scholarly journals Revealing Truth through Diagnostics: From Disclosure Laws to Clinical Research for Novel Drug Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Ryan Whitacre
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Market Growth ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Diagnostic Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Disclosure Laws ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

This article examines the changing role of ‘confessional technologies’ (Foucault 1990) over the history of the HIV pandemic, beginning when US public health departments first rolled out testing campaigns and continuing in the present day through the expansion of diagnostic practices to support the development and implementation of pharmaceutical technologies for HIV prevention. Across this decades-long history, diagnostic practices have been shaped by ethical principles, legal mandates, and research priorities, which have compelled the individual who is ‘at risk’ of acquiring HIV to speak about their sexual practices and thus reveal hidden truths about one’s self to an intimate Other (Whitacre 2018). Indeed, public health ethics have long focused on confession as a means for disciplining safe sex and managing pleasure (Race 2007) and relied on these techniques to secure resources for survival (Nguyen 2010). I argue that confessions have recently become a productive means by which to generate evidence about the efficacy of pharmaceuticals. Practices of revealing truth have contributed to clinical evidence for pharmaceutical interventions, including the use of antiretrovirals for oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Considering the contemporary use of confessions in enabling the development of drug products and facilitating market growth, I contend that confessing should be understood as a form of labour.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mary Augusta Brazelton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Concepts Of Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Site

This introductory chapter provides a background of how mass immunization programs made vaccination a cornerstone of Chinese public health and China a site of consummate biopower, or power over life. Over the twentieth century, through processes of increasing force, vaccines became medical technologies of governance that bound together the individual and the collective, authorities and citizens, and experts and the uneducated. These programs did not just transform public health in China—they helped shape the history of global health. The material and administrative systems of mass immunization on which these health campaigns relied had a longer history than the People's Republic of China itself. The Chinese Communist Party championed as its own invention and dramatically expanded immunization systems that largely predated 1949 and had originated with public health programs developed in southwestern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945. The nationwide implementation of these systems in the 1950s relied on transformations in research, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and concepts of disease that had begun in the first decades of the twentieth century. These processes spanned multiple regime changes, decades of war, and diverse forms of foreign intervention. Most important, they brought with them new ideas about what it meant to be a citizen of China.

scholarly journals Beyond quarantine: a history of leprosy in Puerto Rico, 1898-1930s

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 225-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie H. Levison
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Social History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

From biblical times to the modern period, leprosy has been a disease associated with stigma. This mark of disgrace, physically present in the sufferers' sores and disfigured limbs, and embodied in the identity of a 'leper', has cast leprosy into the shadows of society. This paper draws on primary sources, written in Spanish, to reconstruct the social history of leprosy in Puerto Rico when the United States annexed this island in 1898. The public health policies that developed over the period of 1898 to the 1930s were unique to Puerto Rico because of the interplay between political events, scientific developments and popular concerns. Puerto Rico was influenced by the United States' priorities for public health, and the leprosy control policies that developed were superimposed on vestiges of the colonial Spanish public health system. During the United States' initial occupation, extreme segregation sacrificed the individual rights and liberties of these patients for the benefit of society. The lives of these leprosy sufferers were irrevocably changed as a result.

scholarly journals Converting, Monitoring, and Policing PrEP Citizenship: Biosexual Citizenship and the PrEP Surveillance Regime

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 641-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Orne ◽  
James Gall
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Community Resources ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Symbolic Resources ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a revolutionary public health strategy to prevent HIV infection but comes with a significant personal and structural surveillance regime. Using interview data with gay, bi, and queer men on PrEP, field notes, and document analysis, we discuss the individual and institutional practices that produce what we call PrEP citizenship. Drawing on the concept of biosexual citizenship, we show how PrEP citizenship involves surveillance for compliance with use and behavioral guidelines, expanding the PrEP population, and allocating community resources to PrEP users over non-PrEP users. On the individual level, users surveil themselves and others for proper use and sexual behavior, identify nonusers and evangelize PrEP use to them, and stigmatize non-PrEP users as irresponsible, immoral, and potentially infectious. Similarly, on the institutional level, public health, medical authorities, and sexual community infrastructure work to ensure PrEP users remain adherent, increase the user base, and grant material and symbolic resources to PrEP users. PrEP citizenship has implications for the role of the co-production of surveillance in conceptions of biosexual citizenship.

Venereal Disease, Prostitution, and the Control of Sexuality in World War II Vienna

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Herwig Czech
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Health Politics ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

AbstractThe Nazi drive for racial order led to the implementation of an authoritarian public health system which systematically subordinated the rights of the individual to the preventive protection of the Volksgemeinschaft. This article focuses on the example of Vienna in order to address the history of venereal disease control, public health politics towards prostitution and medical persecution of socially undesirable behavior under the influence of the biopolitical agenda of the Nazi regime. Combining sexual and racist motives, VD provided the regime with powerful images evoking a threat to the “purity” of the community. On one hand, forced laborers were subjected to a strict segregation from the local population because they personified the threat of infectious transgression. On the other hand, the concern with VD infections led to the stigmatization of women as sexually promiscuous and “antisocial.” At the same time, the authorities undertook the systematic reorganization of extramarital sex in the city. The network of brothels set up for this purpose not only served to minimize the dangers of VD; they channelled uncontrolled sexual activities by providing men with outlets for their sexual needs and by subjugating prostitution to the control of the authorities. This indicates that the whole realm of illicit sex was subjected to the principles of economic rationality, hygiene, discipline and visibility, thereby adding the brothel to the classic set of disciplinary institutions.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

Victorian Pain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ablow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Harriet Martineau ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
First Time

The nineteenth century introduced developments in science and medicine that made the eradication of pain conceivable for the first time. This new understanding of pain brought with it a complex set of moral and philosophical dilemmas. If pain serves no obvious purpose, how do we reconcile its existence with a well-ordered universe? Examining how writers of the day engaged with such questions, this book offers a compelling new literary and philosophical history of modern pain. The book provides close readings of novelists Charlotte Brontë and Thomas Hardy and political and natural philosophers John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, and Charles Darwin, as well as a variety of medical, scientific, and popular writers of the Victorian age. The book explores how discussions of pain served as investigations into the status of persons and the nature and parameters of social life. No longer conceivable as divine trial or punishment, pain in the nineteenth century came to seem instead like a historical accident suggesting little or nothing about the individual who suffers. A landmark study of Victorian literature and the history of pain, the book shows how these writers came to see pain as a social as well as a personal problem. Rather than simply self-evident to the sufferer and unknowable to anyone else, pain was also understood to be produced between persons—and even, perhaps, by the fictions they read.

Queering Gender Identity Work: A Life History of a Black Transgender Woman

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esethu Monakali
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This article offers an analysis of the identity work of a black transgender woman through life history research. Identity work pertains to the ongoing effort of authoring oneself and positions the individual as the agent; not a passive recipient of identity scripts. The findings draw from three life history interviews. Using thematic analysis, the following themes emerge: institutionalisation of gender norms; gender and sexuality unintelligibility; transitioning and passing; and lastly, gender expression and public spaces. The discussion follows from a poststructuralist conception of identity, which frames identity as fluid and as being continually established. The study contends that identity work is a complex and fragmented process, which is shaped by other social identities. To that end, the study also acknowledges the role of collective agency in shaping gender identity.

AN APPRAISAL OF SOURCE MATERIAL FOR THE STUDY OF TARGUM MINOR PROPHETS

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-469
Author(s):  
Gudrun Lier ◽  
Anna Fransina Van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
Bible Translations ◽  
Integrated Research ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Former Prophets ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
History Of Biblical Interpretation ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Minor Prophets

The study of Aramaic Bible translations (Targumim) continues to be a valuable source of information, not only for uncovering the history of biblical interpretation but also for providing insights for the study of linguistics and translation techniques. In comparison with work done on the Pentateuchal Targumim and Targum Former Prophets, research on the individual books of Targum Minor Prophets has been scant. By providing an overview of selected source material this review seeks (i) to provide incentives for more focussed studies in the field of Targum Minor Prophets and (ii) to motivate new integrated research approaches which are now made possible with the assistance of highly developed software programmes.

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