VIII.—The Romance Lyric From The Standpoint of Antecedent Latin Documents

PMLA ◽  
1911 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-314
Author(s):  
F. M. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Lyric Poetry ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
First Century ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Natural Emotion ◽  
Definite Result ◽  
Relevant Material

The relation of Latin lyric poetry to the lyric poetry of the Romance peoples remains one of the interesting problems of medieval literature. It has already challenged the industry of generations of investigators with no definite result. And it may be doubted whether conclusions which are self-convincing will be reached in the immediate future. The chief hindrance to a satisfactory solution is presented, of course, by the incompleteness of relevant material. The examples of Latin lyrics which may be considered as expressive of natural emotion are few in number before the end of the eleventh century, and the poems of William IX are the first in Romance. There may be found here and there, to be sure, scattered hints of the existence of non-artistic poetry, whether in Latin or the vernacular, but the information so furnished by Latin writers is uncertain as well as meager. Widely different interpretations may be put on it. Contradictory theories find inconclusive support in it, further confusing an already perplexing problem. In view of all this doubt, and the difficulties with which the subject is still beset, it may not be unprofitable to go over the ground once more, and arrange the documents which allude to non-literary poetry, Latin or Romance, in their chronological order from the first century to the eleventh. While nothing new may be discovered from such a classification it will be useful to have at hand, grouped together, the texts from which the opposing factions draw their partisan arguments.

A Dictionary of Chinese Literature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiping Chang
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
First Century ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Court Life ◽  
Key Terms

Over 240 entriesFrom the Shi jing (Classic of Songs) of the eleventh century bc, to the to the wanglu wenxue (Internet literature) of the twenty-first century, this authoritative dictionary covers key terms relative to the study of Chinese literature, from antiquity to the present day. a–z entries on key literary figures, trends, schools, movements, and literary collections are included, as well as detailed descriptions of traditional literary works, plays, dramas, stories, novels, and other main literary texts.This dictionary considers the Chinese literary tradition, and its relation to Chinese culture, customs, and court life, including the most up-to-date research materials with new scholarly assessments. Nearly all entries also contain bibliographies, opening another window for interested readers to pursue further study of the subject.

Assembling Archaeology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Cobb ◽  
Karina Croucher
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Undergraduate Student ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Cultural Resource Management ◽  
First Century ◽  
Cultural Resource ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
Material Turn ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Perspective

This book provides a radical rethinking of the relationships between teaching, researching, digging, and practicing as an archaeologist in the twenty-first century. The issues addressed here are global and are applicable wherever archaeology is taught, practiced, and researched. In short, this book is applicable to everyone from academia to cultural resource management (CRM), from heritage professional to undergraduate student. At its heart, it addresses the undervaluation of teaching, demonstrating that this affects the fundamentals of contemporary archaeological practice, and is particularly connected to the lack of diversity in disciplinary demographics. It proposes a solution which is grounded in a theoretical rethinking of our teaching, training, and practice. Drawing upon the insights from archaeology’s current material turn, and particularly Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of assemblages, this volume turns the discipline of archaeology into the subject of investigation, considering the relationships between teaching, practice, and research. It offers a new perspective which prompts a rethinking of our expectations and values with regard to teaching, training, and doing archaeology, and ultimately argues that we are all constantly becoming archaeologists.

scholarly journals Cochlear Implant Research and Development in the Twenty-first Century: A Critical Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-508
Author(s):  
Robert P. Carlyon ◽  
Tobias Goehring
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Directional Microphones ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Algorithms ◽  
Improve Patient

AbstractCochlear implants (CIs) are the world’s most successful sensory prosthesis and have been the subject of intense research and development in recent decades. We critically review the progress in CI research, and its success in improving patient outcomes, from the turn of the century to the present day. The review focuses on the processing, stimulation, and audiological methods that have been used to try to improve speech perception by human CI listeners, and on fundamental new insights in the response of the auditory system to electrical stimulation. The introduction of directional microphones and of new noise reduction and pre-processing algorithms has produced robust and sometimes substantial improvements. Novel speech-processing algorithms, the use of current-focusing methods, and individualised (patient-by-patient) deactivation of subsets of electrodes have produced more modest improvements. We argue that incremental advances have and will continue to be made, that collectively these may substantially improve patient outcomes, but that the modest size of each individual advance will require greater attention to experimental design and power. We also briefly discuss the potential and limitations of promising technologies that are currently being developed in animal models, and suggest strategies for researchers to collectively maximise the potential of CIs to improve hearing in a wide range of listening situations.

Toward a multifaith view of atonement

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Robert P. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Objective Theory ◽  
Death Of Jesus ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Diverse World ◽  
Evangelical Protestants ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Many

The meaning of the death of Jesus on the cross has been interpreted differently from the first century until today. Of the many theories proposed throughout Christian history, the dominant understanding, especially among evangelical Protestants since the Reformation and perhaps dating from Anselm of Canterbury in the eleventh century, has been the penal-substitutionary view of atonement. Christ died to pay the penalty for human sin, so humanity can receive forgiveness by trusting in the efficacy of Jesus’s death on its behalf. This explanation is an objective theory that is “Godward focused,” understanding the work of Christ as a divine plan to satisfy what God requires: expiation for human sin. Other competing theories, however, reject this idea and propose more subjective views that are “humanward focused.” This article considers the reality of different, imperfect perspectives about matters as complex as the interpretation of God. It connects the writer’s affirmation of the plurality of religious experience with his having lived a quarter century in the multifaith milieu of Java. It touches on specific opposing theories of atonement, endorsing as more useful in our interreligious world the subjective approaches to understanding the cross. It advocates an intriguing argument for the plurality of end goals, or “salvations,” among the world’s religions. Finally, it uses the less dominant models of martyr motif and the moral example theory to investigate how the concept of atonement might be understood in the context of four major world religions other than Christianity, suggesting that acknowledgment of the legitimacy of different approaches to the Divine is a distinctly “Christian” way to live in a diverse world.

Madness, virtue, and ecology: A classical Indian approach to psychiatric disturbance

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512098224
Author(s):  
Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbance ◽  
Indian Medical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moral Relationship

The Caraka Saṃhitā (ca. first century BCE–third century CE), the first classical Indian medical compendium, covers a wide variety of pharmacological and therapeutic treatment, while also sketching out a philosophical anthropology of the human subject who is the patient of the physicians for whom this text was composed. In this article, I outline some of the relevant aspects of this anthropology – in particular, its understanding of ‘mind’ and other elements that constitute the subject – before exploring two ways in which it approaches ‘psychiatric’ disorder: one as ‘mental illness’ ( mānasa-roga), the other as ‘madness’ ( unmāda). I focus on two aspects of this approach. One concerns the moral relationship between the virtuous and the well life, or the moral and the medical dimensions of a patient’s subjectivity. The other is about the phenomenological relationship between the patient and the ecology within which the patient’s disturbance occurs. The aetiology of and responses to such disturbances helps us think more carefully about the very contours of subjectivity, about who we are and how we should understand ourselves. I locate this interpretation within a larger programme on the interpretation of the whole human being, which I have elsewhere called ‘ecological phenomenology’.

The first century of English protestantism and the growth of national identity

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
First Century ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
John Foxe ◽  
Religious Attitudes ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Religious Zeal

Their sense of national identity is not something that men have been in the habit of directly recording. Its strength or weakness, in relation to commitment to international causes or to localist sentiment, can often only be inferred by examining political and religious attitudes and personal behaviour. So far as the early modern period is concerned, the subject is hazardous because groups and individuals must have varied enormously in the extent to which national identity meant something to them or influenced their lives. The temptation to generalise must be resisted. It is all too easy to suppose that national identity became well established in England in the Tudor century, when a national culture, based on widespread literacy among gentry, yeomen and townsmen, flowered as it had never done before, when the bible was first generally available in English, when John Foxe produced his celebrated Acts and Monuments, better known as the Book of Martyrs. Recent work reassessing the significance of Foxe’s account of the English reformation and other Elizabethan polemical writings provdes a convenient starting point for this brief investigation of some of the connections between religious zeal and national consciousness between 1558 and 1642.

1 Corinthians 12 – 14: the use of a text for Christian worship

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
1 Corinthians ◽  
Christian Worship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relevant Material

Christians often seek to justify particular practices by appealing to scripture to authenticate them. On the subject of worship the paucity of relevant material can lead to the misuse of what is available. In recent times 1 Corinthians 12 – 14 has been exploited to find grounds for practices which seem to distort Paul’s teaching. A brief account of some of these flaws is followed by an exegetical study which seeks to demonstrate how the structure and coherence of Paul’s argument requires particular verses to be understood, in ways which are not widely recognised. This suggests modifications of some practices when Christians gather together.

Romantic Periodicals in the Twenty-First Century

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
British Romanticism ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Periodical Studies ◽  
Digital Resources ◽  
Literary Periodicals ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Twenty First Century

While the twenty-first century has brought a wealth of new digital resources for researching late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century serials, the subfield of Romantic periodical studies has remained largely inchoate. This collection sets out to begin tackling this problem, offering a basic groundwork for a branch of periodical studies that is distinctive to the concerns, contexts and media of Britain’s Romantic age. Featuring eleven chapters by leading experts on the subject, it showcases the range of methodological, conceptual and literary-historical insights to be drawn from just one of the era’s landmark literary periodicals, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine. Drawing in particular on the trove of newly digitised content, specific essays model how careful analyses of the incisive and often inflammatory commentary, criticism and original literature from Blackwood’s first two decades (1817–37) might inform and expand many of the most vibrant contemporary discussions surrounding British Romanticism.

scholarly journals Valarie Zeithaml: autobiographical reflections

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valarie A. Zeithaml
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Look Back ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Research Philosophy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose By examining my personal development and career trajectory, I hope to share some insights into life as an academic. My particular path has contained, as most paths do, twists and turns. As I look back, they all seem somehow related to each other, but they were not all planned. Design/methodology/approach I will discuss my life and career in chronological order, then reflect on my career and research philosophy. I will also discuss several of my most cited articles and how they emerged. Findings I emphasize research that is both academically rigorous and relevant to business. I also show that passion for a subject, even one that is risky and not encouraged by others, has resulted in lifelong interest and inspiration for me. While not appropriate for all because of the risk, I found it worth taking a chance, largely because I was highly inspired by the subject. Practical implications Research that is programmatic has benefits because it allows a scholar to own an area. Also, working with the right co-author teams – sometimes ones where different talents are distributed across the team is effective. Originality/value The story and opinions are mine alone.

scholarly journals Observations on the Fat Globules in Milk

1913 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F Cooper ◽  
W. H Nuttall ◽  
G. A Freak
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Chief Factors ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Definite Result

Results of our previous work were published in the Journ. of Agric. Sri., IV, 1911. There, also, a brief summary of the chief papers published on the subject of the fat globules was given, to which it is unnecessary to refer in detail here.When the work was first commenced in 1909, the problem before us was the consideration of the variation in the size of the fat globules, with relation to churning, as regards the different breeds of cattle. The breed was considered because it was usually supposed that this was one of the chief factors which influenced churning. The most definite result of our work was that it was shown that consideration must be given to the character of the milk, irrespective of the breed. This conclusion is quite contrary to that of other workers, but an examination of their figures shows, undoubtedly, that this is actually the case: the results given by Woll (Digestion Expts., Seventh Annual Report, Agric. Expt. Stat, Wisconsin, 1890, 238; also Agric. Sci., 1892, vi, 445) emphasise this point particularly. It is also shown by this year's work, as may be seen from Tables V–XI.The comparative size of the globules has been worked out very thoroughly by Gutzeit, who measured the mean volume of the globule. Other workers give their results as “relative sizes.” In our work we attempted to ascertain the distribution of the fat in the globules, and to this end the number of globules of each size was determined, and curves were drawn. The result of this, however, was negative. At that time we were considering the breeds of the cows from which the milks were obtained; had we considered them solely as milks of a certain mean size of globule, much more might have been achieved.An apparatus was devised to give an absolute figure for the churnability of any cream, but, until the effect of the other factors has been determined, it is impossible to interpret the results. Some experiments to ascertain the optimum temperature were described also.

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