THE EFFECT OF ANAESTHESIA ON MILK YIELD AND MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE GOAT AND RAT

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. YOKOYAMA ◽  
K. ÔTA
Keyword(s):  
Control Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
The Body ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Subnormal Level

SUMMARY The effect of anaesthesia on lactation was studied in the lactating goat and the lactating rat. Cyclopropane was used in the goat. All goats were milked once daily in the morning. The experimental and the control periods started on Monday and ended on Saturday; the control period was usually followed immediately by the experimental period. Average milk yields in eight experimental periods in three goats ranged from 91·4 to 108·3%, with a mean of 101·4±1·84% (s.e.) of those in the corresponding control periods. The increase in intramammary pressure, which occurred 30–40 sec. after the start of milking of the contralateral teat in the normal lactating goat, was not observed during milking under anaesthesia. Lactating rats were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. Six or eight pups were placed with the mother to suckle the teat for 2 hr. in the morning. This suckling regime was continued for 5 days. No increase in the body weight of litters was obtained when the litter suckled under anaesthesia. When oxytocin was injected into the anaesthetized mother, a gain in litter weight was observed during the experimental period, although it was smaller than in the controls. In conclusion, a species specificity in the importance of the milk ejection response for the removal of milk has been demonstrated. The fact that milk secretion continued normally in the goat milked under the anaesthesia suggests that the secretion of the pituitary hormones concerned with the maintenance of milk secretion continues in the absence of the milking stimulus. In the rat, although milk secretion was maintained at a subnormal level by oxytocin replacement under anaesthesia, it was not possible to draw a final conclusion as to whether the suckling stimulus is dispensable for the maintenance of milk secretion.

THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RAT AFTER HYPOPHYSIAL ANTERIOR LOBECTOMY DURING PREGNANCY

1961 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. COWIE ◽  
J. S. TINDAL
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex

SUMMARY Experiments to determine the pituitary hormones necessary for the maintenance of lactation in the rat in the absence of either the anterior lobe of the pituitary or the entire pituitary are described. The anterior pituitary or the whole of the pituitary was removed on the 12th day of pregnancy and prolactin (25 i.u. twice daily) plus adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (2 i.u./day) was given to the animals from parturition to the 10th day of lactation inclusive. The lactational performances of the two operated groups of rats, as judged by the litter-growth indices, were 53% (anterior lobectomy) and 43% (hypophysectomy) of normal. The milk-ejection reflex was completely restored in the anterior-lobectomized rats by the time of parturition, but the hypophysectomized rats required a further 2 days before milk ejection appeared to be normal. Our experiments confirm that prolactin and ACTH are two important factors in the maintenance of milk secretion in the rat. Since only partial restoration was achieved, however, it is clear that other factors, presumably of anterior-pituitary origin, are required for the full restoration of lactation.

THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RAT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY

1957 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. COWIE
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Synergistic Action ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Pituitary Tissue ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Rat Pituitary

SUMMARY Attempts to maintain lactation in rats, hypophysectomized on the 4th day of lactation, with extracts of ox and rat pituitary and various purified anterior-pituitary hormones (prolactin, growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)), singly and in various combinations, are described. Slight replacement effects were seen with pituitary extracts and with prolactin alone (25 i.u. twice daily). Higher milk yields (about 25% of normal) were obtained with a larger dose of prolactin (50 i.u. twice daily). ACTH and/or GH in combination with the lower dose of prolactin (25 i.u. twice daily) enhanced the replacement value of prolactin, but no such synergistic action was seen when they were combined with the higher dose (50 i.u. twice daily). Neither ACTH nor GH, when administered alone, had any replacement value, although a slight replacement was obtained when they were administered together. Intermedin alone failed to maintain lactation. In no case was complete maintenance of lactation achieved, although yields of almost half the normal were obtained in two rats receiving prolactin (25 i.u. twice daily) and ACTH (4 i.u. once daily). No evidence of gross changes in the calorie content of the milk during replacement therapy was obtained. The difficulties of assessing the degree of maintenance of milk secretion and the possible significance of fragments of anterior-pituitary tissue remaining after hypophysectomy are discussed.

Cerebral Cortex Participation in the Physiological Mechanisms of Acupuncture Stimulation: A Study by Auditory Endogenous Potentials (P300)

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Liang Hsieh ◽  
Tsai-Chung Li ◽  
Chien-Yu Lin ◽  
Nou-Ying Tang ◽  
Qwang-Yuen Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Neuropsychological Effects ◽  
Acupuncture Stimulation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acupoint Specificity ◽  
Stimulation Of

Although acupuncture has traditionally used the acupoints formula to treat diseases, the physiological mechanisms involved and the effectiveness of therapy remain unclear. This study investigated the physiological mechanism(s) and response to acupuncture stimulation using the acupoints formula. Scalp-recorded potentials P300 were evoked by auditory stimulation of non-target and target in 13 normal adult volunteers. Latencies and amplitudes were measured. Three assessments were performed in each subject over a period of at least one week. Each assessment was divided into a control period with no acupuncture stimulation, followed by an acupuncture period and then a post-acupuncture period. Acupuncture needles were inserted into the body as follows: 1) non-acupoint: acupuncture needles were inserted 2 cm lateral to both Zusanli acupoints; 2) acupoint: acupuncture needles were inserted into both Zusanli acupoints; 3) acupoints formula: acupuncture needles were inserted into both Zusanli and Shousanli acupoints. Our results showed that both acupoint and acupoints formula assessments resulted in a significant decrease of P300 amplitudes during the acupuncture and post-acupuncture periods. However, there was significant difference in P300 amplitudes in the non-acupoint assessment during these periods. P300 changes in latencies and amplitudes were not significantly different between the acupoint assessment and the acupoints formula assessment. We concluded that acupuncture stimulation of both Zusanli acupoints resulted in a decrease of P300 amplitudes, suggesting the involvement of the cerebral cortex in sensory interaction when simultaneous sensations of the two types are received. No similar changes were observed in the non-acupoint assessment, which have been suggested to be related to so-called acupoint specificity. Results obtained using the acupoints formula were not significantly different from those using acupoints alone. These findings suggested that neuropsychological effects from stimulation of Zusanli acupoints and Shousanli acupoints are different.

Management of complicated shunt infections: a clinical report

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector E. James ◽  
John S. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Shunt Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Report ◽  
Intravenous Antibiotic ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Shunt Infections

Object The authors present their experience with a protocol for the treatment of patients with complicated shunt infections. Methods Complicated shunt infections are defined for the purpose of this protocol as multiple compartment hydrocephalus, multiple organism shunt infection, severe peritonitis, or infections in other sites of the body. The initial treatment protocol for these patients was 3 weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy and 2 weeks of twice daily intraventricular/intrashunt antibiotic therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures were monitored during therapy and obtained again 48 hours after completion. The shunt was completely replaced. Additionally, follow-up cultures were obtained in all patients 3–6 months after therapy was completed. Results A cure of the infection was achieved in all patients as defined by negative cultures obtained at completion of antibiotic therapy and in follow-up studies. The follow-up period was 2–11 years (mean 4.4 ± 2.5 years). The treatment protocol was modified in the patients treated after 1991, and 18 patients were treated with this modified treatment regime. In these patients, intraventricular antibiotics were administered only once daily for 14 days, and the CSF was cultured 24 hours after antibiotic therapy had been stopped instead of after 48 hours. The results were similar to those obtained with the initial protocol. Conclusions Based on their prospective nonrandomized series, the authors believe that patients with complicated shunt infections can be successfully treated with 2 weeks of intraventricular antibiotic therapy administered once daily, concurrent with 3 weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy. This protocol reduces length of treatment and hospital stay, and avoids recurrence of infection.

Growth performance, correlation and regression estimates of seven-chicken strains in South-Western Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
A. J. Atansuyi ◽  
U. C. Ihendu ◽  
C. A. Chineke
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Indigenous Chicken ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Study Results

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance, correlation and regression estimates of seven-chicken strains in South-western Nigeria using a total of 300 day-old chicks. The birds were divided into seven groups based on their strain. The seven strains are Normal feather (NF), Fulani ecotype (FE), Frizzle feather (FF), naked neck (NN) and Transylvania indigenous strains while Hubbard and Marshal were meat-type exotic chickens. There were forty- five (45) unsexed day-old chicks in each strain except the Frizzle feather that were 30 in number. Completely randomized design (CRD) was used for the trial that lasted for 8 weeks. The birds were fed experimental diets ad libitum throughout the period of the study. Results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the initial and final weights of the birds. It was observed that exotic strains weighed heavier (3569.73gHB) than their indigenous counterparts (1391.11gNF). However, the Fulani ecotype weighed heaviest (1840.99g) among Nigeria indigenous strains during the experimental period. This showed that FE strains are generally heavy breed chicken and could be incorporated into a meat producing indigenous chicken if improved upon. The result of the correlation coefficients showed that a very strong, positive and highly significant (P<0.001) relationship existed between body weights and linear body measurements as most of the values are (>0.40). All the body parameter examined had significant (p<0.01) and direct relationship with the body weight. Shoulder-to-tail length (STL) had the highest coefficient of 0.98.The high correlation estimates obtained in this study could be as a result of pleiotropy, heterozygosity or linkage of genes in the birds. The three functions were highly significant (p<0.05) for all the parameters studied. This shows that the functions well described the parameters. On the basis of coefficient of determination (R ), the body weight of poultry birds at any age can be predicted most accurately with BRG using cubic function.

scholarly journals Milk yield and composition, feed intake and stocking rate of crossbread cows in tropical grasses managed in a rotational grazing system

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1548-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Massaru Fukumoto ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Fermino Deresz ◽  
Carlos Eugênio Martins ◽  
Antônio Carlos Cóser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Grazing System

The objective of this study was to evaluate milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and stocking rate in pastures with tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis cv. Estrela-Africana), and marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). The grasses were managed in a rotational grazing system with Holstein x Zebu crossbreed cows, with a 30-day resting period and three days of paddock occupation. The pastures were fertilized with 1,000 kg/ha/year using the 20:05:20 (NPK) formula, split in three applications during the rainy season. It was used a complete random block experimental design with three factors being studied and two replications. In the experiment, four cows/paddock were used and, when it was necessary, regulator animals were added in order to obtain a supply of 7% body weight green forage dry matter. The animals were individually fed concentrate at 2 kg/day during the experimental period. Milk yield did not differ among the three grasses, with values of 9.1; 9.1; and 8.7 kg/cow/day for pastures with tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. Similarly, grass did not affect milk chemical composition. Stocking rate was similar among the three grasses, with values of 4.6; 4.5 and 5.0 UA/ha for tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. The highest dry matter intake was observed for tanzania grass with 2.6% of the body weight while stargrass (2.3%) and marandu grass (2.4%) did not differ among each other. The highest dry matter intake on tanzania grass pasture was not reflected on milk yield per animal. Milk yield and composition and stocking rate are similar among the evaluated grasses.

scholarly journals Health, body condition and blood metabolites in reindeer after submaintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Rangifer ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nilsson ◽  
Ö. Danell ◽  
M. Murphy ◽  
K. Olsson ◽  
B. Åhman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feeding Period

The transition from experimentally induced poor nutritional conditions to feeding was studied with 69 eight-month-old female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). During a pre-experimental period, all reindeer were fed a simulated winter diet with 80% lichens Cladina spp. and 20% Vaccinum myrtillus shrubs and Salix spp. leaves (lichen diet) ad lib. The reindeer were divided into five groups. A control group (group C) was fed the lichen diet ad lib. throughout the experiment. Four groups were fed half of that ration for eight days and were then totally deprived of feed for one day (restriction period). During the following 34 days (feeding period) the groups were re-fed the lichen diet (group L), fed pelleted reindeer feed combined with either lichen (group PL) or grass silage (group PS), or fed silage with a gradually increasing addition of pellets (group SP). Weekly measurements of blood samples and body weighr showed that the control group remained clinically healthy and had stable blood plasma concentrations of protein, urea, glucose and insulin throughout the experiment, but they lost weight. At slaughter, before and after the restriction period, all animals had lost rumen-free body weight, but the reindeer fed a restricted amount of feed lost more than the control group. Also the plasma metabolites were affected by the restricted feeding, with increased concentrations of urea and decreased concentrations of glucose. Group L responded immediately to the ad lib. feeding with blood metabolite levels rapidly approaching those of group C. The body weight developments were similar in groups L and C. Although the feed rations were increased gradually, diarrhoea occurred in some animals belonging to groups PL and PS within the first week of the feeding period. All reindeer recovered, after antibiotic treatment of the worst affected animals. The PL and PS groups, which had high contents of metabolisable energy and crude protein in their diets, showed increased con-centtations of plasma protein, urea and insulin. At the end of the feeding period, these groups had increased their body and carcass weights and gained fat, whereas reindeer fed the lichen diet had lost weight. Severe health problems (malnutrition and so-called wet belly) occurred in group SP during the first weeks of feeding and led to loss of animals, and consequently the SP group was excluded from the remainder of rhe experiment. The general conclusion is that the lichen diet did not cause any digestive problems, but resulted in a continuous decline in body weight and small or deficient fat reserves. After the initial diarrhoea, feeding with diets comprising pellets from the start resulted in improved condition, expressed as increased body weight, fat gain and higher concentrations of plasma protein, urea and insulin in relation to the control group. The diet initially based on grass in the form of silage of the given quality seemed insufficient as feed to reindeer calves in a poor nutritional state.

scholarly journals Effects of Imidacloprid-Contaminated Feed Exposure on Hematological Parameters in Adult Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-444
Author(s):  
Md Alamgir Kobir ◽  
Latifa Akther ◽  
Imam Hasan ◽  
Md Ahosanul Haque Shahid ◽  
Ziaul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Cell Analysis ◽  
Differential Leukocyte Count ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Important Index ◽  
Fresh Vegetables

Blood parameters are an important index to assess the body homeostasis in mammals. Here, the effect of pesticide (imidacloprid) contaminated feed exposure on the haematological parameters of adult rabbits (n=15) was studied. Pesticides (Imidacloprid, Bildor® 0.5ml (100mg)/L water spray on vegetables and green grass) exposed feed fed to rabbits with wash (washed feed rabbit) or without a wash (not washed feed rabbit) in the once-daily morning for every alternative day up to 15 days. Control rabbits have received a standard diet (fresh vegetables and green grass). The blood cell analysis showed that the total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, and haemoglobin values were not changed significantly in pesticide exposed rabbit. For differential leukocyte count, the percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil was significantly decreased in the pesticide-exposed rabbit as compared to the control rabbit. The lymphocyte percentage was increased significantly in pesticide-exposed rabbits compared to control rabbits. Interestingly, the number of lymphocytes was significantly increased in not washed feed rabbits compared to wash feed rabbits. The results of the present study suggest that residue of agriculturally used pesticides may affect the body homeostasis of animals. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(3): 439-444,  December 2020

Aggressive Communication By Lar Us Gla Ucescens Part I. Sound Communication

Behaviour ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Stout ◽  
Carl R. Wilcox ◽  
Lynn E. Creitz
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Alarm Call ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Sound Communication ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Aggressive Communication ◽  
Territorial Bird ◽  
Larus Glaucescens

AbstractThe communicative functions of sound production during aggressive activity were studied by playing back the choking, trumpeting, mew, alarm and yelp calls to Larus glaucescens reacting aggressively to a mirror placed within its territory or by measuring the latency of attack on a stuffed model mounted in one of the display postures involved in aggressive activity. Differences between the experimental period with sound playback, and the control period with no sound playback were analyzed statistically by means of paired comparisons t-tests. As the result of these experiments the following conclusions were reached: I. The choking sound would inhibit the entrance of an intruder when produced by the territorial bird, but when produced by the intruder would stimulate the aggressive activity of the territorial resident. 2. The mew call functions similarly to the choking call but probably represents a somewhat lesser degree of aggressiveness. 3. The trumpeting call hastens an attack by a bird outside of its territory when produced within its territory and also stimulates aggressive activity of a bird within its territory, when produced by an intruder. 4. The alarm call inhibits aggressive activity, although it is not a usual part of aggressive activity. 5. The yelp call does not effect aggressive activity.

The use of stereotaxic chemical hypophysectomy in the treatment of thalamic pain syndrome

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1002-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan B. Levin ◽  
Lincoln F. Ramirez ◽  
Jordan Katz
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cerebral Stroke ◽  
Preoperative Pain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Third Nerve Palsy ◽  
Thalamic Pain Syndrome

✓ Three patients with neurological injuries consistent with cerebral stroke subsequently developed pain over portions of the body contralateral to the injured hemisphere. Stereotaxic chemical hypophysectomy was used in the management of this pain after other surgical procedures and medical management had failed to provide relief. Postoperatively, all patients were treated for hypopituitarism. All developed transient diabetes insipidus, and one patient developed transient right third nerve palsy. No other complications were encountered. All three patients experienced significant pain relief within 48 hours of the procedure. By the date of discharge, two of the three patients reported complete, and the third greater than 80% pain relief. At the initial follow-up visit all patients were essentially pain-free. These patients have now been followed for 58, 39 and 19 months, and remain free of their original pain. During this time the intravenous administration of naloxone has failed to reproduce the preoperative pain. Pituitary function testing 1 year or more following operation demonstrated that none of the patients had an endocrinologically complete hypophysectomy. Recovery from transient diabetes insipidus was not associated with return of the original pain. The mechanism of action of stereotaxic chemical hypophysectomy in the relief of pain related to thalamic lesions remains unknown. The observation that naloxone failed to reproduce the preoperative pain casts doubt on the theory that augmentation of endogenous opiate release is the primary mechanism. Additional observations suggest that pain relief after hypophysectomy may be more directly the result of stimulation of a hypothalamic pain-suppressing mechanism than due to the elimination of pituitary hormones.

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