number of dogs required for a property mainly depends on the number of livestock needing protection, and the main type of predator in the area. Conclusions Provided a sufficient number of LGDs are used, they can be as effective in protecting livestock from predators in Australia when ranging freely on large properties with large numbers of livestock as they are in small-scale farming systems. Implications LGDs can provide a cost-effective alternative to conventional predator control methods in Australia’s extensive grazing enterprises, potentially reducing or eliminating the need for other forms of control. LGDs could play a major role in securing the viability of livestock businesses and reconciling people–predator conflict in Australia.

A scale-independent cost-effective design of Nature-Based Solutions within a multifractal framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangzi Qiu ◽  
Daniel Schertzer ◽  
Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia ◽  
Laurent Monier ◽  
Bernard Willinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Scale Range ◽  
The Cost

<p>In the last decades, Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) have become widely considered as a sustainable development strategy for the development of urban environments. Many previous studies only focused on the hydrological performances of NBS, whose economic impacts were not considered. Some studies considered both hydrological performances and economic costs to design cost-effective NBS scenarios, but only at a single catchment scale. Thus, a comprehensive investigation of NBS in terms of both hydrological performances and Life cycle costs (LCC) within the Universal Multifractal (UM) framework is significant for improving the multi-scale resilience of cities. In this study, the hydrological response of a 5.2 km<sup>2</sup> semi-urban watershed is investigated under various NBS scenarios and highly spatially variable rainfall events. First, the heterogeneous spatial NBS distribution in each scenario is quantified using their fractal dimension. Then, the hydrological responses are assessed with the help of the fully-distributed and physically-based model (Multi-Hydro) with a spatial resolution of 10 m. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of NBS scenarios across scales, the statistical scale-independent “maximum probable singularity”<em> γ<sub>s</sub></em>, as defined in the UM framework, is combined with the economic indicator (LCC) to obtain the scale-independent cost-effectiveness (scale-independent CE) indicator for designing cost-effective NBS scenarios. The effective maximum singularity <em>γ<sub>max </sub></em>of each simulation is combined with LCC at different scales to obtain a scale-dependent cost-effectiveness (scale-dependent CE) indicator to be compared with the scale-independent CE. Results show that CEs obtained by both methods are strongly correlated, especially over the small-scale range. Therefore, the scale-independent CE based on UM framework is considered as an appropriate indicator to design NBS implementation at different scales.</p><p>Overall, this study presents a new approach for designing cost-effective NBS scenarios. This approach is based on the UM framework and enables to quantify the NBS scenario cost-effectiveness across a range of scales with the help of a scale-independent CE indicator. This approach can be efficiently applied to urban planning across various scales.</p>

Mechanical and Chemical Control of Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica)

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Willard ◽  
Donn G. Shilling ◽  
James F. Gaffney ◽  
Wayne L. Currey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rhizome Biomass ◽  
Made In ◽  
Cogongrass Control

Field studies were initiated in 1985 and 1986 to evaluate the effects of dalapon, glyphosate, imazapyr, and sulfometuron applications to established cogongrass alone or in combination with either mowing or discing. Mowing and discing treatments were performed 4 mo before and 8 months after the herbicide treatments in the 1985 experiments and 2 months before and 7 months after the herbicide treatment in the 1986 experiments. When applied alone, glyphosate at 3.4 kg ai/ha and imazapyr at 0.8 kg ai/ha caused the greatest reduction in shoot and rhizome biomass about 2 yr after application. However, the rhizome infestation was reduced only 43% by glyphosate and 51% by imazapyr, as compared to the nontreated control. With no herbicide, two mowing or discing were generally more effective than a single mowing or discing treatment. The reduction in shoot and rhizome biomass for two mowing without herbicide was 65 and 38% and for two discing, 73 and 66%, respectively. Acceptable (> 80%) levels of cogongrass control, based on reductions in rhizome biomass occurred only when applications of dalapon, glyphosate, or imazapyr were made in combination with two discing despite the fact that mowing before and after treatment reduced shoot biomass by at least 89%.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document