OBSERVATIONS ON CADMIUM DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN RAT TESTES AND THE EFFECTS ON THE PITUITARY GONADOTROPHS

1962 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ALLANSON ◽  
R. DEANESLY
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Cytological Study ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Germinal Epithelium ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Single Subcutaneous Injection

SUMMARY Cadmium chloride, in a single subcutaneous injection, can destroy spermatogenic and interstitial cells in the rat testis (Pařízek, 1957) and produce changes in the pituitary. The interstitial tissue is restored by ingrowths from the tunica and full androgen secretion returns before there is any regeneration of germinal epithelium. A cytological study has been made of the peripheral and central pituitary gonadotrophs; the latter revert almost to normal as the interstitial tissue regenerates, whereas the former retain characteristic castration features, unless there is also regeneration of the germinal epithelium. This seems to indicate that in the normal testis there is a hormone contribution from the seminiferous tubules as well as from the interstitial cells. The long-term effects of cadmium on the testis depend on the dose. Early stages of tubule restoration have been studied, but after administration of 0·9 mg., actual proliferation of the germinal epithelium was rarely found—only in four out of twenty rats, 113 or 142 days after injection.

The Influence of a Gonadotrophin on the Seasonal Changes in the Testis and Deferent Duct of the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)

1949 ◽  
Vol s3-90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
J. W. SLUITER ◽  
G. J. van OORDT
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Bird ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Fringilla Coelebs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Progressive Stage

1. Male chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) were treated with gestyl, a gonadotrophin prepared from pregnant mare serum, in different seasons; using different techniques their testes and deferent ducts were histologically studied after autopsy on 11 August, 30 November, 28 January, and 5 May. 2. After Champy-fixation and Altmann-staining two types of interstitial cells can be distinguished in the intertubular tissue of sexually active chaffinches: lipoid cells. (= Leydig cells) and secretion cells. 3. Results of gestyl-administration: In summer- and winter-birds (PI. I) whose testes are in the resting stage, the testis-tubule diameter shows a strong enlargement, which is partly due to the plasma of the cells being distinctly inflated; spermatogenesis does not take place. In the intertubular tissue lipoid and secretion cells appear in abnormally large numbers. In 10 days the deferent ducts pass over from the quiescent into the fully-activated stage. In spring-birds (Pl. III), being in the reproductive stage, the administration of gestyl has practically no effect. In this stage the intertubular tissue also contains both lipoid and secretion cells. 4. From the results mentioned under 3, and the fact that in the control bird of 28 January, being in the beginning of the progressive stage (Pl. II), many lipoid cells were found, whereas its deferent ducts were still quiescent, it is concluded that only the secretion cells produce the male sex-hormone. The lipoid cells, which amongst others contain cholesterol, possess only a trophic function. 5. The difference in reaction of the seminiferous tubules of birds to chorionic and hypophyseal gonadotrophins as well as the function of the interstitial cells are discussed. Most opinions on the last-mentioned subject are not sufficiently well founded, as the investigators used routine techniques only for the cytological investigation of the interstitial tissue.

EFFECT OF HEAVY MUSCULAR WORK ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE RAT TESTIS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Härkönen ◽  
E. Kontinen ◽  
M. Kormano ◽  
M. Niemi
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
List Type ◽  
Muscular Work ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Short Term Experiment

ABSTRACT The effect of short- and long-term muscular work on the Leydig cells of the rat was studied. The rats were allowed to run in a rotating wire cylinder for various periods. The amount of stress was evaluated by the involution of the thymus, ulceration of the gastric mucosa, enlargement of adrenal glands and their lipid and catecholamine contents. After a short-term experiment, periods of 16 + 10 hours' running with rest for 10 hours in between, accessory genital organs were slightly involuted 4 to 8 days following the stress. The testes were histologically and histochemically intact. Similar results were obtained after a long-term experiment, comprising continuous daily running for 10 hours over a period of 12 days. In a progressive long-term experiment, viz. daily running until exhaustion for 14 days, temporary degeneration of the Leydig cells occurred: the percentage of interstitial tissue and the size of the nuclei of the Leydig cells diminished and the number of degenerating Leydig cells significantly increased. Oxidative enzyme activity was markedly suppressed. DPN-diaphorase and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase activity were very markedly decreased. The involution of the accessory genital organs was more pronounced than in the two former experiments. All these phenomena reverted to normal within ten days. In every experiment the seminiferous tubules remained histologically normal.

scholarly journals Histological changes in pituitary-testes axis in rats exposed to cadmium chloride: Protective role of Eruca sativa seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Baraa Najim Al-Okaily
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Eruca Sativa

     The present study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of Eruca sativa seeds against changes of pituitary and testes in cadmium treated rats. Forty adult male albino rats were used and divided into 4 equal groups and treated for 8 weeks as follow: The first group was given distilled water and used as a control group. The second group (G1) was administered tap water containing 30 ppm/ L of cadmium chloride. Animals in third group (G2) received tap water containing Cadmium chloride as in G1 plus 250 mg/Kg B.W ethanolic extract of Eruca sativa seeds, while rats in fourth group (G3) administered 250 mg/Kg B.W of ethanolic extract of Eruca sativa seeds only. After 8 weeks of experiment the animals were anesthetized, the pituitary and testes were excised for histological studies. Results showed that cadmium chloride intake caused severe alterations in the pituitary gland manifested by a marked  apoptotic  cells  of  pars distalis, accompanied with marked necrosis leading to left large multiple spaces in their parenchyma. Whereas testes revealed shrinkage, irregular arrangement of seminiferous tubules and increase intertubular spaces. A considerable changes was also found in the seminiferous tubules with loss most of their epithelial layer and filled with cellular debris, incomplete spermatogenesis, congested blood vessels and few Leydig's cells. Administration of Eruca sativa extract reduce the deleterious effects of cadmium chloride on pituitary gland as well as more or less complete spermatogenesis process with thickness of interstitial tissue in most of seminiferous tubules. It could be suggested that the antioxidant properties of Eruca sativa extract protects the deleterious histological damage induced by cadmium chloride in adult rats.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of acute cadmium exposure on testis immune privilege

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-185
Author(s):  
B. Deng ◽  
O. V. Pakhomov ◽  
G. A. Bozhok
Keyword(s):  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Group I ◽  
Neonatal Testis ◽  
Cd Exposure

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread and non-biodegradable pollutant of great concern to human health. This element can affect cellular signal transduction and cell-to-cell interaction in the testis. Immune tolerance towards auto- and alloantigens is an important component of testis immunity. It is involved in spermatogenesis and hormone secretion. Plus, the immune tolerance may help to reveal the changes in testis immunity over a long period after Cd exposure. The current research was aimed at investigating the long-term effects of acute Cd exposure on testis immunity by means of elicitation of testicular immune cell composition shift induced by Cd. Cadmium chloride was intraperitoneally injected at 3 mg Cd/kg to mice. After that testis interstitial cells were stained with surface markers for leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations (CD45, CD11b, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25) and analyzed cytofluorimetrically by week 4, 6, 8 and 12 after Cd administration (Cd group). To identify the delayed effects of cadmium on immune tolerance two groups of animals were subjected to intratesticular allotransplantation of neonatal testis (groups ITT and Cd+ ITT). One of the groups was administered with Cd four weeks before the transplantation (Cd+ITT group). I group served as a control that did not undergo any transplantation or Cd injection. For a better demonstration of the phenomenon of immunological tolerance of the testicles, an additional group (UKT group) was used which got grafts under the kidney capsule (non-immune privileged site).Investigation of the cell population showed that CD45+, CD11b+, CD4+, CD8+ cells were permanently present in testicular interstitial tissue in I group. Intratesticular testis transplantation increased the proportion of CD11b+ but did not have such a pronounced effect on CD8+ cells in ITT group. Moreover, the transplantation elevated CD4+ CD25+ cells known for their immunosuppressive property and promoted graft development by week 2 (histological data). Cd injection resulted in severe inflammation that quenched by week 4 (Cd and Cd+ ITT groups). This time point was chosen for transplantation in Cd+ ITT group. Such Cd pretreatment led to a high CD8+ cell proportion and to the delayed appearance of CD4+ CD25+ cells by week 2 (Cd+ ITTgroup). The finding is consistent with the impairment of graft development in Cd+ ITTgroup pretreated with Cd. Observation suggest that Cd pretreatment was associated with disproportion of interstitial immune cell populations which resulted in the impairment of immunoprotective function of the testis. The impairment of testis immunity showed itself only after several weeks of Cd administration, and only when the recipient testis immunity was provoked by alloantigens of donor testes.

46 Morphologic and functional characterization of the early fetal equine gonads

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
D. Scarlet ◽  
I. Walter ◽  
S. Handschuh ◽  
R. Ellerbrock ◽  
I. Canisso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Germinal Epithelium ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
And Function

In the equine embryo, putative primordial germ cells appear between 20 and 30 days and the gonadal primordium can first be identified at Day 30 after ovulation, respectively. Subsequently, sexual differentiation of the gonad occurs and completes by Day 45 of pregnancy. The objectives of this work were to describe the morphology and function of the fetal equine ovary and testis at the beginning of the fetal stage of pregnancy. For this purpose, 12 equine fetuses (6 males and 6 females) were collected at 45 days (n=1, female), 50 days (n=1, male), and 60 days (n=10, 5 males and 5 females) after ovulation, respectively. A high attention was given to Day 60 because it is the representative time for fetal sex determination in horses by transrectal ultrasonography. Conceptuses were collected transcervically by uterine lavage and fixed in 4% formaldehyde before being prepared for morphology analysis and immunohistochemistry assay. Gonads were identified and immunostained for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), Ki67, CD117, LIN28, vimentin, cytokeratin, and laminin. In all fetuses, gonads were situated in a sublumbar localisation and connected with the mesonephros. In females, primordial germ cells were localised close to the surface germinal epithelium, whereas in males the primordial germ cells were organised in cord-like clusters-the future seminiferous tubules. At this stage, interstitial cells predominate in the testes. The AMH staining was strongly expressed in the fetal testis, but was completely absent from the fetal ovary. Protein expression of mitosis marker Ki67 was localised in primordial germ cells of both sexes. Moreover, stem cell markers LIN28 and CD117 were also present in the gonads. In females, these proteins were not only localised in some of the primordial germ cells, but also in the surface germinal epithelium, whereas in males LIN28 and CD117 were immunolocalized in the seminiferous tubules, distant from the surface epithelium. Vimentin was strongly expressed in the interstitial cells of the gonads of both sexes. Using laminin staining, basal membrane of the seminiferous tubules in males and of primordial germ cells in females could be visualised. In females, the basal membrane of primordial germ cells also stained positive for cytokeratin, whereas in males no cytokeratin staining was seen around seminiferous tubules. Moreover, the surface germinal epithelium of both sexes stained positive for cytokeratin. This study widely extends existing knowledge about morphology, development, and function of the early fetal equine gonad. Presence of stem cells could be clearly demonstrated in the gonads of both sexes, whereas AMH staining clearly distinguished between males and females, confirming the important role of this hormone for gonadal and reproductive tract differentiation.

Testicular Changes in Newborn Rats Exposed to Phototherapy

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Koç ◽  
H. Altunhan ◽  
A. Dilsiz ◽  
A. Kaymakçi ◽  
S. Duman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fertilization Rates

In this study we investigated the long-term effects of 72-h continuous phototherapy on the reproductive system of newborn rats. The animals' weight, fertilization rates, and number of newborn and histopathological changes in the gonads in a normal group not exposed to phototherapy and in the test animals were compared. At the age of 24 weeks there were no significant differences between the two groups, apart from the histology of the testicles of the male rats who were exposed to the phototherapy. The study group showed a significantly reduced diameter of the seminiferous tubules when compared to the controls ( P < 0.001). It can be postulated that phototherapy may cause histological degenerative changes in the structure of the rat's testes, even though there were no changes in fertilization rates. Further studies are necessary to reveal the effects of phototherapy on humans and to determine the effects, if any, on fertility.

Suppression of spermatogenesis by exogenous testosterone

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinando Fusco ◽  
Paolo Verze ◽  
Marco Capece ◽  
Luigi Napolitano
Keyword(s):  
Male Fertility ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Normal Spermatogenesis

: Sperm production starts from puberty in the seminiferous tubules providing for testosterone production by the Leydig cells taking place in the interstice of the testicles. Normal spermatogenesis depends on specific signalling from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. GnRH, FSH and LH are the main hormones involved in the production and maturation of spermatozoa. Exogenous administration of androgens influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with negative feedback that may lead to partial or complete cessation of spermatogenesis by decreasing FSH and LH. Despite the fact that many trials have confirmed that exogenous testosterone affects male fertility status, evidence regarding the long-term effects of treatment is conflicting. Regarding this aspect, many studies have confirmed a return to baseline sperm concentration after testosterone treatment discontinuation, however none of them can specify how long recovery will take nor whether the sperm count is sufficient for fertility.

scholarly journals Effect of early immunocastration on testicular histology in pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Sladek ◽  
M. Prudikova ◽  
A. Knoll ◽  
P. Kulich ◽  
I. Steinhauserova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Normal Spermatogenesis ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Testicular Histology ◽  
Delayed Time

The objective of this study was to investigate short- and long-term effects of early immunocastration with Improvac<sup>®</sup> vaccine, administered in two doses, at ages eight and 14 weeks, on testicular histology in pigs slaughtered eight or 15 weeks after the second dose. We hypothesised that the effectiveness of early vaccination could be diminished by late application of the booster dose and/or delayed time of slaughter. Thirty non-castrated male pigs of a commercial hybrid breed were used in this study. Pigs (n = 15) in the control group (NOCA) remained intact throughout the study. Pigs (n = 15) in the experimental group (IMCA) were administered Improvac in two doses: a priming dose at eight weeks and a booster dose at 14 weeks. Subsequently, nine of the IMCA pigs were slaughtered at eight weeks and the remaining six at 15 weeks after the second dose. In NOCA pigs, we observed normal spermatogenesis in the tubuli seminiferi and many prominent interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells. In IMCA<sub>8</sub> pigs, there was a noticeable decrease in the diameter and area of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis was absent. Interstitial endocrine cells appeared atrophied with pyknotic nuclei. In IMCA<sub>15</sub> pigs, we observed a larger diameter of tubuli, thickened germinal epithelium and larger and more numerous interstitial endocrine cells when compared to IMCA<sub>8</sub>. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that early immunocastration with Improvac disrupts spermatogenesis and reduces the number and size of interstitial endocrine cells. This indicates that vaccination at an age of eight weeks and again at 14 weeks in pigs causes disruption of testicular histology and spermatogenesis at least through the subsequent 15 weeks.

scholarly journals Reduction of long-term effects of local heating of the testis by treatment of rats with a GnRH agonist and an anti-androgen

Reproduction ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
BP Setchell ◽  
L Ploen ◽  
EM Ritzen
Keyword(s):  
Gnrh Agonist ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Volume ◽  
Initial Decrease ◽  
Testis Mass

Heating the testes of anaesthetized adult rats to 43 degrees C for 30 min in a waterbath was followed by a large decrease in testis and epididymis mass and number of spermatozoa 35 days later. These parameters had recovered to some extent, but not completely, by days 70 and 97 after heating, but had decreased again in rats examined on day 182. There were no consistent effects of heating on androgen status, as determined by the concentrations of testosterone in blood and testis fluids, or by seminal vesicle mass, and interstitial fluid volume was increased in the heated testes. Treatment of rats with an implant of a GnRH agonist and daily injections of an anti-androgen for 14 days (sufficient in itself to cause large temporary decreases in tissue mass, number of spermatozoa and androgen status) did not reduce the initial decrease in testis mass or number of spermatozoa seen after heating, but reduced the later decreases in mass and number of spermatozoa significantly. These findings indicate that, as well as causing damage to spermatocytes and spermatids, as previously reported, heating also reduces the ability of spermatogonia to repopulate the seminiferous tubules at longer intervals after heating. Furthermore, it appears that this effect on the spermatogonia can be reduced by treating the animals with a GnRH agonist and anti-androgen, a treatment similar to that shown by other authors to improve recovery of the testis from irradiation or drug treatment.

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