scholarly journals Fate of applied urea 15N in a soil-maize system as affected by urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
Z. Wu ◽  
Y. Jiang ◽  
L. Chen ◽  
Y. Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
N Application ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Normal Maize ◽  
Soil Recovery

A micro-plot field experiment with reduced urea <sup>15</sup>N application was conducted to study the effects of urease inhibitor NBPT (N-(<i>n</i>-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) and nitrification inhibitor DMPP(3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolium dihydrogen) on the fate of applied urea <sup>15</sup>N; it aimed to find an efficient way to reduce the urea N application rate while improving the agronomic and environmental benefits. Five treatments were installed, i.e., 180 kg N/ha (N<sub>1</sub>, conventional application rate), 126 kg N/ha (N<sub>2</sub>, reduced to 70% conventional application rate), N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT, N<sub>2</sub> + DMPP, and N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT + DMPP. Compared with treatment N<sub>1</sub>, all the other treatments had a significantly higher total <sup>15</sup>N recovery by both soil and plant (<i>P</i> < 0.05 48.20, 41.39, 37.69, 38.85 and 34.83% soil recovery for N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT + DMPP, N<sub>2</sub> + DMPP, N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT, N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>1</sub>treatment, respectively; and 42.68, 40.86, 40.25, 37.18 and 36.30% plant recovery for N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT + DMPP, N<sub>2</sub> + DMPP, N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT, N<sub>2</sub>, and N<sub>1</sub> treatment, respectively). In the plant <sup>15</sup>N recovery, the <sup>15</sup>N absorbed in grain/stem was highest in treatment N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT + DMPP. The maize biomass and the maize yield had a slight increase in treatment N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT + DMPP, compared with those in treatment N<sub>1</sub>. In sum, for the maize production in study area, N<sub>2</sub> + NBPT + DMPP application method would be a feasible way to ensure the normal maize yield while improving yield quality, saving urea fertilizer, and protecting the environment.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Leaching and Nitrogen Balance under Differing Nitrogen Fertilization for Sugarcane Cultivation on a Subtropical Island

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Ken Okamoto ◽  
Shinkichi Goto ◽  
Toshihiko Anzai ◽  
Shotaro Ando
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Fertilizer application during sugarcane cultivation is a main source of nitrogen (N) loads to groundwater on small islands in southwestern Japan. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing the N fertilizer application rate on sugarcane yield, N leaching, and N balance. We conducted a sugarcane cultivation experiment with drainage lysimeters and different N application rates in three cropping seasons (three years). N loads were reduced by reducing the first N application rate in all cropping seasons. The sugarcane yields of the treatment to which the first N application was halved (T2 = 195 kg ha−1 N) were slightly lower than those of the conventional application (T1 = 230 kg ha−1 N) in the first and third seasons (T1 = 91 or 93 tons ha−1, T2 = 89 or 87 tons ha−1). N uptake in T1 and T2 was almost the same in seasons 1 (186–188 kg ha−1) and 3 (147–151 kg ha−1). Based on the responses of sugarcane yield and N uptake to fertilizer reduction in two of the three years, T2 is considered to represent a feasible fertilization practice for farmers. The reduction of the first N fertilizer application reduced the underground amounts of N loads (0–19 kg ha−1). However, application of 0 N in the first fertilization would lead to a substantial reduction in yield in all seasons. Reducing the amount of N in the first application (i.e., replacing T1 with T2) improved N recovery by 9.7–11.9% and reduced N leaching by 13 kg ha−1. These results suggest that halving the amount of N used in the first application can improve N fertilizer use efficiency and reduce N loss to groundwater.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Nitrogen Use in Maize

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziiba Emmanuel Asibi ◽  
Qiang Chai ◽  
Jeffrey A. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Reproductive Phases

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are needed to enhance maize (Zea mays L.) production. Maize plays a major role in the livestock industry, biofuels, and human nutrition. Globally, less than one-half of applied N is recovered by maize. Although the application of N fertilizer can improve maize yield, excess N application due to low knowledge of the mechanisms of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) poses serious threats to environmental sustainability. Increased environmental consciousness and an ever-increasing human population necessitate improved N utilization strategies in maize production. Enhanced understanding of the relationship between maize growth and productivity and the dynamics of maize N recovery are of major significance. A better understanding of the metabolic and genetic control of N acquisition and remobilization during vegetative and reproductive phases are important to improve maize productivity and to avoid excessive use of N fertilizers. Synchronizing the N supply with maize N demand throughout the growing season is key to improving NUE and reducing N loss to the environment. This review examines the mechanisms of N use in maize to provide a basis for driving innovations to improve NUE and reduce risks of negative environmental impacts.

scholarly journals Reducing N Application by Increasing Plant Density Based on Evaluation of Root, Photosynthesis, N Accumulation and Yield of Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1080
Author(s):  
Xiangqian Zhang ◽  
Shizhou Du ◽  
Yunji Xu ◽  
Chengfu Cao ◽  
Huan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
N Level ◽  
N Application Rate

(Aims) To clarify the mechanisms though which dense planting could alleviate the negative effect of the reducing N rate on yield, (Methods) an experiment with four nitrogen levels—0 (N0), 120 (N1), 180 (N2) and 240 (N3) kg N ha−1—and three plant densities—180 (D1), 240 (D2) and 300 (D3) × 104 basic seedlings ha−1—was conducted. (Results) Increasing plant density decreased the root length, root volume, root surface area and root tips of individual plant while it enhanced the aforementioned root traits in population. The chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the individual plants were decreased with the increase in plant density and enhanced with the increase in N level. The increasing density and N application rate enhanced the leaf area index, photosynthetic high-efficiency leaf area and canopy photosynthetically active radiation of population. N accumulation per plant was decreased with increasing density and was enhanced with an increasing N application level. Within the same N level, the N accumulation in the population, N production efficiency and N recovery efficiency were consistently D3 > D2 > D1. A high N application rate with high density was not conducive to improving the NR (nitrate reductase), GS (glutamine synthetase) and GOGAT (glutamate synthase) activities. The yield could be maintained as stable or improved if decreasing by 60 kg N ha−1 with increasing 60 × 104 basic seedlings ha−1 within the range of N application in this experiment. (Conclusions) These results indicated that the yield of wheat could be improved with less N application by adjusting the compensatory effects from the plant density in populations.

scholarly journals Optimization of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application with Climate-Smart Agriculture in the North China Plain

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3415
Author(s):  
Jinsai Chen ◽  
Guangshuai Wang ◽  
Abdoul Kader Mounkaila Hamani ◽  
Abubakar Sunusi Amin ◽  
Weihao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Residual Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Application ◽  
Use Efficiency

Long−term excessive nitrogen fertilizer input has resulted in several environmental problems, including an increase in N2O emissions and the aggravation of nitrate leaching; monitoring nitrogen fertilizer is crucial for maize with high yield. This study aimed to optimize the amount of nitrogen applied to maize by Climate−Smart Agriculture (CSA) so as to continuously improve agricultural productivity and reduce or eliminate N2O emissions as much as possible. Field experiments with a completely randomized design were conducted to examine the effects of six nitrogen treatments (N application levels of 0, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 kg·ha−1, respectively) on N2O emissions, residual concentration of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, maize yield, and nitrogen utilization efficiency in 2018 and 2019. The results indicated that the residual concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-−N) in the two seasons significantly increased; N2O emissions significantly increased, and the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and partial productivity of maize fell dramatically as the nitrogen application rate increased. The maize grain yield rose when the N application amount was raised (N application amount <300 kg·ha−1) but decreased when the N application amount > 300 kg·ha−1. An increase in the nitrogen application rate can decrease nitrogen use efficiency, increase soil NO3-−N residual, and N2O emissions. Reasonable nitrogen application can increase maize yield and reduce N2O emissions and be conducive to improving nitrogen use efficiency. By considering summer maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and farmland ecological environment, 173.94~178.34 kg N kg·ha−1 could be utilized as the nitrogen threshold for summer maize in the North China Plain.

Evaluation of Makarikari grasses - potential production, nitrogen content and nitrogen recovery of two cultivars fertilized with urea

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Spring Ephemerals ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
N Use

Makarikari grass (Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense) cvs, 04634 and Bambatsi were fertilized with eight rates of urea (0-900 kg N ha-1 yr-1) under irrigation on a red earth at Toowoomba, and cut either 8-weekly or at full flower. Dry matter (D.M.) production increased linearly with N applications up to 450 kg ha-1 for both cultivars. Due to differences in growth rhythm between cultivars, 04634 produced higher total yields cut at full flower (29500 kg ha-1 yr-1) than at 8-weekly intervals (23100 kg ha-1 yr-1), whereas Bambatsi yielded similarly (23000 kg ha-1 yr-1) for the two cutting frequencies. Lower tissue N concentrations occurred at full flower than in 8-week growth for both cultivars (Q4634 -0.85 per cent to 1.08 per cent; Bambatsi-1.39 per cent to 1.55 per cent at 450 kg N ha-1). The N uptake by 04634 was the same for both cutting frequencies, but lower in Bambatsi cut at full flower. The association between N application rate, tissue N concentration and N uptake is outlined. The maximum efficiencies of both N use for D.M. production and per cent N recovery for 04634 and Bambatsi (55 and 35 kg D.M. per kg N applied; 40 and 60 per cent N recovery, respectively) were comparable with published values for other species. Increasing N application rates decreased the efficiency of D.M. production of both cultivars, decreased the per cent N recovery of Bambatsi, but had no effect on the per cent N recovery of 04634. In an extension of the Bambatsi study, the intrusion of spring ephemerals, mainly Bromus unioloides, did not reduce total D.M. production greatly and distributed it better through the growing season. Productivity of Bambatsi during mid-summer was not affected by prior weed competition in the spring.

scholarly journals Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilization Regimes for Sustainable Maize (Zea mays L.) Production on the Volcanic Soils of Buea Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Christopher Ngosong ◽  
Victorine Bongkisheri ◽  
Clovis B. Tanyi ◽  
Lawrence T. Nanganoa ◽  
Aaron S. Tening
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Volcanic Soils ◽  
N Application ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Rates ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is commonly used to improve soil fertility and maize production in Cameroon, but high cost and potential environmental effects have necessitated site-specific N fertilization regimes that are adapted to particular soil and crop types. A field experiment was conducted with five N application rates (control–0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) to determine optimum rate for best maize yield with limited effect on soil acidification. The soil residual N ranged from 0.18 to 0.36% across N application rates and increased at higher application rates with the highest in 150 and 200 kg N ha−1. Soil C/N ratio ranged from 7.5 to 15.5 across N rates with the highest in control, which decreased at higher N application rates. Soil pH ranged from 4.7 to 5.4 across N rates, with the lowest in 200 kg N ha−1 rate. Maize grain yield and cob length ranged from 7.1 to 10.3 t ha−1 and from 14.5 to 18 cm across N rates, respectively, with the highest in 150 and 200 kg N ha−1. Maize 1000-grain weight ranged from 380 to 560 g across N application rates with the highest in 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1. Significant negative correlations occurred between soil pH and maize yield or 1000-grain weight. Maize N use efficiency decreased sharply at higher N application rates, as demonstrated by a strong negative correlation between the N-Partial Factor Productivity and total soil N. Overall, the lower soil pH at higher N application rates highlights the potential for deleterious effects of N fertilizer inputs on arable soils, which may eventually affect crop productivity, thereby suggesting lower N fertilization regimes between 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 as the optimum for maize production on the volcanic soils of Buea.

scholarly journals Reducing Topdressing N Fertilization with Variable Rates Does Not Reduce Maize Yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 8059
Author(s):  
Calogero Schillaci ◽  
Tommaso Tadiello ◽  
Marco Acutis ◽  
Alessia Perego
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Significant Difference

Proximal sensing represents a growing avenue for precision fertilization and crop growth monitoring. In the last decade, precision agriculture technology has become affordable in many countries; Global Positioning Systems for automatic guidance instruments and proximal sensors can be used to guide the distribution of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) fertilization using real-time applications. A two-year field experiment (2017–2018) was carried out to quantify maize yield in response to variable rate (VR) N distribution, which was determined with a proximal vigour sensor, as an alternative to a fixed rate (FR) in a cereal-livestock farm located in the Po valley (northern Italy). The amount of N distributed for the FR (140 kg N ha−1) was calculated according to the crop requirement and the regional regulation: ±30% of the FR rate was applied in the VR treatment according to the Vigour S-index calculated on-the-go from the CropSpec sensor. The two treatments of N fertilization did not result in a significant difference in yield in both years. The findings suggest that the application of VR is more economically profitable than the FR application rate, especially under the hypothesis of VR application at a farm scale. The outcome of the experiment suggests that VR is a viable and profitable technique that can be easily applied at the farm level by adopting proximal sensors to detect the actual crop N requirement prior to stem elongation. Besides the economic benefits, the VR approach can be regarded as a sustainable practice that meets the current European Common Agricultural Policy.

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilization with Urea and Inhibitors on Growth, Yield and CBD Concentration of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2157
Author(s):  
Ioanna Kakabouki ◽  
Angeliki Kousta ◽  
Antigolena Folina ◽  
Stella Karydogianni ◽  
Charikleia Zisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Field experiments were conducted during 2019 in two different locations in Greece (Athens and Farsala) to evaluate the effect of urea and urea fertilization with inhibitors on the agronomic yield and quality characteristics of two cannabis varieties (Cannabis sativa L.), “Uso31”and “Fedora 17”. The experimental design was split-plot with four different fertilization treatments—control, Urea (U), urea with Urease Inhibitor (UI), and urea with Nitrification Inhibitor (NI) and urease inhibitor (UI). The significance of differences between treatments was estimated by using Tukey’s test with a significance level of p = 0.05. The plant height was significantly affected by the different fertilizations and different varieties as well as by the two locations. The maximum plant height was 197 cm for “Fedora 17”in Farsala. The seed yield was higher forthe urea with inhibitors treatment in both varieties. The Cannabidiol (CBD) content was significantly affected by the fertilization—it was higher in urea with inhibitors in “Uso31”and “Fedora 17” treatments. The lowest CBD content value was 1.29% (control) and the highest was 1.69% (urea NI + UI). In conclusion, in both varieties, it seems that urea with inhibitors has a positive effect on their growth, as well as on the increase in cannabidiol (CBD) content.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on Production and Productivity: A Case Study of Maize Research and Development In Nepal

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janak Lal Nayava ◽  
Dil Bahadur Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Agriculture And Environment ◽  
Present Rate ◽  
Annual Maximum Temperature

The relation between climate and maize production in Nepal was studied for the period 1970/71-2007/08. Due to the topographical differences within north-south span of the country, Nepal has wide variety of climatic condition. About 70 to 90% of the rainfall occurs during summer monsoon (June to September) and the rest of the months are almost dry. Maize is cultivated from March to May depending on the rainfall distribution. Due to the availability of improved seeds, the maize yield has been steadily increasing after 1987/1988. The national area and yield of maize is estimated to be 870,166ha and 2159kg/ha respectively in 2007/08. The present rate of annual increase of temperature is 0.04°C in Nepal. Trends of temperature rise are not uniform throughout Nepal. An increase of annual temperature at Rampur during 1968-2008 was only 0.039°C. However, at Rampur during the maize growing seasons, March/April - May, the trend of annual maximum temperature had not been changed, but during the month of June and July, the trend of increase of maximum temperature was 0.03°C to 0.04°C /year.Key words: Climate-change; Global-warming; Hill; Mountain; Nepal; TaraiThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 11, 2010Page: 59-69Uploaded Date: 15 September, 2010

scholarly journals Maize Production and Soil Properties Change in Alley Cropping System at Different Nitrogen Levels

2010 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Md Abiar Rahman ◽  
Md Giashuddin Miah ◽  
Hisashi Yahata
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nitrogen Levels

Productivity of maize and soil properties change under alley cropping system consisting of four woody species (Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Cajanus cajan and Senna siamea) at different nitrogen levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended rate) were studied in the floodplain ecosystem of Bangladesh. Comparative growth performance of four woody species after pruning showed that L. leucocephala attained the highest height, while C. cajan produced the maximum number of branches. Higher and almost similar amount of pruned materials (PM) were obtained from S. siamea, G. sepium and C. cajan species. In general, maize yield increased with the increase in N level irrespective of added PM. However, 100% N plus PM, 75% N plus PM and 100% N without PM (control) produced similar yields. The grain yield of maize obtained from G. sepium alley was 2.82, 4.13 and 5.81% higher over those of L. leucocephala, C. cajan and S. siamea, respectively. Across the alley, only one row of maize in the vicinity of the woody species was affected significantly. There was an increasing trend in soil properties in terms of organic C, total N and CEC in alley cropping treatments especially in G. sepium and L. leucocephala alleys compared to the initial and control soils. Therefore, one fourth chemical N fertilizer can be saved without significant yield loss in maize production in alley cropping system.

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