GENETIC VARIATION IN ADRENAL WEIGHT IN YOUNG ADULT MICE

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. BADR ◽  
S. G. SPICKETT
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Partial Dominance ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Metrical Character ◽  
Classical Pattern ◽  
Offspring Genotype ◽  
Genetically Determined

SUMMARY Adrenal weight and body weight were measured for 100 mice of each sex of the strains: A/Cam, CBA/FaCam and SF/Cam. This was also done for reciprocal F1 hybrids between A and CBA, for reciprocal backcrosses, and for F2 hybrids. Using regression analysis, adrenal weights were corrected for differences in body weights. Sexes and strains were found to be significantly different with respect to both absolute and corrected adrenal weight. The males of the F1 cross between the A and CBA strains showed partial dominance of the A genotype. Reciprocal F1 females were found to differ significantly. This may be explained in terms of parent-genotype: offspring-genotype interactions. The variances of the heterogeneous stocks: F2, backcross of F1 to A and backcross of F1 to CBA, were found to be significantly higher than those of the homogeneous stocks: A, CBA and F1's. This indicated that at least some of the variation in relative adrenal weight between the strains was genetically determined. The frequency distributions of the ratio of adrenal weight to body weight in F2 and reciprocal backcrosses conformed to the classical pattern of a metrical character.

Intraspecies allometry: correlation between kidney weight and glomerular filtration rate vs. body weight

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (3) ◽  
pp. R303-R305 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hackbarth ◽  
D. Buttner ◽  
K. Gartner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Kidney Weight ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Regression Parameters

Allometric equations of the form of Y = a*BWb were calculated between body weight (BW) on the one hand and either kidney weight (KW) or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on the other. By using strain and sex means obtained from 24 different inbred strains of adult mice or F1-hybrids environmental and genetical influences could be separated statistically. Thus, allometric equations reported in this study describe exclusively genetic influence. The parameters for intraspecies allometric equations obtained in these studies were compared to those in the literature presenting interspecies relationships. The double logarithmic regressions of KW vs. BW gave results different from the interspecies equation. The difference between intra- and interspecies results of allometric relationships may be due to the experimental exclusion of environmental influences. The regression parameters for GFR vs. BW obtained for the inbred strains, however, agreed very well with those of the empirical equation for interspecies relationship and also with the theoretically expected value. The dependence of GFR on BW was found to be GFR = 0.036*BW0.74 +/- 0.15, where GFR is measured in ml/min and BW in g. The exponent of 0.74 seems to be a valid biological constant that is genetically determined within and across species lines.

Heritability of the Effect of Corticosteroids on Intraocular Pressure

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 264-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.H. Reuling ◽  
J.T. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Steroid Response ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Allele Pair ◽  
High Level ◽  
Genetically Determined

In the late 1950's and early 1960's, it became evident that some glaucoma patients developed elevations of intraocular pressure, which were difficult to control, following prolonged use of systemic or ocular medications containing corticosteroids (Chandler, 1955, Alfano, 1963; Armaly, 1963). In addition, some patients without glaucoma, when treated with steroids for long periods of time, developed clinical signs of chronic simple glaucoma (McLean, 1950; François, 1954; Covell, 1958; Linner, 1959; Goldman, 1962). Fortunately, the elevation of intraocular pressure was reversible if the drug was discontinued.Over the past decade, extensive investigation of the “steroid response” has been undertaken. For this presentation, the steroid response may be considered as a gradual elevation of intraocular pressure, occurring over several weeks, in an eye being medicated with corticosteroid drops several times a day. The elevation in pressure is usually accompanied by a reduction in the facility of aqueous outflow. When relatively large numbers of subjects were tested with topical steroids, so that a wide range of responsiveness could be observed, a variation in individual sensitivity was demonstrated. Frequency distributions of intraocular pressure or change in pressure following steroids showed a skew toward the high side. On the basis of trimodal characteristics which they observed in such frequency distributions, Becker and Hahn (1964), Becker (1965) and Armaly (1965, 1966) considered the possible existence of several genetically determined subpopulations. These investigators distinguished three subpopulations on the basis of low, intermediate, and high levels of pressure response. It was hypothesized that these levels of response characterized three phenotypes, corresponding to the three possible genotypes of an allele pair, wherein one member of the pair determined a low level of response, and the other member determined a high level of response (Armaly, 1967).

Impacts of early-life paraquat exposure on gut microbiota and body weight in adult mice

Chemosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 133135
Author(s):  
Yixi Li ◽  
Zhenzi Zuo ◽  
Bing Zhang ◽  
Huan Luo ◽  
Bo Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adult Mice

scholarly journals Gene Action Studies in the Inheritance of Yield and Quality Attributing Traits in Diallel Cross of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
V. J. Zapadiya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Partial Dominance ◽  
Seed Cotton Yield ◽  
Genetic Components

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the 45 F1 hybrids derived from 10×10 half diallel fashion along with ten parents and one standard check GN.Cot.Hy-14 were sown in randomized block design with three replications during kharif -2017 at Cotton Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The genetic components of variation were determined for 12 characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to 50% boll opening, plant height (cm), number of monopodia per plant, number of sympodia per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll weight (g), seed cotton yield per plant (g), ginning percentage (%), seed index (g), lint index (g) and oil percentage (%).The estimate of the components of variation revealed significant results for both additive (D) as well as dominance effects (H1 and H2) for all the characters except plant height non-significant H2 component, but in majority of traits (except plant height, lint index) H1 was higher than D indicating dominance components were important in the inheritance of seed cotton yield and its components. The average degree of dominance (H1/D)1/2 was found to be more than unity for all the traits (except plant height, number of monopodia per plant and lint index indicating partial dominance) indicating over dominance. Asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative genes in the parents was observed for all the traits. High estimates of heritability in narrow sense was observed for days to 50% flowering, days to 50 % boll bursting, number of monopodia per plant, ginning percentage (%), lint index (g) and oil content (%) suggesting that selection based on these attribute would lead to rapid improvement. Due to preponderance of non-additive gene effects of seed cotton yield per plant and most of its component traits, heterosis breeding would also be practically feasible in cotton.

scholarly journals Decreased sensitivity to the anorectic effects of leptin in mice that lack a Pomc-specific neural enhancer

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244793
Author(s):  
Elisa S. Na ◽  
Daniel D. Lam ◽  
Eva Yokosawa ◽  
Jessica M. Adams ◽  
David P. Olson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Mild Obesity ◽  
Over Time

Enhancer redundancy has been postulated to provide a buffer for gene expression against genetic and environmental perturbations. While work in Drosophila has identified functionally overlapping enhancers, work in mammalian models has been limited. Recently, we have identified two partially redundant enhancers, nPE1 and nPE2, that drive proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the hypothalamus. Here we demonstrate that deletion of nPE1 produces mild obesity while knockout of nPE2 has no discernible metabolic phenotypes. Additionally, we show that acute leptin administration has significant effects on nPE1 knockout mice, with food intake and body weight change significantly impacted by peripheral leptin treatment. nPE1 knockout mice became less responsive to leptin treatment over time as percent body weight change increased over 2 week exposure to peripheral leptin. Both Pomc and Agrp mRNA were not differentially affected by chronic leptin treatment however we did see a decrease in Pomc and Agrp mRNA in both nPE1 and nPE2 knockout calorie restricted mice as compared to calorie restricted PBS-treated WT mice. Collectively, these data suggest dynamic regulation of Pomc by nPE1 such that mice with nPE1 knockout become less responsive to the anorectic effects of leptin treatment over time. Our results also support our earlier findings in which nPE2 may only be critical in adult mice that lack nPE1, indicating that these neural enhancers work synergistically to influence metabolism.

Differences in Thyroid Activity of Several Strains of Mice and F1 Hybrids

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Amin ◽  
C. K. Chai ◽  
E. P. Reineke
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Output Rate ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Thyroid Secretion ◽  
Secretion Rates

Thyroid secretion rate was determined in four strains of inbred mice and two groups of F1 hybrids. In all genotypes the thyroid secretion rate was consistently but not significantly greater in males than in females. The average thyroid secretion rates, expressed as micrograms l-thyroxine/ 100 gm body weight with the standard errors for the males and females, were: A/Jax 2.13 ± 0.12 and 1.84 ± 0.10; BALB/c 2.44 ± 0.21 and 1.84 ± 0.12; C57BR/cd 3.35 ± 0.34 and 2.45 ± 0.11; C57BL/6 4.19 ± 0.64 µg. and 3.33 ± 0.34. The secretion rate for hybrids CAF1 and BBF1 males and females, respectively, were: 2.34 ± 0.185 and 1.84 ± 0.106; 3.79 ± 0.644 and 2.74 ± 0.268 µg/100 gm. C57BL strain and BBF1 hybrid had significantly higher secretion rates than all other groups. The results are consistent with the output rate values reported earlier by the same authors, and clearly indicate that thyroid activity is under genetic control.

scholarly journals DLK1 Expressed in Mouse Orexin Neurons Modulates Anxio-Depressive Behavior but Not Energy Balance

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Tatiyana Harris ◽  
Raluca Bugescu ◽  
Jaylyn Kelly ◽  
Anna Makela ◽  
Morgan Sotzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Physiologic Role

Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) neurons expressing the neuropeptide orexin (OX) are implicated in obesity and anxio-depression. However, these neurons release OX as well as a host of other proteins that might contribute to normal physiology and disease states. We hypothesized that delta-like homolog 1 (DLK1), a protein reported to be co-expressed by all OX neurons, contributes to the regulation of energy balance and/or anxio-depression. Consistent with previous reports, we found that all rat OX neurons co-express DLK1. Yet, in mice and humans only a subset of OX neurons co-expressed DLK1. Since human OX-DLK1 distribution is more similar to mice than rats, mice are a comparable model to assess the human physiologic role of DLK1. We therefore used a viral lesion strategy to selectively delete DLK1 within the LHA of adult mice (DLK1Null) to reveal its role in body weight and behavior. Adult-onset DLK1 deletion had no impact on body weight or ingestive behavior. However, DLK1Null mice engaged in more locomotor activity than control mice and had decreased anxiety and depression measured via the elevated plus maze and forced swim tests. These data suggest that DLK1 expression via DLK1-expressing OX neurons primarily contributes to anxio-depression behaviors without impacting body weight.

scholarly journals Lateral Hypothalamic Area Neurotensin Neurons Are Required for Control of Orexin Neurons and Energy Balance

Endocrinology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (9) ◽  
pp. 3158-3176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Brown ◽  
Andrew Sagante ◽  
Thomas Mayer ◽  
Anna Wright ◽  
Raluca Bugescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Genetic Ablation ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamic ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors

Abstract The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is essential for motivated ingestive and locomotor behaviors that impact body weight, yet it remains unclear how the neurochemically defined subpopulations of LHA neurons contribute to energy balance. In particular, the role of the large population of LHA neurotensin (Nts) neurons has remained ambiguous due to the lack of methods to easily visualize and modulate these neurons. Because LHA Nts neurons are activated by leptin and other anorectic cues and they modulate dopamine or local LHA orexin neurons implicated in energy balance, they may have important, unappreciated roles for coordinating behaviors necessary for proper body weight. In this study, we genetically ablated or chemogenetically inhibited LHA Nts neurons in adult mice to determine their necessity for control of motivated behaviors and body weight. Genetic ablation of LHA Nts neurons resulted in profoundly increased adiposity compared with mice with intact LHA Nts neurons, as well as diminished locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and water intake. Complete loss of LHA Nts neurons also led to downregulation of orexin, revealing important cross-talk between the LHA Nts and orexin populations in maintenance of behavior and body weight. In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition of intact LHA Nts neurons did not disrupt orexin expression, but it suppressed locomotor activity and the adaptive response to leptin. Taken together, these data reveal the necessity of LHA Nts neurons and their activation for controlling energy balance, and that LHA Nts neurons influence behavior and body weight via orexin-dependent and orexin-independent mechanisms.

REPRODUCTION OF MICE FED LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED MEAL CONTAMINATED WITH SCREENINGS MEALS AND WEED SEED MEALS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. ROSE ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Equivalent Number ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters

Three samples of defatted fine rapeseed screenings meals and defatted stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense) seed meal were used at 5 and 15% (wt/wt) to contaminate low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (LG-RSM). Defatted lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album) and smartweed (Polygonum spp.) seed meals were also used, at levels of 1.7 and 5% (wt/wt) contamination. The contaminated LG-RSM was included at 15% (wt/wt) in diets fed to female adult mice during a 2-wk preliminary period, pregnancy, lactation and the first 18 days of the second pregnancy. There was a nonsignificant trend (P > 0.05) for the female mice fed stinkweed meal to have the lowest body weight throughout the two pregnancies, although those fed the six contaminants, and the uncontaminated LG-RSM control diet had an equivalent number of offspring born in the two pregnancies and surviving to weaning. Male offspring of mice fed the higher levels of contaminants tended to have a lower (P > 0.05) body weight during the early part of the lactation period. A decreased availability of protein and energy in these diets possibly resulted in decreased milk production. The numbers of blastocysts implanted, embryos resorbed, fetal deaths and malformed fetuses were similar among the dietary treatments. Key words: Rapeseed meal, weed seeds, glucosinolates, mice, reproduction

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document