scholarly journals Main Trends in the Development of Criminological Theory and Crime Prevention Practice in the Context of the Digitalization of Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-691
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Osipenko ◽  
Vladislav Solovev
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Hidden Regularities

The digitalization of society, associated with a large-scale introduction of digital technologies in all socially relevant spheres, not only brough about positive changes, but also had a powerful effect on the transformation of crime and criminogenic factors. This has created an urgent need for understanding the prospects of criminological science in the new conditions, for strengthening its role in ensuring national security, for improving its methodology in new ways. The authors define key criminal threats to the security of the digital space: a rapid increase of its criminalization due to the features attractive for criminals (trans-national character of cyberspace, widespread anonymization and encryption, digital means of committing crimes and concealing their traces, etc.); the emergence and widening of criminogenic zones of cyberspace, with DarkNet holding a special place; the use of «digital» methods of resisting law enforcement, including cryptocurrencies and artificial intelligence. It is concluded that the abovementioned circumstances make it necessary to change the methodology of criminological research and the practice of law enforcement. The collection and generalization of information from publicly available digital sources, its analysis with the use of big data acquire a special research potential connected with the possibility of finding hidden regularities and obtaining criminological knowledge that cannot be found elsewhere. The digitalization of society creates conditions for the introduction of a preventive model of law enforcement based on predictive analysis methods. It becomes possible to quickly detect signs of criminal activity that require both a specific reaction of law enforcement and systemic managerial decisions. It also opens broad prospects for predicting individual criminal behavior by analyzing the Internet activity of specific individuals. The authors then highlight the most relevant directions for the development of criminological theory and the practice of crime prevention in the conditions of the digitalization of society.

Sports criminology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Alekseeva
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Sports Management ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Prevention Of Crime ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sports Activities

For the first time in Russian criminological science, a scientific justification of the private criminological theory of cognition and prevention of crime in the field of sports, designated in the author's interpretation as sports criminology, is proposed. This particular theory is based on the author's own developed theoretical and applied concept of criminological assessment of crimes and their determination, United by a common sphere of public relations, which is formed around the organization of large-scale state and public sports activities and direct participation in it, provided with appropriate ideological, legal, economic, financial, pedagogical, technical and, in part, proper criminological resources. The publication is intended for teachers, postgraduates, adjuncts, students, cadets of law schools and faculties with criminal law specialization, practitioners of sports management and law enforcement agencies.

scholarly journals STATISTICAL MODELS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: THE EFFECTS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 1397-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL A. JONES ◽  
P. JEFFREY BRANTINGHAM ◽  
LINCOLN R. CHAYES
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Discrete Systems ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Random Walkers ◽  
Deployment Strategy

We extend an agent-based model of crime-pattern formation initiated in Short et al. by incorporating the effects of law enforcement agents. We investigate the effect that these agents have on the spatial distribution and overall level of criminal activity in a simulated urban setting. Our focus is on a two-dimensional lattice model of residential burglaries, where each site (target) is characterized by a dynamic attractiveness to burglary and where criminal and law enforcement agents are represented by random walkers. The dynamics of the criminal agents and the target-attractiveness field are, with certain modifications, as described in Short et al. Here the dynamics of enforcement agents are affected by the attractiveness field via a biasing of the walk, the detailed rules of which define a deployment strategy. We observe that law enforcement agents, if properly deployed, will in fact reduce the total amount of crime, but their relative effectiveness depends on the number of agents deployed, the deployment strategy used, and spatial distribution of criminal activity. For certain policing strategies, continuum PDE models can be derived from the discrete systems. The continuum models are qualitatively similar to the discrete systems at large system sizes.

scholarly journals CRIMINOLOGICAL PREVENTION OF PREVENTION OF ORGANIZED CRIME ACTIVITY AT ENTERPRISES, INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-120
Author(s):  
I. I. Bashta ◽  
S. L. Horobets
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Criminological Theory

The main factors of prevention of organized criminal activity at enterprises, establishments, and organizations are investigated in the article. In criminological theory and practice, the prevention of organized crime is seen as a special kind of social activity to prevent crime by identifying, eliminating and neutralizing the causes that give rise to them and the conditions that contribute to them. As a holistic integrative system for combating crime, which unites the efforts of different social institutions of society, prevention of organized crime of enterprises, institutions, organizations should be carried out both at the general social and special criminological levels. The importance of combating organized crime should not lead to the emergence of “special” criminal processes, to the weakening of criminal procedural safeguards. The problem today is the problem of protection of law enforcement officials, provocation, compromise, involvement in criminal activity – not all the list of means used by criminals to block the actions of law enforcement agencies. In addition, many staff members of these bodies have to work in the context of increased professional risk. In this regard, it is necessary to develop as soon as possible recommendations and proposals on the legal and social protection of law enforcement officers. The effectiveness of measures of special criminological prevention of organized crime largely depends on the completeness of the implementation of the main provisions: implementation and compliance with the Laws of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” of 27 October 2011, “On Operational Investigation Activities”, “On National Police”, “About the Security Service of Ukraine”, “About the Prosecutor’s Office”, etc. A real assessment of the situation shows that organized crime has affected many areas of social life. Without effective measures to combat it, it is impossible to further improve social relations. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop a national program to combat organized crime. It should be emphasized that much attention is paid in this article to the legal boundaries of the subjects and objects of prevention. State and specialized subjects of crime prevention in metallurgical complex are considered.

Criminality and suspicious activity reports

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Michael Axelrod
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reporting Process ◽  
Privacy Constraints ◽  
Suspicious Activity

Purpose This paper aims to suggest alternative suspicious activity analyses to improve the focus of financial institution reporting to law enforcement and to identify some limitations in the current practice. Design/methodology/approach This paper employs the consideration of US and Financial Action Task Force policies and text sources of suspicious activity reporting in the anti-money laundering context in light of how the reports are used. Furthermore, there is consideration of confidentiality and privacy constraints on public and private sector in assessing strategies to make the reporting process more effective and aiding the discovery and investigation of crime. Findings The current suspicious activity reporting process takes advantage of the business acumen of financial institutions to identify unusual or unexplained behavior that may assist law enforcement in criminal investigations and prosecutions. It is successful in that regard. However, the process has not been tuned to identifying criminal behavior through systematic feedback. As an alternative to feedback, analysis of criminal organizations vis-à-vis the transactions that flow through a reporting institution is suggested as a means to creating better tuning. The analysis could be accomplished either by law enforcement or by select institutions; but in either case, hurdles of confidentiality and/or privacy would have to be overcome. Originality/value Creating a process for law enforcement and/or reporting institutions to map known criminal activity on a transaction set would allow a new assessment of the role of financial institutions in this regard, and may allow policymakers to reassess whether the financial institutions’ efforts currently required would be more productive if redirected to focus more on criminal as opposed to merely suspicious activity.

scholarly journals Criminological profile of a perpetrator of a high treason

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (28) ◽  
pp. 176-189
Author(s):  
Vadym Polovnikov ◽  
Viacheslav Biletskyi ◽  
Viktor Tyshchuk ◽  
Yurii Overchenko
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Security ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Criminal Record ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
State Register ◽  
Activity Duration

The article presents the analysis of specific criminological features of the persons who have committed high treason in order to know their typical criminological profile. For the purpose of that, 39 court decisions of the Unified State Register of Judgments (hereinafter: USRJ) of Ukraine, which were made against persons who committed this type of crime, were examined. Socio-demographic (gender, age, education, nationality) and criminal-law (motivation of the criminal behavior, single or group criminal character of criminal activity, duration of criminal activity, presence or absence of criminal record, etc.) were estimated in investigation. Generalization and interpretation of the results of court decisions made it possible to simulate a typical criminological profile of the perpetrator of the state treason and to identify certain specific characteristics of the subjects of this crime. It is concluded that knowledge of the criminological profile of the state traitor is of great importance for the profile of criminals by law enforcement agencies, which are empowered to prevent crime in the field of national security.

scholarly journals PROFILING IN THE ACTIVITIES OF OPERATIONAL UNITS

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Yurii Dmytryk ◽  
◽  
Оleksandr Kondratіuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
The One ◽  
Specific Learning

The study is devoted to updating the use of profiling in the fight against crime in Ukraine. The concepts, content and main directions of application of profiling and its significance for combating crime by law enforcement agencies during operational and investigative activities are revealed. In recent years, there has been a steady interest in Ukraine in the psychological aspects of criminal offense and direct criminal behavior. On the one hand, this is due to the ever-widening range of research in this area, and on the other - the practical needs of law enforcement agencies. Unfortunately, the operational and investigative activities do not pay due attention to the psychological aspects of diagnosis and evaluation of the offender, resulting in problems with its detection and thus prevention of criminal activity at various stages of the crime, although in the civilized world profiling is considered one of the effective methods of fighting against crime. Work on updating the use of profiling among law enforcement agencies in Ukraine should be accompanied by domestic scientific and practical developments in this area. The lack of experience in the use of profiling in the activities of operational units is explained by the underestimation of its capabilities, which requires a deep scientific and practical rethinking and rapid both legislative and departmental response. Successfully tested foreign experience in the application of profiling should be updated in Ukraine among law enforcement agencies, which will ultimately help increase the effectiveness of crime prevention. In order to form primary knowledge and skills on psychological identification of illegal activities and persons involved in higher education institutions with specific learning conditions, it is necessary to resume the study of the discipline «Psychology of operational and investigative activities».

scholarly journals The Methods of Digital Forecasting of Inmate Misconduct in Penal Institutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-756
Author(s):  
Marina Kaluzhina ◽  
Tamara Makarenko ◽  
Marina Spasennikova ◽  
Tatyana Vedernikova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Inmate Misconduct ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
Illegal Activities

The authors use the analysis of existing research ideas regarding the structure and content of the criminological prediction methodology to examine modern approaches to predicting illegal activities in penitentiary institutions. They analyze and classify the objects of prevention — those inmates in places of confinement who need to be controlled while serving their sentence because they have a range of unlawful behavior. In the diagnostic sub-task the object is viewed as a source of information whose attributes and features are studied as they manifest its essence and condition. The authors present a large-scale review of Russian and foreign publications to research the evolution of scientific ideas regarding the contents of the hypothesis as a basis of criminological prediction. While recognizing the value of theoretical criminological achievements, the authors set the goal of analyzing the possible ways of integrating criminology and operative search activities for the identification of pre-criminal behavior in places of confinement. Using the theory of criminological prediction and empirical materials, the authors analyze the possibilities of designing a multi-factor prediction model for individual unlawful behavior by transforming this model into a system of corresponding indicators and risk factors of pre-criminal behavior. They conduct a systemic analysis of the contents of socio-demographic, penitentiary, psychological variables, as well as variables connected with the criminal past as an aggregate of risk factors of pre-criminal behavior. They also describe the essence of digital prediction methods - predictive analytics, analytical intelligence, initiative analytics, - which are used to build a system of indicators for studying and assessing the behavior of certain categories of inmates. The authors show the necessity of using digital analytical methods of making managerial decisions regarding the preventive measures of rapid response in cases of the destructive behavior of inmates. Using the regularities that form the basis of criminological prediction, the authors state that it is necessary to develop the methods of digital prediction and to adapt key features of the digital environment and newest information and telecommunication technologies to solving the tasks of preventing offences among inmates.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence in Crime Counteraction, Prediction, Prevention and Evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sukhodolov ◽  
Anna Bychkova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Prediction System ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Crime Prediction ◽  
Prediction And Prevention

Crime prediction, prevention and counteraction with the use of modern technologies should, according to the authors, become a priority task for the state, along with the development of economy, education, medicine and the enhancement of defense capacity. The article describes the concepts of «artificial intelligence», «machine learning», «big data», «deep learning», «neural networks» from the standpoint of how they are used both by criminals and by law enforcement bodies and courts. The authors examine the application of technologies which use artificial intelligence, hi tech crime (fishing, drones, fake information, bots, and so on). They outline modern software solutions based on artificial intelligence and aimed at counteracting crime: software that analyzes big volumes of data, processing of stream videos, facial recognition, contextual searching platforms, etc. The authors also describe the existing resources for predictive analytics (in particular, inter-agency experimental software «Artificial Intelligence in Police Work and Investigation of Criminal Offences»; software for recognizing people based on fragments of their tattoos; facial recognition of people after plastic surgeries in pictures and stream videos, with the generation of variants of their original appearance; platform of contextual intelligence Nigel; system Mayhem and others) and how they can be used to predict both crimes in general and individual criminal behavior. The authors also outline ethical dilemmas connected with legal decisions made by artificial intelligence regarding specific people. They present examples of using artificial intelligence for crime prevention (software COMPAS, criminal community’s psychometric prediction system, Harm Assessment Risk Tool, analytical software complex CEG, crime prediction system PredPol, ePOOLICE system, Palantir software, Russian system «Artificial intelligence»). They also outline the indicators of the early crime prevention system: indicators of matching, lagging, cyclical and counter-cyclical indicators. The authors state that Russia is lagging behind other countries in its use of artificial intelligence in law enforcement and suggest adopting the Modern Strategy of Crime Counteraction, Prediction and Prevention. Possible directions of this strategy are described.

scholarly journals Internet fraud: technologies of performance, ways of counteraction and prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Olena Samoilenko ◽  
Kateryna Titunina
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Internet Fraud ◽  
Forensic Practice

The article proves that the separation of technologies for committing fraud on the Internet allows you to determine the causal complexes. As a result, it is possible to effectively influence the prevention and counteraction of the corresponding type of crime. The author concludes that it is necessary to introduce into the practice of law enforcement and other government agencies effective tools for preventing and combating Internet fraud. He sees such a tool as outreach activities and modes of action that will block the determinants of criminal behavior in cyberspace. In order to concretize the specified means of prevention, it also deepens the theoretical basis regarding the system for preventing Internet fraud. So, the author comes to the conclusion that counteraction is a system of measures and methods of activity not only of law enforcement agencies, but also of other state and non-state bodies, while among these measures there are measures to prevent certain types of crimes. The article indicates that in the process of implementing a certain type of cybercrimes by criminals, they talk about the technologies of criminal activity as complexes of interrelated crimes, united by a single criminal purpose. For the commission of Internet fraud in the technology of criminal activity, there are typically ways of committing crimes in the use of computers, systems and computer networks and telecommunication networks (provided for in Section XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and Art. 200 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. As a result of the analysis of the materials of the forensic practice of investigating fraud on the Internet, two main technologies have been identified: 1) the seizure of funds using phishing sites (the methods of reporting false information from the victim and its content have been updated) 2) the seizure of funds using a bank payment card and / or ATM (the variability of the method of manipulating information has been updated)

scholarly journals Cyberstalking Victimization Model Using Criminological Theory: A Systematic Literature Review, Taxonomies, Applications, Tools, and Validations

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 1670
Author(s):  
Waheeb Abu-Ulbeh ◽  
Maryam Altalhi ◽  
Laith Abualigah ◽  
Abdulwahab Ali Almazroi ◽  
Putra Sumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Proposed Model

Cyberstalking is a growing anti-social problem being transformed on a large scale and in various forms. Cyberstalking detection has become increasingly popular in recent years and has technically been investigated by many researchers. However, cyberstalking victimization, an essential part of cyberstalking, has empirically received less attention from the paper community. This paper attempts to address this gap and develop a model to understand and estimate the prevalence of cyberstalking victimization. The model of this paper is produced using routine activities and lifestyle exposure theories and includes eight hypotheses. The data of this paper is collected from the 757 respondents in Jordanian universities. This review paper utilizes a quantitative approach and uses structural equation modeling for data analysis. The results revealed a modest prevalence range is more dependent on the cyberstalking type. The results also indicated that proximity to motivated offenders, suitable targets, and digital guardians significantly influences cyberstalking victimization. The outcome from moderation hypothesis testing demonstrated that age and residence have a significant effect on cyberstalking victimization. The proposed model is an essential element for assessing cyberstalking victimization among societies, which provides a valuable understanding of the prevalence of cyberstalking victimization. This can assist the researchers and practitioners for future research in the context of cyberstalking victimization.

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