Nitrogen nutrition during ontogeny of hemiepiphytic Clusia species

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Wanek ◽  
Stefan K. Arndt ◽  
Werner Huber ◽  
Marianne Popp
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Available N ◽  
Lowland Tropical Forest ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Canopy Soil ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
N Pool

This paper originates from a presentation at the IIIrd International Congress on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia, August 2001. We investigated the nitrogen (N) nutrition of Clusia osaensis, C. peninsulae and C. valerii during the seedling, epiphytic and hemiepiphytic phase in a lowland tropical forest in Costa Rica in order to elucidate nutritional adaptations of different plant growth stages to their habitat. Although all Clusia individuals were non-mycorrhizal, excised roots of seedlings, but also of epiphytic and hemiepiphytic stages, showed a distinct preference for glycine uptake. The shift in main rooting site from canopy soil to terrestrial soil was not reflected by changes in uptake rate or preference, although N availability and the composition of the available N pool changed significantly. High foliar N concentrations indicated that epiphytic seedlings seemed to be sufficiently supplied with N by maternal seed resources and canopy soils. With development, the epiphytic plants of Clusia may face N limitation due to higher N demands with increasing growth and restricted resources in the tree crowns. 15N natural abundance data indicate that epiphytes mainly accessed atmospheric and, to a lesser extent, canopy soil N sources and, after becoming terrestrially anchored, in the hemiepiphytic life stage exploited the larger nutrient reservoir of the ground soil. In consequence, Clusia species did not show an adaptation to the different N availability situations that they experienced whether canopy or ground-rooted.

Aboveground biomass and nitrogen nutrition in a chronosequence of pristine Dahurian Larix stands in eastern Siberia

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 943-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.-D. Schulze ◽  
W. Schulze ◽  
H. Koch ◽  
A. Arneth ◽  
G. Bauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
N Cycle ◽  
Fire Cycle ◽  
N Pool

Measurements of aboveground biomass and nitrogen (N) nutrition were made during July 1993 in 50-, 130-, and 380-year-old stands of Larixgmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. in eastern Siberia. Constituting six forest types based on understorey plants, the stands were representative of vegetation throughout the Yakutsk region. Average tree height, diameter, and density ranged from 2 m, 23 mm, and 50 800 stems/ha in the 50-year-old stand to 11 m, 160 mm, and 600 stems/ha in the oldest stand. Aboveground biomass in the 50-year-old stand was 4.4 kg•m−2, and the aboveground N pool was 1.1 mol•m−2. This was slightly higher than the N pool in a 125-year-old stand with a Ledum understorey (1.0 mol•m−2), despite its higher biomass (7.2 kg•m−2). The highest observed aboveground biomass in a 125-year-old stand (characterized by the N2-fixing understorey plant Alnasterfruticosa) reached 12.0 kg•m−2, but the corresponding N pool was only 1.6 mol•m−2. In the oldest stand, aboveground biomass was 8.9 kg•m−2 and the N pool was 1.1 mol•m−2. There was thus a relatively constant quantity of N in the aboveground biomass of stands differing in age by almost 400 years. We postulate that N sets a limit on carbon accumulation in this boreal forest type. Trees were extremely slow growing, and there was essentially no aboveground biomass accumulation between the ages of 130 and 380 years because of a lack of available N. This conclusion was supported by graphical analysis indicating that the self-thinning process in our stands was not governed by the availability of radiation according to allometric theory. Much of the available N was used in the production of tree stems where 86% of the aboveground N (and 96% of aboveground biomass) was immobilized in the oldest stand. N in wood of the old stand exceeded the N pool in the litter layer and was 20% of the N pool in the Ah horizon. The processes of carbon and N partitioning were further explored by the estimation of carbon and N fluxes during three periods of forest development. We calculated a loss of ecosystem N during the period of self-thinning, while in the mature stands the N cycle appeared to be very tight. The immobilized N is returned from the wood into a plant-available form only by a recurrent fire cycle, which regenerates the N cycle. Thus fire is an essential component for the persistence of the L. gmelinii forest.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Availability and Use Efficiency in Wheat Crop as Influenced by the Organic-Input Quality Under Major Integrated Nutrient Management Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay K. Bhardwaj ◽  
Deepika Rajwar ◽  
Rajender K. Yadav ◽  
Suresh K. Chaudhari ◽  
Dinesh K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Available N ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Use Efficiency

PurposeOne of the serious constraints for the integration of organics in soil fertility plans is the release and availability of nitrogen (N) to match the critical growth stages of a crop. The interplay between organic amendment characteristics and soil moisture conditions can significantly affect the nutrient release and availability, especially for dryland crops like wheat. In this study, the effects of integrated nutrient management strategies using diverse qualities of organic amendments on daily N mineralization and its availability to plants during the full growing season of the wheat crop were analyzed in a 10-year experiment.MethodsThe management included (1) F, inorganic fertilizers at 100% rate, compared to a reduced rate of inorganic fertilizers (55% N) supplemented with organic inputs via (2) GM, green manuring, (3) LE, legume cropping and its biomass recycling, (4) WS, wheat stubble retention, (5) RS, rice stubble retention, and (6) FYM, farmyard manure application, during the preceding rice season. Ion exchange resin (IER) membrane strips were used as plant root simulators to determine daily NH4+-N and NO3–-N availability in soil solution during the full wheat growing period.ResultsTotal available N for the full season was in the following order: GM (962 μg cm–2) > F (878 μg cm–2) > LE (872 μg cm–2) > FYM (865 μg cm–2) > RS (687 μg cm–2) > WS (649 μg cm–2). No significant differences were observed in NH4+-N availability throughout the cropping period as compared to NO3–-N which showed significant differences among management at critical crop growth stages.ConclusionLegume biomass incorporation (GM, LE) and farmyard manure (FYM) based management provided the most consistent supply equivalent to or even exceeding 100% inorganic fertilizers at several critical stages of growth, especially at tillering and stem elongation. Integration of organics in management increased nitrogen use efficiency 1.3–2.0 times, with cereal crop residue-based management having the highest efficiency followed by legume biomass incorporation.

Empirical relationships between temperature and nitrogen availability across North American forests

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwei Yin
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Published Data ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Pool

Published data were analyzed to examine whether nitrogen (N) availability varies along macroclimatic gradients in North America. Extractable N produced during 8-week aerobic laboratory incubation was used as an index of potential net N mineralization. Mean extractable N during the growing season in the forest floor plus top mineral soil was used as an index of the available N pool. Using multiple regression, potential net N mineralization was shown to increase with available N and with litter-fall N (R2 = 0.722). Available N increased with increasing total soil N and with decreasing mean January and July air temperatures (R2 = 0.770). These relationships appeared to hold also for deciduous and coniferous forests separately across regions. Results suggest that net N mineralization output under uniform temperature and moisture conditions can be generally expressed by variations of N input (litter fall) and the available soil N pool, and that the available soil N pool is predictable along a temperature gradient at a regional scale.

Responses of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Nitrogen Status Indicators to Nitrogen Rates during the Different Rice Growth Stages

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4411-4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wen Zhang ◽  
Zheng Li Yang ◽  
Ai Ping Zhang ◽  
Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The SPAD was shown as a diagnostic tool to assess the nitrogen (N) nutrition status. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of SPAD as N nutrition status for rice. We conducted two years field experiment in the Ningxia irrigation area. Five N application rates were applied to rice to obtain contrasting conditions of N availability. The leaves N concentrations, SPAD and N uptake by rice were assessed. The results showed that response of SPAD to N uptake rate depends on the developmental stage of the rice. The peak periods for N uptake by rice were the jointing-booting stage to the flowering stage. Significant regression equations were established between SPAD and N uptake. The SPAD meter was demonstrated to be a useful nondestructive system to aid in the evaluation of N nutrition status in rice. However, consistency in sample seasonal timing may necessitate to correlate SPAD values.

scholarly journals Impact of Nitrogen Nutrition on Cannabis sativa: An Update on the Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Landi ◽  
Roberto Berni ◽  
Giorgia Capasso ◽  
Jean-Francois Hausman ◽  
Gea Guerriero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Added Value ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
The Impact

Nitrogen (N) availability represents one of the most critical factors affecting cultivated crops. N is indeed a crucial macronutrient influencing major aspects, from plant development to productivity and final yield of lignocellulosic biomass, as well as content of bioactive molecules. N metabolism is fundamental as it is at the crossroad between primary and secondary metabolic pathways: Besides affecting the synthesis of fundamental macromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, N is needed for other types of molecules intervening in the response to exogenous stresses, e.g. alkaloids and glucosinolates. By partaking in the synthesis of phenylalanine, N also directly impacts a central plant metabolic ‘hub’—the phenylpropanoid pathway—from which important classes of molecules are formed, notably monolignols, flavonoids and other types of polyphenols. In this review, an updated analysis is provided on the impact that N has on the multipurpose crop hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) due to its renewed interest as a multipurpose crop able to satisfy the needs of a bioeconomy. The hemp stalk provides both woody and cellulosic fibers used in construction and for biocomposites; different organs (leaves/flowers/roots) are sources of added-value secondary metabolites, namely cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and lignanamides. We survey the available literature data on the impact of N in hemp and highlight the importance of studying those genes responding to both N nutrition and abiotic stresses. Available hemp transcriptomic datasets obtained on plants subjected to salt and drought are here analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) categories related to N metabolism. The ultimate goal is to shed light on interesting candidate genes that can be further studied in hemp varieties growing under different N feeding conditions and showing high biomass yield and secondary metabolite production, even under salinity and drought.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Nitrogen Nutrition in Diminishing Water Deficiency at Different Growth Stages of Maize by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Attila Simkó ◽  
Gáspár Soma Gáspár ◽  
László Kiss ◽  
Péter Makleit ◽  
Szilvia Veres
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Efficient nitrogen (N) nutrition has been reported to have the potential to alleviate the drought stress damages by maintaining metabolic activities even at low tissue water potential. The goal of our research was to find a correlation on the genotype level between the effect of different amounts of nitrogen nutrition and water supply at different growth stages. A small-plot experiment was established with three maize hybrids and three levels of nitrogen, and two different amounts of water supply were applied during the vegetation period of 2018 and 2019. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were detected, as well as potential and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII, at three growth stages: eight-leaf stage, tasseling, silking. At physiological maturity, the yield of hybrids was also measured. While only genotype differences were described among the investigated parameters in the V8 stage, treatment effects were also realized based on the measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters during the tasseling and silking stages. Beyond the significant effect of irrigation, a similar impact was declared in the case of 80 kg ha−1 N treatment at the later growth stages. Pronounced correlation was described between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield mainly under irrigated conditions. Our result suggested that lower N nutrition may be sufficient mainly under irrigated conditions, and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are appropriate for detecting the effect of environmental factors in different growth stages.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition Effect on Aeroponic Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Catalase and Lipid Peroxidation

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
George ZERVOUDAKIS ◽  
George SALAHAS ◽  
Maria RODI
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
N Concentration

Considering the physiological importance of nitrogen (N) for the plant growth and its controversial role in the plant oxidative status, the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of three different N nutrition solution concentrations (1.8, 3.6 and 11.5 mM) on leaf and root oxidative stress of aeroponically cultured basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. Catalase (CAT) activity and lipid peroxidation (LP) were used as oxidative stress indexes at two different growth stages (10 and 15 week-old plants respectively). Leaf and root CAT activity was enhanced by the increment of N concentration at both growth stages of the plants. Especially in younger, high N nourished plants, 130 and 149% increments of the leaf and root CAT activities were observed respectively, in comparison with the low N nourished ones. Moreover, the root enzyme seems to be a bifunctional catalase-peroxidase considering its insensitivity to aminotriazole. On the other hand, root LP seems to be unaffected at this N concentration range whereas leaf LP was enhanced at high N levels, especially in younger plants. These results suggest that increased N nutrition induces oxidative stress mainly in the leaves of aeroponically grown basil plants while the increase of CAT activity probably represents a part of plant’s antioxidative defense against potent cellular damage similar to membrane lipid peroxidation.

Mode of photosynthesis during different life stages of hemiepiphytic Clusia species

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Wanek ◽  
Werner Huber ◽  
Stefan K. Arndt ◽  
Marianne Popp
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Lowland Tropical Forest ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Nocturnal Acid Accumulation ◽  
Carbon Economy

This paper originates from a presentation at the IIIrd International Congress on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia, August 2001. Carbon isotope fractionation and nocturnal acid accumulation in Clusia osaensis Hammel-ined., C. �peninsulae Hammel-ined. and C. valerii Standl. were investigated during the seedling, epiphytic and hemiepiphytic phases in a lowland tropical forest in Costa Ricato study photosynthetic adaptations of different plant growth stages to their habitat. Foliar δ 13C values around -24 to -32‰ indicate predominant C3 fixation of CO2 and low crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) activity in all three Clusia species. Only terrestrially rooted plants of C. osaensis showed increased CAM expression. However, all developmental stages exhibited significant CAM cycling as shown by significant day-night fluctuations of titratable protons and of malic and citric acid. In C. valerii and C. peninsulae, an increase in CAM expression with plant development was not observed, and CAM cycling in hemiepiphytic-stage plants was completely repressed during the high rainfall season. The expression of CAM in the three Clusia species is therefore not developmentally controlled but triggered by environmental factors such as water availability and light intensity. These factors remain relatively stable in this ecosystem and CAM is therefore not fully expressed. However, CAM cycling may be of ecophysiological significance in all life stages as it serves as a mechanism to improve carbon economy by reducing respiratory CO2 losses.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Addition and Weed Interference on Soil Nitrogen and Corn Nitrogen Nutrition

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Lindquist ◽  
Sean P. Evans ◽  
Charles A. Shapiro ◽  
Stevan Z. Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Addition ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Relative Chlorophyll Content

Weeds cause crop loss indirectly by reducing the quantity of resources available for growth. Quantifying the effects of weed interference on nitrogen (N) supply, crop growth, and N nutrition may assist in making both N and weed management decisions. Experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of N addition and weed interference on soil nitrate-N (NO3-N) over time and the dependence of corn growth on NO3-N availability, determine the corn N nutrition index (NNI) at anthesis, and evaluate if relative chlorophyll content can be utilized as a reliable predictor of NNI. Urea was applied at 0, 60, and 120 kg N/ha to establish N treatments. Season-long weedy, weed-free, and five weed interference treatments were established by delaying weed control from time of crop planting to the V3, V6, V9, V15, or R1 stages of corn development. Soil NO3-N ranged from 20 kg N/ha without N addition to 98 kg N/ha with 120 kg N/ha added early in the season, but crop and weed growth reduced soil NO3-N to 10 kg N/ha by corn anthesis. Weed presence reduced soil NO3-N by up to 50%. Average available NO3-N explained 29 to 40% of the variation in corn shoot mass at maturity. Weed interference reduced corn biomass and NNI by 24 to 69%. Lack of N also reduced corn NNI by 13 to 46%, but reduced corn biomass by only 11 to 23%. Nondestructive measures of relative chlorophyll content predicted corn NNI with 65 to 85% accuracy. Although weed competition for factors other than N may be the major contributor to corn biomass reduction, the chlorophyll meter was a useful diagnostic tool for assessing the overall negative effects of weeds on corn productivity. Further research could develop management practices to guide supplemental N applications in response to weed competition.

Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage to Maize at Four Plant Growth Stages

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Maredia ◽  
J. A. Mihm
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sugarcane Borer ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae
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