Effect of Simulated Rainfall on Tall Fescue (Lolium Arundinaceum) Control with Glyphosate

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis W. Gannon ◽  
Fred H. Yelverton
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Lolium Arundinaceum ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Glyphosate Formulation ◽  
Glyphosate Formulations

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of simulated rainfall after glyphosate application on tall fescue control. Three glyphosate formulations, three simulated rainfall amounts, two application rates, and three rain-free periods were evaluated. Glyphosate formulations evaluated included Roundup Original®, Roundup Pro®, and Roundup ProDry®. Herbicide drying periods, or rain-free intervals, included 15, 30, or 60 min. Simulated rainfall amounts were 0, 0.25, or 0.64 cm. Application rates of glyphosate were 3.4 or 6.7 kg ae/ha. Averaged across glyphosate formulation and simulated rainfall amount, excellent (≥ 90%) tall fescue control was observed when no simulated rainfall occurred within 60 min after application, whereas good (≥ 80%) tall fescue control was observed when 30 rain-free min were provided. Although current glyphosate labels are vague about rainfastness, these data indicate that critical rain-free periods may be as short as 30 min when higher application rates are used.

Comparison of Glyphosate Salts (Isopropylamine, Diammonium, and Potassium) and Calcium and Magnesium Concentrations on the Control of Various Weeds

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Mueller ◽  
Christopher L. Main ◽  
M. Angela Thompson ◽  
Lawrence E. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate ◽  
And Control ◽  
Glyphosate Formulations

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted near Knoxville, TN, during 2002 and 2003 to investigate the effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the performance of three glyphosate formulations with and without diammonium sulfate (AMS). Weed species investigated in the greenhouse were broadleaf signalgrass, pitted morningglory, Palmer amaranth, and yellow nutsedge. Three glyphosate formulations (isopropylamine salt, diammonium salt, and potassium salt) and two glyphosate application rates (0.42 and 0.84 kg ae/ha) were applied to weeds in water fortified with either calcium or magnesium at concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 ppm. In all comparisons, there were no differences in the three glyphosate formulations. Glyphosate activity was reduced only when cation concentration was >250 ppm, and this antagonism was not observed when 2% w/ w AMS was added to the spray solution. A chemical analysis of the calcium and magnesium concentrations in water collected from farmers indicated that water samples from eight different producers contained relatively low amounts of cations, with calcium at <40 ppm and magnesium at <8 ppm. In the field results using these and other waters as the herbicide carrier, broadleaf signalgrass control was greater with the 0.84 kg ae/ha than 0.42 kg ae/ha glyphosate rate regardless of water source or addition of AMS. Pitted morningglory responded similarly to glyphosate with water from all farms and with AMS added, and the addition of AMS gave similar results for both glyphosate rates. In 2003, common cocklebur was evaluated and control was >93% regardless of glyphosate rate, water source, or AMS addition. Based on these results, the addition of AMS-based adjuvants to many glyphosate applications may not be warranted.

Tolerance of Tall Fescue and Kentucky Bluegrass to Chlorsulfuron Under Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Maloy ◽  
Nick E. Christians
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Turfgrass Quality ◽  
Severe Growth

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Parade’, ‘Adelphi’, ‘Glade’, and ‘Rugby’ # POAPR) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. ‘Kentucky 31’ # FESAR) were treated in field experiments with chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide}. The objectives of the two experiments were to determine if this herbicide has the potential to be used for selective control of tall fescue in Kentucky bluegrass turf. Chlorsulfuron treatments included single rates of 0, 18, 35, 71, 141, 212, and 282 g ai/ha and split rates, applied 14 days apart, of 18 + 18, 35 + 35, 71 + 71, 141 + 141, and 212 + 212 g/ha. Clipping weights and turfgrass quality ratings were taken in both experiments. Kentucky bluegrass showed a higher tolerance to the chemical, with no decrease in turf quality at the highest single and split application rates in both experiments. However, as the chlorsulfuron rate increased, clipping weight decreased. Tall fescue showed a low tolerance to the chemical and was controlled at single rates of 141 g/ha and split rates of 141 + 141 g/ha and greater. Although the tall fescue recovered from damage at single rates of 71 g/ha and split rates of 71 + 71 g/ha, severe growth inhibition and discoloration of aboveground tissue occurred at the lower rates. Twelve months after the first chlorsulfuron was applied in each experiment, glyphosate [isopropylamine salt ofN-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was sprayed over the plots to kill all existing plant material, and Kentucky bluegrass was seeded into the plots 2 weeks later at the rate of 0.75 kg/100 m2. There was no inhibition of bluegrass seed germination at any of the rates of chlorsulfuron.

AMOUNT AND STRUCTURE OF THE BIOLOGICAL FERTILITY OF SOYA, DEPENDING ON THE SYSTEM OF MAIN TILLAGE OF SOIL AND MEASURES TO OPTIMIZE NUTRITION MODE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Novokhatskyi ◽  
◽  
V. Targonya ◽  
T. Babinets ◽  
O. Gorodetskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
The Impact

Aim. Assessment of the impact of the most common systems of basic tillage and biological methods of optimization of nutrition regimes on the realization of the potential of grain productivity of soybean in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research used general scientific (hypothesis, experiment, observation) and special (field experiment, morphological analysis) methods Results. The analysis of the results of field experiments shows that the conservation system of soil cultivation, which provided the formation of 27.6 c/ha of grain, is preferable by the level of biological yield of soybean. The use of other systems caused a decrease in the biological yield level: up to 26.4 c/ha for the use of the traditional system, up to 25.3 c/ha for the use of mulching and up to 23.0 c/ha for the use of the mini-till. With the use of Groundfix, the average biological yield of soybean grain increases to 25.6 c / ha for application rates of 5 l/ha, and to 28.2 c/ha for application rates of 10 l/ha when control variants (without the use of the specified preparation) an average of 22.6 c/ha of grain was formed with fluctuations in soil tillage systems from 21.0 (mini-bodies) to 25.8 c/ha (traditional).The application of Groundfix (10 l/ha) reduced the seed abortion rate from 11.0% (average without biofertilizer variants) to 8.0%, forming the optimal number of stem nodes with beans, increasing the attachment height of the lower beans and improving other indicators of biological productivity soybeans. Conclusions. It has been found that the use of the canning tillage system generates an average of 27.6 cent soybean grains, which is the highest indicator among the main tillage systems within the scheme of our research. The use of Groundfix caused a change in this indicator: if the variants with a conservative system of basic tillage without the use of biological preparation (control) were formed on average 24.1 c/ha, the use of Ground Licks caused the increase of biological productivity up to 29.4 c/ha, and at a dose of 10 l/ha biological yield was 32.2 c/ha. It was found that both the use of Groundfix and the basic tillage system influenced the elements of the yield structure: the density of the plants at the time of harvest depended more on the tillage system than on the use of Groundfix; the use of Groundfix and increasing its dose within the scheme of our studies positively reflected on the density of standing plants; the height of attachment of the lower beans and reduced the abortion of the seeds.

scholarly journals 111 Metsulfuron and variable nitrogen application rates on infected tall fescue: effects on stocker performance, forage yield, nutritive value, ergovaline concentration and botanical composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Kevin R Meng ◽  
Eric Bailey ◽  
Josh Zeltwanger ◽  
Hannah Allen ◽  
Mikaela Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
Application Rates

Abstract Chemical seed-head suppression of endophyte infected tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) improves stocker cattle performance but may decrease forage yield. Spring nitrogen application increases tall fescue growth with a concomitant increase in ergot alkaloids, produced by the symbiotic endophyte Epichloë coenophiala. We hypothesized that greater amounts of nitrogen applied to tall fescue would increase forage yield and offset losses in forage production from chemical suppression of seed-heads with metsulfuron without effect on alkaloid concentration. Ninety-six steers (270 ± 20 kg) were randomly assigned to one of sixteen paddocks (1.8 ha) on April 18 and continuously grazed for 57 d. Paddocks were blocked by previous use (n = 4) and randomly assigned to one of four treatments; no metsulfuron, no nitrogen (NEGCON), metsulfuron with 0 (MET0), 67 (MET67), or 134 (MET134) kg/ha of ammonium nitrate, applied March 11. Steers grazing MET0 paddocks were removed 17 d early due to insufficient forage availability. Steer weight, forage yield, forage nutritive value and ergot alkaloids in forage samples were measured monthly. Seed-head frequency and species composition were determined in June. Metsulfuron application reduced (P &lt; 0.01) tall fescue seed-heads by 80%. Metsulfuron decreased (P = 0.03) ergovaline but ergovaline increased (P &lt; 0.01) at each monthly sampling across treatments. Nitrogen had no impact on ergovaline concentration (P = 0.50). Forage yield tended to be least (P = 0.07) for MET0, intermediate for NEGCON and MET67, and tended to be greatest for MET134 (P = 0.08). Steer ADG was not affected by treatment (P &lt; 0.80). Metsulfuron decreased NDF (P=0.02) regardless of fertilization rate. Forage CP increased with fertilization (P &lt; 0.01) and no differences were detected between NEGCON and MET0 (P = 0.45). Species composition was not impacted (P &gt;0.07) by treatment. Metsulfuron decreased seed-head growth and ergovaline concentration in tall fescue. Additional nitrogen fertilizer ameliorated forage yield lost to metsulfuron application but did not impact steer gain.

Weed Management in Southeastern Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with AC 263,222

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Richburg ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
Daniel L. Colvin ◽  
Gerald R. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Ac 263,222

Field experiments conducted at four locations in Georgia and two locations in Florida during 1992 and 1993 evaluated AC 263,222 application rates and timings, systems, and mixtures for weed control, peanut injury, and yield. All rates of AC 263,222 applied early POST (EPOST) or POST controlledIpomoeamorningglories and smallflower morningglory at least 90%, and purple and yellow nutsedge at least 81%. Florida beggarweed and sicklepod control generally was highest when metolachlor was applied PPI followed by AC 263,222 applied EPOST at 71 g/ha, AC 263,222 at 27 or 36 g/ha plus bentazon plus paraquat applied POST, or with bentazon plus paraquat applied EPOST followed by AC 263,222 applied POST at 36 or 53 g/ha. Acifluorfen and acifluorfen plus bentazon reduced Florida beggarweed and sicklepod control at several locations when applied in mixture with AC 263,222. Common ragweed and hairy indigo control were 85 to 95% with bentazon plus paraquat applied EPOST followed by AC 263,222 applied POST at 36 or 53 g/ha. Highest peanut yields were obtained with treatments providing high levels of weed control.

Inoculant formulation and fertilizer nitrogen effects on field pea: Nodulation, N2 fixation and nitrogen partitioning

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
W. A. Rice ◽  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
River Region ◽  
Inoculant Formulation

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) acreage has expanded rapidly in the past 10 yr in the Peace River Region of Alberta as well as western Canada. Understanding nitrogen dynamics of Rhizobium inoculants and applied N will provide farmers opportunities to improve N nutrition of field pea. Field experiments were conducted (a) to compare the effects of soil inoculation using granular inoculant, and seed inoculation using peat powder and liquid inoculants with an uninoculated check, on field pea nodulation and N2 fixation, and (b) to determine whether starter N is required by field pea to enhance N2 fixation. The effects of inoculant formulation on nodule number, N accumulation and N2 fixation were in the order: granular > peat powder > liquid = uninoculated. Field pea, from soil-applied inoculant, accumulated more N prior to and during podfilling than field pea with seed-applied inoculant. Fertilizer N application rates < 40 kg N ha-1 had no significant effects on biomass N at flatpod, indicating that starter N was not necessary. Application rates greater than 40 kg N ha-1 reduced nodulation, but the total amounts of N accumulated by plants did not vary. The close proximity of a highly concentrated band of N fertilizer had a greater impact on nodulation and subsequent N2 fixation than the residual soil N level. Under field conditions, soil-applied inoculant improved N nutrition of field pea compared to seed-applied inoculation, with or without applied urea-N. Key words: Granular inoculant, Pisum sativum, Rhizobium, inoculation, field pea, nodulation, N2 fixation

scholarly journals Impact of Bispyribac-sodium Application on Annual Bluegrass Control and Brown Patch Severity in Tall Fescue

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey Derr ◽  
Adam Nichols ◽  
David McCall ◽  
Brandon Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Field ◽  
Brown Patch ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Application Rates

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a problematic weed in tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire], with limited options available for postemergence control. Field research was conducted to evaluate bispyribac-sodium application rates (37 or 74 g ai·ha−1) (0.033 or 0.066 lb ai·A−1) and timings (March, April or May) as well as iron supplementation on brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani) severity, annual bluegrass control, and tall fescue quality. In general, applying bispyribac-sodium to tall fescue did not result in significantly more brown patch than in untreated plots in field trials. Applying bispyribac-sodium in March or April resulted in significantly higher annual bluegrass control than applications in May. In greenhouse experiments, bispyribac-sodium at 37 and 74 g ai·ha−1 (0.033 or 0.066 lb ai·A−1) was applied to brown patch-inoculated tall fescue plants. Under conditions of high inoculum and humidity in those greenhouse studies, applications of bispyribac-sodium increased the number of brown patch lesions relative to untreated plants. Tall fescue plant height was initially reduced after being treated with bispyribac-sodium; however, six weeks after application tall fescue plants in treated with herbicide were taller than the nontreated plants.

scholarly journals Non-wood plants as raw material for pulp and paper

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SAIJONKARI-PAHKALA
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Canary Grass

This study was begun in 1990 when there was a marked shortage of short fibre raw material for the pulp industry. During the last ten years the situation has changed little, and the shortage is still apparent. It was estimated that 0.5 to 1 million hectares of arable land would be set aside from cultivation in Finland during this period. An alternative to using hardwoods in printing papers is non-wood fibres from herbaceous field crops. The study aimed at determining the feasibility of using non-wood plants as raw material for the pulp and paper industry, and developing crop management methods for the selected species. The properties considered important for a fibre crop were high yielding ability, high pulping quality and good adaptation to the prevailing climatic conditions and possibilities for low cost production. A strategy and a process to identify, select and introduce a crop for domestic short fibre production is described in this thesis. The experimental part of the study consisted of screening plant species by analysing fibre and mineral content, evaluating crop management methods and varieties, resulting in description of an appropriate cropping system for large-scale fibre plant production. Of the 17 herbaceous plant species studied, monocotyledons were most suitable for pulping. They were productive and well adapted to Finnish climatic conditions. Of the monocots, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were the most promising. These were chosen for further studies and were included in field experiments to determine the most suitable harvesting system and fertilizer application procedures for biomass production. Reed canary grass was favoured by delayed harvesting in spring when the moisture content of the crop stand was 10-15% of DM before production of new tillers. When sown in early spring, reed canary grass typically yielded 7-8 t ha-1 within three years on clay soil. The yield exceeded 10 t ha-1 on organic soil after the second harvest year. Spring harvesting was not suitable for tall fescue and resulted in only 37-54% of dry matter yields and in far fewer stems and panicles than harvested during the growing season. The economic optimum for fertilizer application rate for reed canary grass ranged from 50 to 100 kg N ha-1 when grown on clay soil and harvested in spring. On organic soil the fertilizer rates needed were lower. If tall fescue is used for raw material for paper, fertilizer application rates higher than 100 kg N ha-1 were not of any additional benefit. It was possible to decrease the mineral content of raw material by harvesting in spring, using moderate fertilizer application rates, removing leaf blades from the raw material and growing the crop on organic soil. The fibre content of the raw material increased the later the crop was harvested, being highest in spring. Removing leaf blades and using minimum fertilizer application rates in-creased the fibre content of biomass.;

Efficacy of Halauxifen-Methyl on Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis)

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 758-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara L. McCauley ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Bryan G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Comparable Level ◽  
Erigeron Canadensis ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractHalauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic auxin herbicide for control of broadleaf weeds, including preplant applications for corn (Zea maysL.) or soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl in comparison to the current auxin standards, 2,4-D and dicamba, on glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed (Erigeron canadensisL.) at different plant heights. In field experiments, a foliar application of halauxifen-methyl at the recommended use rate of 5 g ae ha−1resulted in 81% control. Dicamba applied at 280 g ae ha−1provided a comparable level of efficacy of 80%, while 2,4-D at 560 g ae ha−1resulted in 49% control. The addition of glyphosate improved GRE. canadensiscontrol with 2,4-D more than with halauxifen-methyl or dicamba, possibly due to the higher level of control observed with halauxifen-methyl or dicamba alone. Even though applied at 50 to 100 times lower application rates, the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl onE. canadensiswas similar to dicamba and greater than 2,4-D. Thus, halauxifen-methyl should be an effective tool for management of GRE. canadensisbefore planting both conventional and herbicide-resistant soybean varieties, and it precludes the extended preplant application interval required for dicamba in some soybean management systems.

Dissipation and Water Activation of UCC-C4243

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry R. Wright ◽  
Alex G. Ogg ◽  
E. Patrick Fuerst
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Water Activation ◽  
Herbicide Activity

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to determine the timing and amount of rainfall required to activate UCC-C4243 applied preemergence. UCC-C4243 at 0, 70, and 140 g ai ha−1was applied 1, 7, 14, and 21 d before 0.5 or 2 cm of simulated rainfall. Temporary rainshelters protected field plots from natural rainfall during the 21 d dry period. Herbicide activity was determined in the field by seeding lentil, wheat, common lambsquarters, and field pennycress and in the greenhouse by a sugarbeet bioassay of soil samples (0 to 3 cm depth) taken from all plots immediately before irrigation. UCC-C4243 did not injure wheat; however, lentil population was reduced when simulated rainfall occurred within 7 d after application. Lentil injury was greater with higher herbicide rate and higher water level. UCC-C4243 at 70 and 140 g ha−1reduced populations of both weed species by 75 and 90%, respectively, when either 0.5 or 2 cm simulated rainfall was received within 1 d after herbicide application. Weed control was reduced with a 21 d delay between herbicide application and water activation. The sugarbeet bioassay showed a linear decrease of herbicide activity over time and also with accumulated photosynthetically active radiation. After 17.9 d, herbicide activity on a dry soil surface decreased 50%. Laboratory investigations show that [14C]-UCC-C4243 on glass slides was photodegraded by near ultraviolet light (290 to 400 nm). Volatilization of14C-labeled herbicide from glass slides was less than 5% after exposure to turbulent air for 48 h.

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