scholarly journals Causes of Death after a Hospitalization with AKI

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 1001-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Silver ◽  
Ziv Harel ◽  
Eric McArthur ◽  
Danielle M. Nash ◽  
Rey Acedillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Mortality after AKI is high, but the causes of death are not well described. To better understand causes of death in patients after a hospitalization with AKI and to determine patient and hospital factors associated with mortality, we conducted a population-based study of residents in Ontario, Canada, who survived a hospitalization with AKI from 2003 to 2013. Using linked administrative databases, we categorized cause of death in the year after hospital discharge as cardiovascular, cancer, infection-related, or other. We calculated standardized mortality ratios to compare the causes of death in survivors of AKI with those in the general adult population and used Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate determinants of death. Of the 156,690 patients included, 43,422 (28%) died in the subsequent year. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular disease (28%) and cancer (28%), with respective standardized mortality ratios nearly six-fold (5.81; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 5.70 to 5.92) and eight-fold (7.87; 95% CI, 7.72 to 8.02) higher than those in the general population. The highest standardized mortality ratios were for bladder cancer (18.24; 95% CI, 17.10 to 19.41), gynecologic cancer (16.83; 95% CI, 15.63 to 18.07), and leukemia (14.99; 95% CI, 14.16 to 15.85). Along with older age and nursing home residence, cancer and chemotherapy strongly associated with 1-year mortality. In conclusion, cancer-related death was as common as cardiovascular death in these patients; moreover, cancer-related deaths occurred at substantially higher rates than in the general population. Strategies are needed to care for and counsel patients with cancer who experience AKI.

Diabetes increases the risk of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (10) ◽  
pp. 812-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Sheng Chung ◽  
Cheng-Li Lin ◽  
Chia-Hung Kao
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Deep Vein

SummaryWe evaluated the effects of diabetes on the risks of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in a nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan. The patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were identified, and DM-free controls were randomly selected from the general population and frequency-matched according to age, sex, and index year by using the records of the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database between 2000 and 2011. Both cohorts were followed up until the end of 2011 to measure the incidence of DVT and PE. We analysed the risks of DVT and PE using Cox proportional-hazards regression models. The overall incidence of VTE was higher in the T2DM patients than in the controls (12.0 vs 7.51 per 10,000 person-years). The T2DM patients exhibited a 1.44-fold adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of VTE development compared with the controls (95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.27–1.63). The risks of DVT (aHR = 1.43, 95 % CI = 1.23–1.65) and PE (aHR = 1.52, 95 % CI = 1.22–1.90) were greater in the T2DM than those in the controls. The T2DM patients had a substantially higher risk of DVT (aHR = 5.10, 95 % CI = 3.12–8.32) and PE (aHR = 7.50, 95 % CI = 3.29–17.1) development than the controls did in adults aged 49 years and younger. In conclusion, the longitudinal nationwide cohort study indicated that T2DM patients carried greater risks of developing VTE than did the general population.

scholarly journals Functional vitamin K status and risk of incident chronic kidney disease and microalbuminuria: a prospective general population-based cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dion Groothof ◽  
Adrian Post ◽  
Camilo G Sotomayor ◽  
Charlotte A Keyzer ◽  
Jose L Flores-Guerero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Serum Cystatin C ◽  
Incident Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Background Circulating desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) protein (dp-ucMGP), a marker of vitamin K status, is associated with renal function and may serve as a potentially modifiable risk factor for incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to assess the association between circulating dp-ucMGP and incident CKD. Methods We included 3969 participants with a mean age of 52.3 ± 11.6 years, of whom 48.0% were male, enrolled in the general population–based Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENd-stage Disease study. Study outcomes were incident CKD, defined as either development of an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or microalbuminuria. Associations of dp-ucMGP with these outcomes were quantified using Cox proportional hazards models and were adjusted for potential confounders. Results Median plasma dp-ucMGP was 363 [interquartile range (IQR) 219–532] pmol/L and mean serum creatinine- and serum cystatin C-based eGFR (eGFRSCr-SCys) was 95.4 ± 21.8 mL/min/1.73 m2. During 7.1 years of follow-up, 205 (5.4%) participants developed incident CKD and 303 (8.4%) developed microalbuminuria. For every doubling of plasma dp-ucMGP, hazard ratios for the development of incident CKD and microalbuminuria were 1.85 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59–2.16; P < 0.001] and 1.19 (95% CI 1.07–1.32; P = 0.001), respectively. These associations lost significance after adjustment for baseline eGFRSCr-SCys [0.99 (95% CI 0.88–1.12; P = 0.86)] and baseline age [1.03 (95% CI 0.94–1.14; P = 0.50)], respectively. Conclusions The associations of plasma dp-ucMGP with incident CKD and microalbuminuria were driven by the respective baseline effects of renal function and age.

scholarly journals Employment disruption among women with gynecologic cancers

2021 ◽  
pp. ijgc-2021-002949
Author(s):  
Roni Nitecki ◽  
Shuangshuang Fu ◽  
Kirsten A Jorgensen ◽  
Lauren Gray ◽  
Carolyn Lefkowits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Gynecologic Cancers ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Insured Patients

BackgroundAdverse employment outcomes pose significant challenges for cancer patients, though data patients with gynecologic cancers are sparse. We evaluated the decrease in employment among patients in the year following the diagnosis of a gynecologic cancer compared with population-based controls.MethodsPatients aged 18 to 63 years old, who were diagnosed with cervical, ovarian, endometrial, or vulvar cancer between January 2009 and December 2017, were identified in Truven MarketScan, an insurance claims database of commercially insured patients in the USA. Patients working full- or part-time at diagnosis were matched to population-based controls in a 1:4 ratio via propensity score. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the risk of employment disruption in patients versus controls.ResultsWe identified 7446 women with gynecologic cancers (191 vulvar, 941 cervical, 1839 ovarian, and 4475 endometrial). Although most continued working following diagnosis, 1579 (21.2%) changed from full- or part-time employment to long-term disability, retirement, or work cessation. In an adjusted model, older age, the presence of comorbidities, and treatment with surgery plus adjuvant therapy versus surgery alone were associated with an increased risk of employment disruption (p<0.0003, p=0.01, and p<0.0001, respectively) among patients with gynecologic cancer. In the propensity-matched cohort, patients with gynecologic cancers had over a threefold increased risk of employment disruption relative to controls (HR 3.67, 95% CI 3.44 to 3.95).ConclusionApproximately 21% of patients with gynecologic cancer experienced a decrease in employment in the year after diagnosis. These patients had over a threefold increased risk of employment disruption compared with controls.

scholarly journals Lower values of a novel index of Vagal-Neuroimmunomodulation are associated to higher all-cause mortality in two large general population samples with 18 year follow up

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc N. Jarczok ◽  
Julian Koenig ◽  
Julian F. Thayer
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
All Cause Mortality

AbstractIn recent clinical practice, a biomarker of vagal neuroimmunomodulation (NIM), namely the ratio of vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) and CRP, was proposed to index the functionality of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. This study aims to transfer and extend the previous findings to two general population-based samples to explore the hypothesis that NIM-ratio is associated with all-cause mortality. Two large population studies (MIDUS 2: N = 1255 and Whitehall II wave 5: N = 7870) with complete data from a total of N = 3860 participants (36.1% females; average age = 56.3 years; 11.1% deaths, last exit 18.1 years post inclusion) were available. NIM indices were calculated using the vagally-mediated HRV measure RMSSD divided by measures of CRP (NIMCRP) or IL-6 (NIMIL6). The NIM-ratios were quartiled and entered into age, ethnicity and body mass index adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. For NIMIL6 the lowest quartile was 45% more likely to die during the observed period (max. 18 years follow-up) compared to the highest quartile (HR = 0.55 CI 0.41–0.73; p < .0001). NIMCRP parallel these results. Here we show that an easily computable index of IL-6 inhibition is associated with all-cause mortality in two large general population samples. These results suggest that this index might be useful for risk stratification and warrant further examination.

scholarly journals Chronic kidney disease and risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure in general population-based cohorts – the BiomarCaRE project

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Rehm ◽  
D Rothenbacher ◽  
L Iacoviello ◽  
S Costanzo ◽  
H Tunstall-Pedoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a complicated relationship with the heart, leading to many adverse outcomes. Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between CKD and the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) along with mortality as a competing risk in general population cohorts. Methods This study was conducted as part of the BiomarCaRE project using harmonised data from 12 population-based cohorts (n=40,212) from Europe. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine hazard ratios (HRs) for the incidence of AF and HF in CKD and with competing mortality risk after adjusting for covariates. Results Mean age at baseline was 51.1 (standard deviation 11.9) years, and 49.3% were men. Overall, 3.5% had CKD at baseline. The rate for incident AF was 3.9 per 1000 person-years during follow-up. The HR for AF for those with CKD compared with those without was 1.23 (95% CI 1.00–1.52, p=0.0465) after adjustment for covariates. The rate for incident HF was 3.9 per 1000 person-years and the associated risk in the presence of CKD was HR 1.67 (95% CI 1.39–2.01). In subjects with CKD, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) showed an association with AF, while NT-proBNP and C-reactive protein (CRP) showed an association with HF. Conclusion CKD is an independent risk factor for subsequent AF and even more so for HF. In patients with CKD, NT-proBNP was clearly associated with subsequent risk of AF. In addition to this marker, hs-CRP was also associated with risk of subsequent HF. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): 7th framework programme collaborative project, grant agreement no. HEALTH-F2-2011_278913. Atrial Fibrillation and HF in CKD

Is ankylosing spondylitis a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and how do these risks compare with those in rheumatoid arthritis?

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas K Eriksson ◽  
Lennart Jacobsson ◽  
Karin Bengtsson ◽  
Johan Askling
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk

AimsTo assess and compare the incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events, by CV phenotype, between patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the general population.MethodsUsing linkages of national and population-based registers, we identified one cohort of prevalent patients with AS (n=5358), one with RA (n=37 245) and one with matched general population subjects (n=25 006). These cohorts were identified in 2006 through 2011 and were followed in 31 December 2012, for first ever occurrence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), deep venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism and stroke, respectively. For each outcome, we calculated incidence rates standardised to the age and sex distribution of the AS cohort, as well as relative risks using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsBased on 69 ACS events during 20 251 person-years of follow-up of the patients with AS, and 966 events during 127 014 person-years in the RA cohort, the age/sex-adjusted relative risks for ACS compared with the general population was 1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.7) for AS and 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) for RA. For thromboembolic events, the corresponding risks were 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) in AS and 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) in RA. Finally, for stroke, the relative risks were 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) in AS and 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) in RA, compared with the general population.ConclusionsPrevalent patients with AS are at a 30%–50% increased risk of incident CV events. When compared with patients with RA, this level of increase was similar for stroke, but only half as high for ACS and thrombotic events.

scholarly journals The Association of Sibling Fracture History with Major Osteoporotic Fractures in Individuals from A Population-Based Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amani F Hamad ◽  
Lin Yan ◽  
William D Leslie ◽  
Suzanne N Morin ◽  
Shuman Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Risk ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fracture History

IntroductionMajor osteoporotic fractures (MOF) are associated with significant morbidity and healthcare system burden. Objectives and ApproachWe aimed to determine whether sibling fracture history is associated with MOF risk amongst individuals from a population-based cohort using objectively-ascertained measures of fracture history. This retrospective cohort study used administrative databases from the province of Manitoba, Canada, which has a universal healthcare system. The cohort included individuals aged 40 years and older between 1997 and 2015 with linkage to at least one sibling. The exposure was MOF diagnosis occurring at age 40 years or older in a randomly selected sibling. The outcome was incident clinically-diagnosed MOF (hip, wrist, humerus or spine) identified in hospital and physician records using established case definitions. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to test the association of sibling fracture history with the risk of MOF in individuals after adjustment for known fracture risk factors. ResultsThe cohort included 217,519 individuals; 92% were linked to full siblings (i.e., same mother/father) and 49% were females. During a median follow-up of 11 years (IQR 5 -15), 7274 (3.3%) incident MOF cases were identified. Sibling MOF history was associated with increased risk of MOF (HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.48–1.97). The risk was elevated in both men (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.29-2.06) and women (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.48-2.13) but was higher among sisters (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.65-2.61) compared to brothers (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.20-2.32). In a secondary analysis of sibling fracture site, the highest risk was observed with diagnosis of wrist followed by spine fractures (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.57-2.21 and HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08-1.98, respectively). ConclusionSibling fracture history is associated with increased MOF risk in individuals and should be considered as a candidate risk factor for improving fracture risk prediction.

scholarly journals Relationship of Erythrocyte Transfusion with Short- and Long-term Mortality in a Population-based Surgical Cohort

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Karkouti ◽  
Thérèse A. Stukel ◽  
W. Scott Beattie ◽  
Susie Elsaadany ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Postoperative Mortality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Erythrocyte Transfusion ◽  
Mortality Hazard ◽  
Adjusted Association ◽  
Mortality Hazard Ratio

Background When comparing transfused versus nontransfused patients, erythrocyte transfusion is consistently associated with increased mortality. Nonetheless, unmeasured confounding may unduly influence this comparison. This unmeasured risk may have less influence on comparisons of patients undergoing surgery at hospitals with differing transfusion rates. Methods Administrative databases were used to conduct a population-based cohort study of patients who underwent elective hip- or knee-replacement surgery from 1999 to 2008 in Ontario, Canada. The authors used Cox proportional-hazards models to determine the adjusted association of hospital-specific erythrocyte transfusion rates (i.e., comparing hospitals with differing transfusion rates) with postoperative mortality. For comparison, they also determined the adjusted association of patient receipt of transfusion (i.e., comparing transfused vs. nontransfused patients) with mortality. Results Of 162,190 patients, 23% (n=37,015) were transfused. Hospital-specific transfusion rates at the 66 included hospitals ranged from 10.3 to 57.9%. Compared with nontransfused patients, transfused patients experienced increased adjusted 30-day (hazard ratio 2.32; 95% CI, 1.91-2.83) and 1-yr mortality (hazard ratio 1.75; 95% CI, 1.60-1.91). However, when hospitals were categorized into quartiles based on hospital-specific transfusion rates, mortality rates were similar (highest transfusion quartile vs. lowest transfusion quartile: 30-day mortality, hazard ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.82-1.50; 1-yr mortality, hazard ratio 1.02, 95% CI 0.82-1.26). Conclusions The association of transfusion with postoperative mortality differed significantly when comparing transfused versus nontransfused patients, as opposed to comparing hospitals with differing transfusion rates. This discrepancy raises questions about the true relationship between transfusion and mortality.

scholarly journals Incidence of Major Hemorrhage Among CLL and MCL Patients Compared to the General Elderly Population: An Analysis of the US SEER-Medicare Linked Database

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 3268-3268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina M Gifkins ◽  
Amy Matcho ◽  
Huiying Yang ◽  
Yimei Xu ◽  
Mary Ann Gooden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Administrative Claims ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Major Hemorrhage ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Introduction: Patients with B cell malignancies have an inherent increased risk of bleeding. However, the incidence of major hemorrhage among patients with MCL and CLL has not been described. The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of major hemorrhage in a real world setting by using a population-based data source. Methods: The SEER-Medicare linked database, a database of SEER cancer registry data linked to individual Medicare administrative claims, was utilized to follow a cohort of persons newly treated for CLL or MCL to estimate the incidence of major hemorrhage (CNS and non-CNS). Major hemorrhage was defined as having at least one code for hemorrhage in a critical area or organ or having another bleeding code with a transfusion within 14 days of the event. Patients with a cancer diagnosis on or after 1/1/2000 were followed through disenrollment from the database, death, the occurrence of major hemorrhage, or the end of the study period (12/31/2011), whichever came first. Incidence rates (IR) of major hemorrhage were characterized in terms of incidence per person-years (pys) of follow-up with 95% confidence intervals calculated according to a Poisson distribution. Rates in the CLL and MCL populations were compared to those in the age and gender-matched general population of a sample of non-cancer Medicare patients using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: A total of 1,587 treated MCL patients, 6,717 treated CLL/SLL patients, and 14,816 age and gender-matched non-cancer patients were identified in the database. Median age among all three cohorts was approximately 75 years. Among patients treated for MCL, 287 (18%) had at least one major hemorrhage, corresponding to an incidence of 5.8 per 100 pys. Among 6,717 CLL patients, 1,211 (18%) had at least one major hemorrhage (IR: 6.0 per 100 pys). In the age and gender-matched non-cancer population, incidence of major hemorrhage was 1.6 per 100 pys. The hazard ratio for development of any major hemorrhage among CLL patients compared to the non-cancer cohort was 8.3 (95% CI: 7.5-9.2), and for MCL compared to the non-cancer cohort was 8.8 (95% CI: 7.6-10.2). IR of CNS hemorrhage was also higher among MCL and CLL patients (0.9 and 1.2 per 100 pys, respectively) compared to the non-cancer cohort (0.04 per 100 pys). Gastrointestinal hemorrhage was the most frequent site of occurrence. Conclusions: Among persons newly initiating treatment for CLL and MCL, incidence of major hemorrhage was found to be over 8 times higher than that of the age- and gender-matched general population. Additional analyses to establish whether this increased risk is attributable to the disease itself, comorbid conditions, choice of cancer therapy, or concomitant medications in the patient population and/or other risk factors are planned. Baseline risks among CLL and MCL patients should be considered when establishing risk/benefit profiles of a particular treatment. Disclosures Gifkins: Johnson and Johnson: Employment. Matcho:Johnson and Johnson: Employment. Yang:Pharmacyclics, Inc: Employment. Xu:Johnson and Johnson: Employment. Gooden:Pharmacyclics, Inc.: Employment. Wildgust:Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment.

scholarly journals Assessing relative COVID-19 mortality: a Swiss population-based study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e042387
Author(s):  
Torsten Hothorn ◽  
Matthias Bopp ◽  
Huldrych Günthard ◽  
Olivia Keiser ◽  
Maroussia Roelens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Relative Mortality ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Swiss Population ◽  
Time Of Year

ObjectiveSeverity of the COVID-19 has been previously reported in terms of absolute mortality in SARS-CoV-2 positive cohorts. An assessment of mortality relative to mortality in the general population is presented.DesignRetrospective population-based study.SettingIndividual information on symptomatic confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients and subsequent deaths from any cause were compared with the all-cause mortality in the Swiss population of 2018. Starting 23 February 2020, mortality in COVID-19 patients was monitored for 80 days and compared with the population mortality observed in the same time of year starting 23 February 2018.Participants5 102 300 inhabitants of Switzerland aged 35–95 without COVID-19 (general population in spring 2018) and 20 769 persons tested positively for COVID-19 during the first wave in spring 2020.MeasurementsSex-specific and age-specific mortality rates were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Absolute probabilities of death were predicted and risk was assessed in terms of relative mortality by taking the ratio between the sex-specific and age-specific absolute mortality in COVID-19 patients and the corresponding mortality in the 2018 general population.ResultsAbsolute mortalities increased with age and were higher for males compared with females, both in the general population and in positively tested persons. A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups at least eightfold. The highest relative mortality risks were observed among males and younger patients. Male COVID-19 patients exceeded the population hazard for males (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.44). An additional year of age increased the population hazard in COVID-19 patients only marginally (HR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01).ConclusionsHealthcare professionals, decision-makers and societies are provided with an additional population-adjusted assessment of COVID-19 mortality risk. In combination with absolute measures of risk, the relative risks presented here help to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the actual impact of COVID-19.

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