scholarly journals Iron Encapsulation by Deacetylated Glucomannan as an Excipient Using the Gelation Method: Characteristics and Controlled Release

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyah H. Wardhani ◽  
Fatiha N. Etnanta ◽  
Hana N. Ulya ◽  
Nita Aryanti
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Iron Release ◽  
Scientific Contribution ◽  
Deacetylation Degree ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Encapsulation Process ◽  
Cacl2 Solution

Research background. Deacetylation and the use of CaCl2 as a gelation agent improve the performance of glucomannan as iron encapsulant using the gelation method. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of deacetylation using NaOH and pH gelation on the characteristics of encapsulated iron using the CaCl2 gelation method. Experimental approach. Glucomannan was deacetylated at various NaOH concentrations and was subsequently utilized as an iron excipient using the pipette-dropped gelation method in CaCl2 solution to directly investigate the gelation process of encapsulation. The pH of the gelation solution was also changed. The beads were subsequently vacuum-dried. Results and conclusions. Deacetylation led to lower endothermic peak temperature of the glucomannan than that of the native one. The deacetylation degree (DD) and gelation pH did not significantly affect the diameter of the beads but influenced their appearance and physical characteristics. The backbone of glucomannan was not changed by either the deacetylation degree or the pH of the gelation treatment. The highest encapsulation efficiency (73.27 %) was observed in the encapsulated iron using the glucomannan matrix of the highest deacetylation degree (82.56 %) and gelated in pH=10 solution. The highest deacetylation degree of glucomannan caused the beads to have the highest swelling, which led to the release of a higher amount of iron. Glucomannan deacetylation improved the pH sensitivity of iron encapsulation, in which more iron was released at a pH=6.8 than of pH=1.2. The Weibull model was the best-fitted model to represent the profile of iron release from the deacetylated glucomannan matrix using the gelation method (R2 > 0.93) at pH=6.8 and pH=1.2 solutions. Novelty and scientific contribution. This result supports the application of deacetylated glucomannan using NaOH as a pH-sensitive matrix on iron encapsulation using CaCl2 solution as gelation agent. A higher deacetylation degree leads to the release of a higher amount of iron from the matrix. The encapsulation is not only protecting the iron but also delivering it to the absorption site and controlling the iron release which are useful in supplement formulation. or food fortifications. The results show that the deacetylated glucomannan as the matrix holds more iron in encapsulation process.

scholarly journals Preparation and Sustained-Release Performance of PLGA Microcapsule Carrier System

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1758
Author(s):  
Shuaikai Ren ◽  
Chunxin Wang ◽  
Liang Guo ◽  
Congcong Xu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Encapsulation Rate ◽  
Release Drug ◽  
Release Curve

Microcapsules have been widely studied owing to their biocompatibility and potential for application in various areas, particularly drug delivery. However, the size of microcapsules is difficult to control, and the size distribution is very broad via various encapsulation techniques. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain microcapsules with uniform and tailored size for the construction of controlled-release drug carriers. In this study, emulsification and solvent evaporation methods were used to prepare a variety of ovalbumin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microcapsules to determine the optimal preparation conditions. The particle size of the PLGA microcapsules prepared using the optimum conditions was approximately 200 nm, which showed good dispersibility with an ovalbumin encapsulation rate of more than 60%. In addition, porous microcapsules with different pore sizes were prepared by adding a varying amount of porogen bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the internal water phase. The release curve showed that the rate of protein release from the microcapsules could be controlled by adjusting the pore size. These findings demonstrated that we could tailor the morphology and structure of microcapsules by regulating the preparation conditions, thus controlling the encapsulation efficiency and the release performance of the microcapsule carrier system. We envision that this controlled-release novel microcapsule carrier system shows great potential for biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Exenatide Microspheres for Monthly Controlled-Release Aided by Magnesium Hydroxide

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 816
Author(s):  
Yuxuan Ge ◽  
Zhenhua Hu ◽  
Jili Chen ◽  
Yujie Qin ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Plga Microspheres ◽  
Receptor Agonists ◽  
Monkey Model ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Glass Membrane ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Acting

GLP-1 receptor agonists are a class of diabetes medicines offering self-regulating glycemic efficacy and may best be administrated in long-acting forms. Among GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide is the one requiring the least dose so that controlled-release poly(d, l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres may best achieve this purpose. Based on this consideration, the present study extended the injection interval of exenatide microspheres from one week of the current dosage form to four weeks by simply blending Mg(OH)2 powder within the matrix of PLGA microspheres. Mg(OH)2 served as the diffusion channel creator in the earlier stage of the controlled-release period and the decelerator of the self-catalyzed degradation of PLGA (by the formed lactic and glycolic acids) in the later stage due to its pH-responsive solubility. As a result, exenatide gradually diffused from the microspheres through Mg(OH)2-created diffusion channels before degradation of the PLGA matrix, followed by a mild release due to Mg(OH)2-buffered degradation of the polymer skeleton. In addition, an extruding–settling process comprising squeezing the PLGA solution through a porous glass membrane and sedimentation-aided solidification of the PLGA droplets was used to prepare the microspheres to ensure narrow size distribution and 95% encapsulation efficiency in an aqueous continuous phase. A pharmacokinetic study using rhesus monkey model confirmed the above formulation design by showing a steady blood concentration profile of exenatide with reduced CMAX and dosage form index. Mg·(OH)2

Spectroscopy of Matrices and Thin Films with an Integrating Sphere

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Berger ◽  
D. W. T. Griffith ◽  
G. Schuster ◽  
S. R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Matrix Isolation ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Weak Absorption ◽  
Matrix Isolation Spectroscopy ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
The Matrix

The paper describes a novel experimental approach to improving sensitivity to weak absorption in matrix isolation and thin film spectroscopy. The matrix or film is grown on the surface of an integrating sphere, in which the multiply reflected light correspondingly multipasses the sample film. The quantitative photometric behavior of the sphere is satisfactorily described by extending standard theory. Enhancement of absorption by a factor of at least 20 is possible and is demonstrated. The sphere has a number of useful advantages over other multipass techniques, particularly in matrix isolation spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Controlled Release of Agrochemicals Intercalated into Montmorillonite Interlayer Space

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison Wanyika
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Rotary Evaporation ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Space Reduction ◽  
Immersion Technique ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Mmt Clay

Periodic application of agrochemicals has led to high cost of production and serious environmental pollution. In this study, the ability of montmorillonite (MMT) clay to act as a controlled release carrier for model agrochemical molecules has been investigated. Urea was loaded into MMT by a simple immersion technique while loading of metalaxyl was achieved by a rotary evaporation method. The successful incorporation of the agrochemicals into the interlayer space of MMT was confirmed by several techniques, such as, significant expansion of the interlayer space, reduction of Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore volumes and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas, and appearance of urea and metalaxyl characteristic bands on the Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the urea loaded montmorillonite (UMMT) and metalaxyl loaded montmorillonite (RMMT) complexes. Controlled release of the trapped molecules from the matrix was done in water and in the soil. The results reveal slow and sustained release behaviour for UMMT for a period of 10 days in soil. For a period of 30 days, MMT delayed the release of metalaxyl in soil by more than 6 times. It is evident that MMT could be used to improve the efficiency of urea and metalaxyl delivery in the soil.

scholarly journals Key conditions of alpha-tocopherol encapsulation in gum Arabic dispersions

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2622-2627
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fuad Al Khafiz ◽  
Yuanita Hikmahwati ◽  
Khairul Anam ◽  
Dwi Hudiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Acacia Species ◽  
Encapsulation Process ◽  
Potential Matrix ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Ph Range

Alpha-tocopherol or TOC is among substances that has medicinal capabilities. However, alpha-tocopherol is vulnerable to surrounding milieu settings. This leads to the necessity to shield it against unforeseen alterations during the storing or handling procedures. Encapsulation is presented as a procedure which can shield active agents from adverse changes by means of coating with polymers. In this study, gum Arabic (GA), a biopolymer derived from Acacia species, was used as the encapsulation matrix. Encapsulation process was done at different concentrations of GA dispersions (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) and at various pH levels (5.4, 6.4, 7.4 and 8.4). To evaluate the key conditions of TOC encapsulation in GA dispersion we analysed TOC encapsulation efficiency (EE) and rate of release (RR) from GA dispersions as well as loading capacity (LC) of GA for TOC. The EE, RR and LC were determined by measuring the TOC concentration in the GA dispersions using UV Visible spectrophotometry at 291 nm. Results disclosed that the key conditions for achieving a high LC by GA with high efficiency of TOC encapsulation were in a dispersion of 20% GA at pH range of 6.4 and 7.4. The best EE of TOC and LC of GA were 48% and 2.8%, respectively, with a TOC average RR of 1.05-1.09 ppm/day. The results indicate that gum Arabic is a potential matrix to encapsulate alpha-tocopherol.

scholarly journals Development and properties of a new doxorubicin carrier based on surface-modified iron zero-valent microparticles with high encapsulation efficiency and the possibility of its controlled release

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
A. Di Martino ◽  
S. S. Vlasov ◽  
A. M. Guryev ◽  
M. S. Yusubov ◽  
P. S. Postnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agent ◽  
Ultrasound Irradiation ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Release Studies ◽  
Surface Modified

Currently, chemotherapy combined with surgery and radiation therapy is the most effective treatment for cancer. At the same time, the use of this method is accompanied by serious side effects caused by the lack of specificity of most chemotherapeutic agents. In this regard, the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) capable of addressing a chemotherapeutic agent to cancer cells, as well as its controlled release, is a promising approach for the effective treatment of cancer. The aim of the study is to synthesize a new DDS based on surface-modified microparticles of zero-valent iron, to study its properties as a carrier of a chemotherapeutic agent (encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, possibility of controlled release of a chemotherapeutic agent) and safety. Materials and methods. The microparticles were synthesised by reduction of iron (III) chloride with sodium borohydride followed by in situ surface modification by 4-carboxybenzyldiazonium tosylate. To confirm the occurrence of the reaction, FTIR spectroscopy (Nicolet iS5 Infrared Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, USA)) was used. Hydrodynamic diameter and surface charge of the microparticles in solution were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and z-potential. DOX release studies were performed in simulated physiological conditions (pH 3.3; 5.5; 7.4) to evaluate the effect of the external pH on the release rate. Release studies under ultrasound irradiation were performed simultaneously in the same conditions. The effect of surface modification on encapsulation efficiency was evaluated at various pH values (3.3; 5.5; 7.4) and doxorubicin concentrations (0.2; 0.35; 0.5; 0.75; 1.0 mg/ml). To demonstrate the safety of the developed system, cytotoxicity studies were performed on HeLa cell lines (ATCC® CCL-2™). Results. An original method of preparation of the drug carrier, based on iron zero-valent microparticleswith covalently attached chitosan (Fe-CS) on their surface was proposed. Prepared microparticles demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity of DOX (0.9 mg per 1 mg of FeCS microparticles), low cytotoxicity and also a possibility to modulate the release rate by ultrasound irradiation and by changing pH of the external environment. Conclusion. A carrier based on microparticles of zero-valent iron with covalently attached to the surface chitosan (Fe-CS) was obtained. The efficiency of encapsulation, the loading capacity of doxorubicin was determined and the possibility of its controlled release under the influence of an ultrasonic field at different pH values was confirmed. In an in vitro experiment on the HeLa cell line (ATCC® CCL-2™), no toxicity was established for all samples (Fe0, Fe-COOH и Fe-CS), regardless of their concentration.

scholarly journals Applicability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains for the Production of Fruit Wines Using Cocoa Honey Complemented with Cocoa Pulp

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Teodora Andrade Koelher ◽  
Soraya Maria Moreira de Souza ◽  
Andréa Miura da Costa ◽  
Elizama Aguiar-Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Fermentation Performance ◽  
Scientific Contribution ◽  
Commercial Strain ◽  
Sweet Wine ◽  
Selection Of

Research background. Cocoa honey (CH) and cocoa pulp (CP) are both fruit pulps highly appreciated but, until now, CH is less processed than CP. In this work, it was investigated the applicability of strains of S. cerevisiae to ferment CH complemented with CP, to obtain fruit wines and improve CH commercialization. Experimental approach. The selection of a strain, previously isolated from cachaçaria distilleries in Brazil, took place based on its fermentation performance. The conditions for fermentation with S. cerevisiae L63 were then studied in relation to: volumetric proportion (φCH) of CH (complemented with CP), sucrose addition (γsuc), temperature (T) and inoculum size (No). The best conditions were applied in order to obtain fermentation profiles. Results and conclusions. S. cerevisiae L63 (No=107–108 cell/mL) is capable to ferment φCH of 90 and 80 % (V/V) for 24 or 48 h with γsuc of 50 and 100 g/L at T=28–30 °C resulting in wines with ethanol contents from 8 to 14 % (V/V). Additionally, the φCH=90 % (V/V) wine resulted in the lowest residual sugar concentration (<35 g/L) than the φCH=80 % (V/V) wine (~79 g/L) which could be classified as a sweet wine. In general, S. cerevisiae L63 resulted in a similar fermentation performance than a commercial strain tested, indicating its potential for fruit pulp fermentation. Novelty and scientific contribution. Therefore, S. cerevisiae L63 is capable to ferment CH complemented with CP to produce fruit wines with good commercial potentials that may also benefit small cocoa producers by presenting a product with greater added value.

scholarly journals Nano-engineering of ketorolac tromethamine platforms for ocular treatment of inflammatory disorders

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Mireia Mallandrich ◽  
Ana C Calpena ◽  
Beatriz Clares ◽  
Alexander Parra ◽  
María L García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Ketorolac Tromethamine ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Inflammatory Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Aim: The development and optimization of Ketorolac tromethamine-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (KT-NPs) for the treatment of inflammatory processes of the eye. Materials & methods: KT-NPs were developed by factorial design and characterized by assessing their physicochemical properties. Biopharmaceutical behavior studies, ocular tolerance, anti-inflammatory efficacy and bioavailability tests were performed on pigs. Results: Optimized KT-NPs of 112 nm, narrow distribution with encapsulation efficiency near 100% were obtained. KT release followed the Weibull model and there was significantly greater retention in the cornea and sclera than in the commercial reference. KT-NPs showed no signs of ocular irritancy and similar anti-inflammatory efficacy to the commercial reference. Conclusion: KT-NPs were a suitable alternative for the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye as an alternative to conventional topical formulations.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF MATRIX TABLET IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Matrix Tablets ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Matrix Tablet ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Potent Drug ◽  
Materials Used

Matrix tablet is an important tool for controlled and sustained release dosage forms. The oral route remains the most common route for the administration of drugs. Tablets offer the lowest cost approach to sustained and controlled release dosage forms. The hydrophilic polymer matrix is widely used in this dosage form. The use of different polymers in controlling the release of drugs has become the most important tool in the formulation of matrix tablets. The drug releases by both dissolution-controlled as well as diffusion-controlled mechanisms from the matrix. The development of oral controlled release systems has been a challenge to formulation scientists due to their inability to restrain and localize the system at targeted areas of the gastrointestinal tract. There are several advantages of matrix devices including improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, maximum utilization of the drug, increased safety margin of a potent drug. This review aims on the discussion of different materials used to prepare matrix tablets, different types of matrix tablets and the drug release mechanism from the matrices.

scholarly journals Coating of Nanolipid Structures by a Novel Simil-Microfluidic Technique: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Angela Barba ◽  
Sabrina Bochicchio ◽  
Paolo Bertoncin ◽  
Gaetano Lamberti ◽  
Annalisa Dalmoro
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Surface Engineering ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Oppositely Charged ◽  
Interesting Solution ◽  
Microfluidic Technique

Nanolipid vesicular structures are ideal candidates for the controlled release of various ingredients, from vitamins for nutraceutical purposes to chemoterapic drugs. To improve their stability, permeability, and some specific surface properties, such as mucoadhesiveness, these structures can require a process of surface engineering. The interaction of lipid vesicles with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes seems to be an interesting solution, especially when the negatively charged liposomes are complexed with the cationic chitosan. In this work, a novel simil-microfluidic technique was used to produce both chitosan-coated vesicles and a vegan alternative composed of cholesterol-free liposomes coated by Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride (Guar-HC). The combination between the experimental approach, based on experimental observations in terms of Z-potential, and size evolutions, and the theoretical approach, based on concepts of saturation, was the methodology applied to define the best polycation concentration to fairly cover (vegan or not) liposomes without aggregation. The smart production of coated nanolipid structures was confirmed by characterizations of morphology, mucoadhesiveness, and stability.

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