An Empirical Test of the Interactionist Model on the Relationship Between Household Income, Main Caregiver Depression, and Youth Aggression

Introduction: To establish a statewide stroke system in March 2019, New York State (NYS) created the Stroke Designation Program. Stroke centers (SCs) must be certified by a state-approved certifying organization (CO), which is tasked with initial designation and ongoing re-certification. Previous research has found an association at the national level between socioeconomic status and access to higher levels of acute stroke care. Objective: This study characterizes the relationship between socioeconomic status of NYS populations and stroke care level access by comparing median household income and wealth in counties with and without certified SCs. Methods: Population and median household income from the U.S. Census (2010), stroke epidemiological data from the Center for Disease Control, and Area Deprivation Index (ADI) data (ranked within NYS) from the Neighborhood Atlas, a project that quantifies disadvantage by census tract, were collected and averaged for each county. Income has been used to assess local wealth and ADI to analyze community health risks. Certification data were mined from quality check databases for The Joint Commission and Det Norske Veritas, the most commonly used COs. Student’s t-tests compared income and ADI in counties with at least one certified SC to those without. Linear regression characterized the relationship between income and ADI with number of certified SCs, stroke incidence and stroke mortality. Results: All 62 counties in NYS were investigated to yield 40 certified SCs. Counties with at least one certified SC had a significantly higher income ($68,183.63 vs. $57,155.12; p=0.03) and lower ADI (5.90 vs. 7.37; p=0.004) compared to counties with no certified SC. Higher income (p<0.001) and lower ADI (p<0.001) were also associated with more certified SCs. Counties with fewer certified SCs had significantly higher stroke mortality (p<0.001) despite having similar stroke incidence. Conclusion: Socioeconomic heterogeneity in NYS counties is correlated to differential access to certified SCs and quality stroke care, as fewer centers are found in lower-income and disadvantaged communities. Although populations with less access experience stroke at similar rates, this study finds higher death rates in these counties.

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Abstract 90: Socioeconomic Status Is Associated With Disability Following Acute Ischemic Stroke: Findings From The Adherence eValuation After Ischemic stroke-Longitudinal (AVAIL) Registry

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.43.suppl_1.a90 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Janet Prvu Bettger ◽

Xin Zhao ◽

Cheryl Bushnell ◽

Louise Zimmer ◽

Ying Xian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Household Income ◽

Work Status ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Post Stroke ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Education Work

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is widely recognized as an area of inequity that affects health outcomes. However, social determinants of health are less frequently measured in longitudinal studies of acute stroke patients. The relationship of SES on disability 3-months post-stroke is unknown. Methods: We analyzed ischemic stroke patients in the AVAIL registry who were enrolled at 98 hospitals participating in Get With The Guidelines-Stroke. Patients who died (n=64) or did not complete a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3-months (n=154) were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship of SES (defined by level of education, work status, and perceived adequacy of household income to meet needs) and disability (mRS scores 3-5). Results: Among the 2092 stroke patients who met eligibility criteria, the mean age was 65.5 ± 13.7, 44.2% were female, and 82.7% were White. Fifty seven percent had a high school or less education, 11.4% were not working post-stroke and were home not by choice, and 25.7% were without an adequate household income. A third of the sample had some level of disability at 3-months (34.6% mRS 3-5). Those with disability were more likely to be older, non-White, female, single, less educated, have inadequate income, and were home not by choice. In the multivariable analysis, lower education, inadequate income, and being home but not by choice (compared with those who returned to work) were independently associated with disability (p<0.01; Table ). Conclusion: In this national cohort of stroke survivors, socioeconomic status as measured by level of education, work status, and income were independently associated with post-stroke disability.

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The Empirical Test on the Impact of Climate Volatility on Tourism Demand: A Case of Japanese Tourists Visiting Korea

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10103569 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 3569

Author(s):

Yun Hwang ◽

Hyung Kim ◽

Cheon Yu

Keyword(s):

Empirical Test ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Model Specification ◽

Time Lags ◽

Tourism Demand ◽

Demand Model ◽

Volatility Index ◽

Tourism Resource ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

As climate is not only a valuable tourism resource but also a factor influencing travel experience, estimating climate volatility has implications for sustainable development of the tourism industry. This study develops the Climate Volatility Index (CVI) using a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model and estimates the relationship between CVI and Japanese tourism demand in Korea, using a tourism demand model based on monthly data from January 2000 to December 2013. Possible time lags and multicollinearity among variables are considered for the model specification. The results show that an increase in climate volatility leads to a decrease in tourism demand.

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Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Venture Capitalists' Initial Trust

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633771 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Hongtao Yang ◽

Lei Zhang ◽

Yenchun Jim Wu ◽

Hangyu Shi ◽

Shuting Xie

Keyword(s):

Impression Management ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽

Empirical Test ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Management Theory ◽

Venture Capitalists ◽

Initial Trust ◽

Five Dimensions ◽

The Relationship

The effectiveness of trust has been extensively investigated in entrepreneurship studies. However, compared to the outcomes of trust, we still lack knowledge about the mechanisms underlying venture capitalists' initial trust in entrepreneurs. Drawing from signal theory and impression management theory, this study explores an impression management motivational explanation for the influencing factors of venture capitalists' initial trust. An empirical test is based on 202 valid questionnaires from venture capitalists, and the results indicate that the signal of five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation has a significant impact on the initial trust of venture capitalists and that a signal of entrepreneurial orientation of perseverance or passion positively influences venture capitalists' initial trust through acquired impression management strategies, while a signal of entrepreneurial orientation of risk-taking, innovation, or proactivity positively affects the initial trust of venture capitalists through defensive impression management strategies. The perceptions of entrepreneurs' hypocrisy by venture capitalists negatively moderate the relationship between acquired impression management strategies and the initial trust of venture capitalists and negatively moderate the relationship between defensive impression management strategies and the initial trust of venture capitalists.

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Assortative Mating, Income Inequality, and Place

10.26686/wgtn.17019644 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Avril Macfarlane

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Assortative Mating ◽

Household Income ◽

European Social Survey ◽

Highly Educated ◽

Wide Range ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Educational Assortative Mating ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

The Relationship

<p>There is a growing concern internationally about levels of income inequality, and the negative effect this has on the functioning of societies both in terms of productivity and social harmony. An unexpected contributor to inequality is assortative mating - the phenomenon of “like marrying like”. Educational attainment is highly correlated with income; when two highly educated people partner and form a household they are more likely to appear at the top of the household income distribution, while couples with only primary or incomplete secondary education appear at the bottom. Therefore the greater the propensity to mate assortatively the more unequal the distribution of household income becomes. I ask two questions of the relationship between educational assortative mating and household income inequality. Firstly, how do countries (in Europe) differ in their degree of educational assortative mating? Secondly, what is the evidence that such differences are reflected in indicators of household income inequality? My study differs from the prevailing approaches to this question by taking a geographical approach. Instead of comparing a single country over time and monitoring the correspondence between assortative mating and income inequality, I compare a wide range of countries, using a uniform instrument, at one point in time. In order to do so I draw on the unit records of 29 countries from the European Social Survey administered in 2012. From these unit record data I have been able to identify two important patterns. Firstly, there is a clear presence of educational assortative mating in each country. However, the degree differs and it does so primarily as a reflection of the overall level of education in the country. Rising levels of education lower the returns for education, in turn making assortative mating comparatively less attractive. As a result, the level of assortative mating, compared to what would be expected under random conditions, is lower in highly educated nations. The lowered level of assortative mating in highly educated nations reduces the barriers to social mobility through marriage for those without university educations. Consequently, household income inequality is seen to be intrinsically related to assortative mating, although the outcomes can be mitigated by redistribution policies.</p>

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Assortative Mating, Income Inequality, and Place

10.26686/wgtn.17019644.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Avril Macfarlane

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Assortative Mating ◽

Household Income ◽

European Social Survey ◽

Highly Educated ◽

Wide Range ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Educational Assortative Mating ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

The Relationship

<p>There is a growing concern internationally about levels of income inequality, and the negative effect this has on the functioning of societies both in terms of productivity and social harmony. An unexpected contributor to inequality is assortative mating - the phenomenon of “like marrying like”. Educational attainment is highly correlated with income; when two highly educated people partner and form a household they are more likely to appear at the top of the household income distribution, while couples with only primary or incomplete secondary education appear at the bottom. Therefore the greater the propensity to mate assortatively the more unequal the distribution of household income becomes. I ask two questions of the relationship between educational assortative mating and household income inequality. Firstly, how do countries (in Europe) differ in their degree of educational assortative mating? Secondly, what is the evidence that such differences are reflected in indicators of household income inequality? My study differs from the prevailing approaches to this question by taking a geographical approach. Instead of comparing a single country over time and monitoring the correspondence between assortative mating and income inequality, I compare a wide range of countries, using a uniform instrument, at one point in time. In order to do so I draw on the unit records of 29 countries from the European Social Survey administered in 2012. From these unit record data I have been able to identify two important patterns. Firstly, there is a clear presence of educational assortative mating in each country. However, the degree differs and it does so primarily as a reflection of the overall level of education in the country. Rising levels of education lower the returns for education, in turn making assortative mating comparatively less attractive. As a result, the level of assortative mating, compared to what would be expected under random conditions, is lower in highly educated nations. The lowered level of assortative mating in highly educated nations reduces the barriers to social mobility through marriage for those without university educations. Consequently, household income inequality is seen to be intrinsically related to assortative mating, although the outcomes can be mitigated by redistribution policies.</p>

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International Real Estate Review

International Real Estate Review ◽

10.53383/100191 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 415-444

Author(s):

Kazuya Tani ◽

◽

Yoshiyuki Kikuchi ◽

Hideo Takaoka ◽

Shubin Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Public Housing ◽

Household Income ◽

Annual Household Income ◽

Acquisition Process ◽

Commercial Housing ◽

Household Incomes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Housing Units

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the housing acquisition process by providing profiles of residents in Shanghai. A questionnaire was prepared for residents in both public housing and commodity housing to analyze the relationship between the purchase prices of housing units and the annual household incomes of the buyers. The ability to purchase private condominium units depends on whether the purchasers already possess any real properties. In Shanghai, the number of condominiums supplied by private developers has been rapidly increasing in recent years and represented about 40% of the number of households in 2009. However, as these prices are about 9 to 14 times the average annual household income, we believe that a path from renting public housing to owning commercial housing, which was a relocation process commonly witnessed in the 1980s in Japan, is considerably difficult to be followed by regular residents in Shanghai.

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Intrahousehold Bargaining Power in Spain: An Empirical Test of the Collective Model

Journal of Family and Economic Issues ◽

10.1007/s10834-021-09812-1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

José Alberto Molina ◽

Jorge Velilla ◽

Helena Ibarra

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Bargaining Power ◽

Empirical Test ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Household Labor ◽

Collective Model ◽

Intrahousehold Bargaining ◽

Sharing Rule ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Unique Data

AbstractThis paper analyzes the intrahousehold bargaining power of spouses in Spanish families, in a collective framework. We estimate household labor supply equations and, under certain testable restrictions, we obtain a theoretically derived sharing rule for household income, which characterizes intrahousehold bargaining power. Then, using unique data on decision-making in the household, we construct Pareto weights, and study the validity of the collective model by comparing the theoretical sharing rule and the constructed Pareto weight. The results reveal that both the observed Pareto weight and the theoretical sharing rule display qualitative similarities, thus providing direct empirical support to the collective model. Furthermore, the results suggest that Spanish wives behave more altruistically, while husbands behave more egoistically. This should be taken into account by policy makers and researchers when analyzing inequality in the household, and contemplating specific policies affecting the household.

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