scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Addition and Weed Interference on Soil Nitrogen and Corn Nitrogen Nutrition

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Lindquist ◽  
Sean P. Evans ◽  
Charles A. Shapiro ◽  
Stevan Z. Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Addition ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Relative Chlorophyll Content

Weeds cause crop loss indirectly by reducing the quantity of resources available for growth. Quantifying the effects of weed interference on nitrogen (N) supply, crop growth, and N nutrition may assist in making both N and weed management decisions. Experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of N addition and weed interference on soil nitrate-N (NO3-N) over time and the dependence of corn growth on NO3-N availability, determine the corn N nutrition index (NNI) at anthesis, and evaluate if relative chlorophyll content can be utilized as a reliable predictor of NNI. Urea was applied at 0, 60, and 120 kg N/ha to establish N treatments. Season-long weedy, weed-free, and five weed interference treatments were established by delaying weed control from time of crop planting to the V3, V6, V9, V15, or R1 stages of corn development. Soil NO3-N ranged from 20 kg N/ha without N addition to 98 kg N/ha with 120 kg N/ha added early in the season, but crop and weed growth reduced soil NO3-N to 10 kg N/ha by corn anthesis. Weed presence reduced soil NO3-N by up to 50%. Average available NO3-N explained 29 to 40% of the variation in corn shoot mass at maturity. Weed interference reduced corn biomass and NNI by 24 to 69%. Lack of N also reduced corn NNI by 13 to 46%, but reduced corn biomass by only 11 to 23%. Nondestructive measures of relative chlorophyll content predicted corn NNI with 65 to 85% accuracy. Although weed competition for factors other than N may be the major contributor to corn biomass reduction, the chlorophyll meter was a useful diagnostic tool for assessing the overall negative effects of weeds on corn productivity. Further research could develop management practices to guide supplemental N applications in response to weed competition.

Seeding rate and row spacing affect flax yields and weed interference

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Stevenson ◽  
A. T. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The Other ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Flax Seed ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Interference Study

Seeding rate and row spacing are management practices that affect flax seed yield. Two experiments were conducted from 1988 to 1990 to determine the influence of flax seeding rates (300, 600, and 900 seeds m−2) and row spacings (9, 18, and 27 cm). One was a flax-weed interference study (three sites) and the other was a weed-free study (13 sites). In the presence of weeds, increasing seeding rate from 300 to 900 seeds m−2 improved flax seed yield by 180 kg ha−1, and reduced broadleaf weed yields by 300 kg ha−1 and grassy weed yields by 180 kg ha−1. In weed-free conditions, seed yield was not affected by seeding rate. Row spacing did not affect flax yield and had minor effects on weed yields when weeds were not controlled. When weeds were controlled, seed yield in the 9-cm row spacing was 9% (15% in the flax-weed interference study) greater than in the two wider row spacings. Seeding rate and row spacing independently influenced flax yield, and their effect was consistent among sites with weeds present, but was not consistent when weeds were controlled. Our results showed that flax seeding rate was an important component of integrated weed management. Key words: Flax, seeding rate, row spacing, weed interference

Productivity and quality of canola and mustard cultivars under weed competition

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Beckie ◽  
E. N. Johnson ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
Y. Gan
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Canola Quality ◽  
Oriental Mustard

Competitive crops or cultivars can be an important component of integrated weed management systems. A study was conducted from 2003 to 2006 at four sites across semiarid prairie ecoregions in Saskatchewan and Alberta to investigate the productivity and quality of canola (Brassica napusL.) and mustard cultivars under weed competition. Four open-pollinated canola cultivars, four hybrid canola cultivars, two canola-quality mustard and two oriental mustard cultivars [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.], and two yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) cultivars were grown under weedy and weed-free conditions. When combined across site-years, crop aboveground biomass at maturity and seed yield were reduced by weed interference, except for yellow and oriental mustard. However, seed oil and protein content of cultivars were not affected by weed competition. Among crop types, yellow and oriental mustard were best able to maintain biomass and seed yield under weed interference, followed in decreasing order of competitiveness by hybrid and open-pollinated canola, then canola-quality mustard. Key words: Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, weed competition

Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Nutrient Depletion, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata) under Zero Tillage Condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Hardev Ram ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
R.K. Meena ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Free Treatment ◽  
Crop Weed Competition

Background: Weeds are prime factor that adversely effects on growth, quality and yield of mungbean during summer and rainy season. Being a short duration crop, it faces heavy weed competition right from the early growth stages to harvesting. The critical period of crop weed competition in mungbean was initial 25-30 days, yield may be reduce up to 50-90% if weeds not manage at this stage. Hence, there is a need to find out the successful weed management strategies to realize higher growth and yield. The progressive transformation of agriculture concerning intensive use of herbicides is gaining status in recent years due to easy, lower cost, timeliness and successful controlling weeds. Therefore, keeping above information in view, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different weed management practices in summer mungbean under zero tillage condition to find out the better weed management, higher productivity and profitability.Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during summer season, 2019, different herbicides were applied to manage weeds in mungbean. Eight treatments were applied based on various application windows. In the field and laboratory, the collected samples were determined for crop weed competition, yield attributes, yields and net returns. Result: The results revealed that weed free treatment was recorded lowest weed population at 30 DAS and harvest (1.8 and 2.9), weed dry weight (1.1 and 1.9g) and highest weed control efficiency (96.3 and 94.9%) followed by Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The similar results also observed in nutrients removed by weeds. Among yield attributes, weed free treatment recorded the longest pod length, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight (7.9, 21.0, 9.7 and 43.0g, respectively) which was at par with Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The magnitude of seed yield was increased under weed free (10.1 q/ha) and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) (9.5 q/ha) treatments by 127.9 and 113.8%, respectively over weedy check. Application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) recorded highest net returns (Rs 55,079/ha) and B: C (2.8) over rest of the treatments. It can concluded that application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) @ 2 L/ha at 20 DAS recommended for better weed control, higher yield and net returns of summer mungbean under zero tillage condition.

scholarly journals Understanding and managing nitrogen nutrition in grapevine: a review

OENO One ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Thibaut Verdenal ◽  
Ágnes Dienes-Nagy ◽  
Jorge E. Spangenberg ◽  
Vivian Zufferey ◽  
Jean-Laurent Spring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
N Status

This review addresses the role of nitrogen (N) in vine balance and grape composition. It offers an integrative approach to managing grapevine N nutrition. Keeping in mind that N excess is just as detrimental to wine quality as N depletion, the control of grapevine N status, and ultimately must N composition, is critical for high-quality grape production. N fertilisation has been intensively used in the past century, despite plants absorbing only 30 to 40 % of applied N. By adapting plant material, soil management and vine balance to environmental conditions, it would be possible for grape growers to improve plant N use efficiency and minimise N input in the vineyard. Vineyard N management is a complex exercise involving a search for a balance between controlling vigour, optimising grape composition, regulating production costs and limiting pollution. The first part of this review describes grapevine N metabolism from root N uptake to vine development and grape ripening, including the formation of grape aroma compounds. The advantages and limits of methods available for measuring plant N status are addressed. The second part focuses on the parameters that influence grapevine N metabolism, distinguishing the impacts of environmental factors from those of vineyard management practices. Areas for further research are also identified.

scholarly journals Weed Interference and Control in Cowpea Production: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Adewale Osipitan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Weed Removal

In spite of the great economic potential of cowpea as both domestic and commercial crop, a number of constraints, which include insect pests, diseases and weeds, limits its production in West and many parts of Africa. Weeds reduced cowpea yield and value by competing for light, water and nutrients. Cowpea suffers from weeds particularly when the crop is in the early growth stages before ground cover. Yield losses cause by weeds alone in cowpea production can be as high as 76% depending on the cowpea cultivar, environment and weed management practices. A timely weed removal at the critical period, which falls within the first 40 days of cowpea growth, would help to prevent an unacceptable yield. Weed management in cowpea has been with low technology. Hand weeding is the most widely used weed control method in cowpea but they are usually expensive and labour intensive. Cultural practices such as narrow row spacing and planting of early maturing varieties are also used for weed control in cowpea. Herbicides, which are relatively easy to use and less expensive, have not been widely adopted for weed control in cowpea. There are limited number of selective herbicides with wide spectrum for weed control in cowpea. However, an integrated practices that involved pre-emergence weed control using herbicides or physical weeding, and a supplementary weed removal that would ensure weed control up to 40 days after cowpea emergence could substantially prevent yield losses associated with weed interference.

Nitrogen nutrition during ontogeny of hemiepiphytic Clusia species

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Wanek ◽  
Stefan K. Arndt ◽  
Werner Huber ◽  
Marianne Popp
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Available N ◽  
Lowland Tropical Forest ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Canopy Soil ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
N Pool

This paper originates from a presentation at the IIIrd International Congress on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia, August 2001. We investigated the nitrogen (N) nutrition of Clusia osaensis, C. peninsulae and C. valerii during the seedling, epiphytic and hemiepiphytic phase in a lowland tropical forest in Costa Rica in order to elucidate nutritional adaptations of different plant growth stages to their habitat. Although all Clusia individuals were non-mycorrhizal, excised roots of seedlings, but also of epiphytic and hemiepiphytic stages, showed a distinct preference for glycine uptake. The shift in main rooting site from canopy soil to terrestrial soil was not reflected by changes in uptake rate or preference, although N availability and the composition of the available N pool changed significantly. High foliar N concentrations indicated that epiphytic seedlings seemed to be sufficiently supplied with N by maternal seed resources and canopy soils. With development, the epiphytic plants of Clusia may face N limitation due to higher N demands with increasing growth and restricted resources in the tree crowns. 15N natural abundance data indicate that epiphytes mainly accessed atmospheric and, to a lesser extent, canopy soil N sources and, after becoming terrestrially anchored, in the hemiepiphytic life stage exploited the larger nutrient reservoir of the ground soil. In consequence, Clusia species did not show an adaptation to the different N availability situations that they experienced whether canopy or ground-rooted.

Weed Management in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with Phosphorus in Southern Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harikesh Jat ◽  
M.K. Kaushik ◽  
J.L. Choudhary ◽  
V.K. Meena ◽  
S.K. Meena
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Total Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Soil Available Phosphorus ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Phosphorus Application

Background: Agriculture sector is vital for food and nutritional security of the nation. Contrary to great stride in cereals and millets production during last few decades, desired rise in production of oilseeds has yet to be achieved though India has 14 and 9 per cent of global acreage and production.Methods: The present investigation was conducted during kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017, at Instructional farm, MPUAT, Udaipur to access the effect of different pre - post herbicides for weed control in groundnut under phosphorus application. This experiment was operated with six weed management practices and four phosphorus levels thus, 30 treatment combinations; all were evaluated in split-plot design with three replications.Result: Our investigations results revealed that herbicidal treatments as well as weed free check significantly control weed population and recorded the highest values of N, P, K concentration in weeds, kernel, biological yields and total chlorophyll content over weedy check while, significantly maximum N, P, K uptake and soil available phosphorus were noted under weedy check over rest of the treatments. Further, the results also showed that application of phosphorus exhibit significant increase in nutrient concentration and their uptake by weeds, kernel, biological yields, total chlorophyll content and soil available phosphorus over control during the course of investigation.

scholarly journals Impact of Nitrogen Nutrition on Cannabis sativa: An Update on the Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Landi ◽  
Roberto Berni ◽  
Giorgia Capasso ◽  
Jean-Francois Hausman ◽  
Gea Guerriero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Added Value ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
The Impact

Nitrogen (N) availability represents one of the most critical factors affecting cultivated crops. N is indeed a crucial macronutrient influencing major aspects, from plant development to productivity and final yield of lignocellulosic biomass, as well as content of bioactive molecules. N metabolism is fundamental as it is at the crossroad between primary and secondary metabolic pathways: Besides affecting the synthesis of fundamental macromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, N is needed for other types of molecules intervening in the response to exogenous stresses, e.g. alkaloids and glucosinolates. By partaking in the synthesis of phenylalanine, N also directly impacts a central plant metabolic ‘hub’—the phenylpropanoid pathway—from which important classes of molecules are formed, notably monolignols, flavonoids and other types of polyphenols. In this review, an updated analysis is provided on the impact that N has on the multipurpose crop hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) due to its renewed interest as a multipurpose crop able to satisfy the needs of a bioeconomy. The hemp stalk provides both woody and cellulosic fibers used in construction and for biocomposites; different organs (leaves/flowers/roots) are sources of added-value secondary metabolites, namely cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and lignanamides. We survey the available literature data on the impact of N in hemp and highlight the importance of studying those genes responding to both N nutrition and abiotic stresses. Available hemp transcriptomic datasets obtained on plants subjected to salt and drought are here analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) categories related to N metabolism. The ultimate goal is to shed light on interesting candidate genes that can be further studied in hemp varieties growing under different N feeding conditions and showing high biomass yield and secondary metabolite production, even under salinity and drought.

Phosphorus Application Influences the Critical Period of Weed Control in Lettuce

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis C. Odero ◽  
Alan L. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
Phosphorus Application

Field studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at Belle Glade, FL, to evaluate the influence of phosphorus (P) applications (98, 196, and 293 kg P ha−1) on the critical period of weed control (CPWC) in lettuce. Natural populations of mixed weed species were allowed to interfere with lettuce in a series of treatments of both increasing duration of weed interference and the duration of weed-free period imposed within 98, 196, and 293 kg P ha−1levels added to the soil. The beginning and end of the CPWC for each P fertilization level based on a 5% acceptable marketable fresh lettuce yield loss level was determined by fitting log-logistic and Gompertz models to represent the increasing duration of weed interference and the duration of weed-free period, respectively. The CPWC in lettuce was estimated to be 4.6, 3.4, and 2.3 wk at 98, 196, and 293 kg P ha−1, respectively. The beginning of the CPWC was delayed at the highest P fertilization level (293 kg P ha−1), whereas the end of the CPWC was hastened at the same P fertilization level. Our study shows that inadequate levels of P fertilization in lettuce result in the need for more-intensive weed management practices to attain acceptable yields.

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