Haematological reference intervals in captive African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)

The African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) is one of the most popular avian pets in exotic animal practice. In this study, blood samples (n = 459) from healthy African Grey parrots (n = 239) were collected for haematological testing. Reference intervals were determined according to the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology with the Reference Value Advisor (v2.1) freeware. The calculated reference intervals (RIs) were: packed cell volume 38–59%; haemoglobin 105–154 g/l; RBC 2.3–3.3 106/µl; MCV 145.5–199.7 fl; MHC 38.3–55.6 pg; MCHC 232–313 g/l; WBC 2.7–12.6 103/µl; heterophils 1.2–10.2 103/µl; lymphocytes 0.8–4.3 103/µl; monocytes 0.0–0.6 103/µl; basophils 0.0–0.1 103/µl; eosinophils 0.0–0.2 103/µl. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in psittacines to use such a high number of birds and samples to establish haematological species-specific RIs, providing a valuable tool to professionals dealing with the health of African Grey parrots.

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Haematological, serum biochemical and electrophoretic data on healthy captive Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/0023677220948542 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002367722094854

Author(s):

Pierangelo Moretti ◽

Giuliano Ravasio ◽

William Magnone ◽

Federica Di Cesare ◽

Saverio Paltrinieri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammalian Species ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Reference Value ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Fruit Bats ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Age Related ◽

Γ Globulins ◽

American Society ◽

Emerging Viral Diseases

Bats play a key role as reservoir hosts of many emerging viral diseases with zoonotic potential. However, little is known about the laboratory reference intervals (RIs) of bats, especially Egyptian fruit bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus). The aim of this study was to obtain haematological, biochemical and electrophoretic RIs from captive fruit bats. Blood was collected from 21 R. aegyptiacus (11 females and 10 males). Complete blood cell count was performed using an impedance cell counter followed by the morphologic analysis of blood smears. Clinical biochemistry was performed with an automated spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis was carried out with an automated instrument. Reference intervals were determined using the Reference Value Advisor V2.1, following the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. Possible differences related to sex or sexual maturity were also investigated. The RIs for most of the analytes investigated were similar to those of other types of bats and other mammalian species. Haematology revealed mild polychromasia and slightly lower haematocrit, haemoglobin, leukocyte and lymphocyte counts compared to other bats. Glucose levels varied possibly due to stress, the anaesthetic protocol and fasting time. Creatine kinase was higher, while triglycerides were lower compared with domestic mammals and other bats. No sex- or age-related differences were found. Serum protein electrophoresis showed five fractions (albumin, α-, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins). The values recorded in this study could be helpful as a reference biological dataset to monitor the health status of wild and captive R. aegyptiacus and, possibly, of other Chiroptera.

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Biochemical and Hematologic Reference Intervals for Anesthetized, Female, Juvenile Yorkshire Swine

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science ◽

10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000014 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nikolaos Dimitrakakis ◽

Anna Waterhouse ◽

Shanda Lightbown ◽

Daniel C Leslie ◽

Amanda Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomedical Research ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Papio Hamadryas ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Human Value ◽

Sus Scrofa Domesticus ◽

American Society

Swine are widely used in biomedical research, translational research, xenotransplantation, and agriculture. For these uses,physiologic reference intervals are extremely important for assessing the health status of the swine and diagnosing disease.However, few biochemical and hematologic reference intervals that comply with guidelines from the Clinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology are available for swine. These guidelines state that reference intervals should be determined by using 120 subjects or more. The aim of this study was to generate hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for female, juvenile Yorkshire swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to compare these values with those for humans and baboons (Papio hamadryas). Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery or vein of female, juvenile Yorkshire swine, and standard hematologic and biochemical parameters were analyzed in multiple studies. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals were calculated for arterial blood samples from Yorkshire swine (n = 121 to 124); human and baboon reference intervals were obtained from the literature. Arterial reference intervals for Yorkshireswine differed significantly from those for humans and baboons in all commonly measured parameters except platelet count,which did not differ significantly from the human value, and glucose, which was not significantly different from the baboonvalue. These data provide valuable information for investigators using female, juvenile Yorkshire swine for biomedical research,as disease models, and in xenotransplantation studies as well as useful physiologic information for veterinarians and livestock producers. Our findings highlight the need for caution when comparing data and study outcomes between species.

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ESTABLISHING IN-HOUSE REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR DOGS IN VETERINARY CLINICS

Taiwan Veterinary Journal ◽

10.1142/s1682648515500225 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 42 (02) ◽

pp. 53-67

Author(s):

Shang-Hsiu Chung ◽

Li-Wen Chang ◽

Tsun-Li Cheng ◽

Chen-Jou Lin ◽

Wen-Ying Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Bile Acid ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Coagulation Parameters ◽

American Society ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Reference interval (RIs) were critical to the identification of illness. However, RIs set in one laboratory may not be appropriate for another because of biological, geographical and instrumental factors. Interpretation of clinical data using inappropriate RIs may cause misclassification of results and misdiagnosis that lead to improper treatment. RIs in Taiwan have been mostly referencing from foreign resources, it is desirable to establish one that is closer to the overall conditions in Taiwan (such as breed, climate, diseases, etc.) and to investigate its differences to foreign RIs. The present study used the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines to establish in-house RIs for hematological, biochemical and coagulation parameters using dogs in middle Taiwan. The results were also compared to two foreign and one local RIs. The results suggested that the hematological RIs are more comparable to foreign RIs than the biochemical and hemostatic parameters. Differences were found for biochemical parameters including gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipase, uric acid, bile acid, bilirubin and magnesium; and coagulation parameters including prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin. In all, 18% (7/40) of the all tested parameters were different from the local RI while 38% (18/48) and 41% (19/46) of the parameters were different from the two foreign RIs. The differences in more than 30% RIs and better similarities to local RIs underscore the importance of having own RIs if possible.

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Analytical validation of cardiac troponin I assays in horses

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/1040638717747070 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 226-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tanya M. Rossi ◽

Peter A. Kavsak ◽

M. Grant Maxie ◽

David L. Pearl ◽

W. Glen Pyle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Troponin ◽

Troponin I ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Cardiac Troponin I ◽

Analytical Validation ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Equine Medicine ◽

American Society ◽

Diagnostic Decision Making

Human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays have been used in equine medicine, often without prior analytical validation for equine use. In the absence of appropriate validation, the clinical significance of assay results is uncertain and can lead to misdiagnosis. We followed the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and investigated linearity, precision, limit of quantification (LoQ), and comparative recovery for 6 commercial cTnI assays developed for use in human medicine. Clinically acceptable linearity was observed in assays A–D, whereas assay E did not detect equine cTnI in any sample. Comparative recovery revealed 1–3-fold differences between assay results, and low analyte recoveries (2.2–3.4%) were observed in assay F. Precision was investigated in assays A and B, and found to be within acceptable limits. The LoQ was 1.53 ng/L for assay A, and 0.031 µg/L for assay B. Assays A and B performed within clinically acceptable limits and were deemed suitable for use in equine medicine. Assays C and D did not undergo full validation but had acceptable linearity, which demonstrates their potential for use in equine medicine. Assays E and F are unsuitable for use in horses given issues with detection of equine cTnI. The variability in results between assays indicates that reference intervals and cutoffs for diagnostic decision-making are assay specific and should be established prior to adoption by diagnostic laboratories.

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Reference Intervals for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry for the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.599387 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Christine Steyrer ◽

Michele Miller ◽

Jennie Hewlett ◽

Peter Buss ◽

Emma H. Hooijberg

Keyword(s):

National Parks ◽

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Loxodonta Africana ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Small Sample ◽

African Elephant ◽

Serum Samples ◽

American Society

The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is listed as vulnerable, with wild populations threatened by habitat loss and poaching. Clinical pathology is used to detect and monitor disease and injury, however existing reference interval (RI) studies for this species have been performed with outdated analytical methods, small sample sizes or using only managed animals. The aim of this study was to generate hematology and clinical chemistry RIs, using samples from the free-ranging elephant population in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Hematology RIs were derived from EDTA whole blood samples automatically analyzed (n = 23); manual PCV measured from 48 samples; and differential cell count results (n = 51) were included. Clinical chemistry RIs were generated from the results of automated analyzers on stored serum samples (n = 50). Reference intervals were generated according to American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines with a strict exclusion of outliers. Hematology RIs were: PCV 34–49%, RBC 2.80–3.96 × 1012/L, HGB 116–163 g/L, MCV 112–134 fL, MCH 35.5–45.2 pg, MCHC 314–364 g/L, PLT 182–386 × 109/L, WBC 7.5–15.2 × 109/L, segmented heterophils 1.5–4.0 × 109/L, band heterophils 0.0–0.2 × 109/L, total monocytes 3.6–7.6 × 109/L (means for “regular” were 35.2%, bilobed 8.6%, round 3.9% of total leukocytes), lymphocytes 1.1–5.5 × 109/L, eosinophils 0.0–0.9 × 109/L, basophils 0.0–0.1 × 109/L. Clinical chemistry RIs were: albumin 41–55 g/L, ALP 30–122 U/L, AST 9–34 U/L, calcium 2.56–3.02 mmol/L, CK 85–322 U/L, GGT 7–16 U/L, globulin 30–59 g/L, magnesium 1.15–1.70 mmol/L, phosphorus 1.28–2.31 mmol/L, total protein 77–109 g/L, urea 1.2–4.6 mmol/L. Reference intervals were narrower than those reported in other studies. These RI will be helpful in the future management of injured or diseased elephants in national parks and zoological settings.

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Haematological reference intervals of sows at end gestation in ten French herds, the impact of parity on haematological parameters and the consequences on reproductive performance

Porcine Health Management ◽

10.1186/s40813-021-00227-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gwenaël Boulbria ◽

Charlotte Teixeira Costa ◽

Valérie Normand ◽

Véronique Bachy ◽

Daphné Rochel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Performance ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Production Performance ◽

Haematological Parameters ◽

Haematological Parameter ◽

Haematological Values ◽

American Society ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Changes in haematological values occur during the reproductive cycle. In veterinary swine practice, haematological reference intervals for this period are scarce. Over past decades, there has been a remarkable increase in reproductive prolificacy, possibly making previously established haematological reference intervals for sows outdated. Objectives The aim of this study was to provide updated haematological reference intervals for sows at end-gestation, to study the influence of parity on those haematological parameters and to evaluate the impact of haemoglobin levels on production performance. Methods The data presented in this article were obtained using blood samples from 198 apparently healthy and conventionally managed group-housed sows at end-gestation from ten breeding herds located in France. The samples were analysed for haematological variables using impedance technique on Horiba ABX analyser (Horiba, Kyoto, Japan). The reference intervals were calculated according to the guidelines of The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology using SUMMARY procedure in R Studio. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were used to evaluate the influence of parity on each haematological parameter and the impact of haemoglobin values on production performances at farrowing. Differences were considered as significant if p < 0.05. Results Reference intervals produced in this study were similar to previously published references but we noticed marked differences in white blood cell values. The study of the impact of parity revealed significant changes for gilts and parity 5 + sows regarding haematological values. Gilts had higher red and white blood cells counts, haemoglobin values and haematocrit values. Regarding haemoglobin values, the higher the number of liveborn and weaned piglets per litter, the lower the haemoglobin value at end-gestation. For sows of fifth or higher gestation, we found that the higher the percentage of stillborn piglets, the lower the haemoglobin value at end-gestation. Conclusions This study provides haematological reference intervals for sows at end-gestation. These will be useful for swine veterinarians and researchers for a better understanding of the influence of parity on haematological parameters and haemoglobin values and their relation to reproductive performance.

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Hematological parameters and total plasma protein values of captive strigiformes occurring in Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5supl1p2129 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 2129-2142

Author(s):

Miúriel de Aquino Goulart ◽

Frederico Fontanelli Vaz ◽

Marília de Oliveira Koch ◽

Carlos Czpak Kroetz ◽

Rosangela Locatelli Dittrich

Keyword(s):

Plasma Protein ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Reference Value ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Athene Cunicularia ◽

Total Plasma ◽

Bubo Virginianus ◽

Total Plasma Protein ◽

Asio Flammeus

Brazil has the highest number of birds of prey in the world, which are important environmental quality indicators. Nevertheless, few studies of the clinical pathology of raptors have been developed in this country. The objectives of this study were to create a database of owl hematology in Brazil and to compare the values between sex in Asio clamator, Megascops spp. and Tyto furcata. Blood samples were collected from 81 captive owls of 10 species located in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo states, Brazil. Hemogram and Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values were determined. Reference intervals (RIs) and descriptive statistic values were established using an Excel program with Reference Value Advisor. The reference intervals were the following: A. clamator: RBC (×106/?L) 1.0-2.5; PCV (%) 30.2-50.1; Hb (g dL-1) 6.7-15.3; MCV (fL) 123.8-355.2; MCHC (%) 17.1-38.6; WBC (× 103/?L) 1.2-23.6; Heterophils (× 103/?L) 0.6-16.6; Lymphocytes (× 103/?L) 0.6-10.2; Eosinophils (× 103/?L) 0.0-1.9; Basophils (× 103/?L) 0.0-1.0; Thrombocytes (× 103/?L) 10.8-56.6; H/L 0.0-10.8. Megascops spp.: RBC (× 106/?L) 0.8-2.3; PCV (%) 29.7-44.6; Hb (g dL-1) 6.4-12.4; MCV (fL) 131.6-374.4; MCHC (%) 12.1-34; WBC (× 103/?L) 0.7-23.1; Heterophils (× 103/?L) 1.1-10.3; Lymphocytes (× 103/?L) 0.0-11.5; Eosinophils (× 103/?L) 0.0-2.2; Basophils (× 103/?L) 0.0-0.7; Thrombocytes (× 103/?L) 10.3-43.6; H/L 0.5-7.3; TPP (g dL-1) 2.9-5.1. The parameters for Tyto furcata were presented with descriptive statistics values. Individual data were provided for the others Strigiformes species sampled. This study provides a wide database of hematological and TPP references for Megascops spp., A. clamator and T. furcata and hematological values for Athene cunicularia, Bubo virginianus, Pulsatrix perspicillata, Asio stygius, Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana, Strix virgata and Asio flammeus in Brazil.

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Complex Reference Values for Endocrine and Special Chemistry Biomarkers across Pediatric, Adult, and Geriatric Ages: Establishment of Robust Pediatric and Adult Reference Intervals on the Basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2015.240523 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 61 (8) ◽

pp. 1063-1074 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Khosrow Adeli ◽

Victoria Higgins ◽

Michelle Nieuwesteeg ◽

Joshua E Raizman ◽

Yunqi Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Reference Value ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Health Measures ◽

Laboratory Test Results ◽

Canadian Health ◽

Canadian Health Measures Survey ◽

Age And Sex

Abstract BACKGROUND Defining laboratory biomarker reference values in a healthy population and understanding the fluctuations in biomarker concentrations throughout life and between sexes are critical to clinical interpretation of laboratory test results in different disease states. The Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) has collected blood samples and health information from the Canadian household population. In collaboration with the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER), the data have been analyzed to determine reference value distributions and reference intervals for several endocrine and special chemistry biomarkers in pediatric, adult, and geriatric age groups. METHODS CHMS collected data and blood samples from thousands of community participants aged 3 to 79 years. We used serum samples to measure 13 immunoassay-based special chemistry and endocrine markers. We assessed reference value distributions and, after excluding outliers, calculated age- and sex-specific reference intervals, along with corresponding 90% CIs, according to CLSI C28-A3 guidelines. RESULTS We observed fluctuations in biomarker reference values across the pediatric, adult, and geriatric age range, with stratification required on the basis of age for all analytes. Additional sex partitions were required for apolipoprotein AI, homocysteine, ferritin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS The unique collaboration between CALIPER and CHMS has enabled, for the first time, a detailed examination of the changes in various immunochemical markers that occur in healthy individuals of different ages. The robust age- and sex-specific reference intervals established in this study provide insight into the complex biological changes that take place throughout development and aging and will contribute to improved clinical test interpretation.

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Reference Intervals for and the Effects of Sample Handling and Sex on Rotational Thromboelastometry in Healthy Adult Pigs

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science ◽

10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 322-327

Author(s):

Guillaume L Hoareau ◽

Anthony Barthélemy ◽

Isabelle Goy-Thollot ◽

Céline Pouzot-Nevoret ◽

Carl A Beyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vena Cava ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Clot Formation ◽

Rotational Thromboelastometry ◽

Male And Female ◽

Nonparametric Distribution ◽

American Society ◽

Clot Formation Time ◽

Edta Tube

Accurate assessment of coagulation in porcine studies is essential. We sought to establish normal values for porcine rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) according to the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and to assess the effects of various preanalytical parameters on those measurements. Healthy Yorkshire-cross pigs (n = 81; 46 males and 35 females) were anesthetized. By using a 18-gauge needle attached to a vacuum phlebotomy tube, blood was acquired from the cranial vena cava. Tubes were filled in the following order: evacuation clot tube, EDTA tube, heparin tube, and 2 citrate tubes. The citrate tubes were randomly assigned to 30 min with or without constant agitation on a rocker. The following parameters were reported according to the manufacturer's recommendations: clotting time, clot formation time, α, (tangent to the clot formation curve when the clot firmness is 20 mm), clot firmness after 10 and 20 min, maximal clot firmness, maximum lysis, and lysis indexes at 30 and 45 min. Reference intervals were reported as mean ± 2 SD (parametric distribution) or 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of the population's results (nonparametric distribution). The effects of sex, sampling order, and agitation on ROTEM results were analyzed through linear regression. Neither sex nor sample agitation influenced any of the ROTEM parameters. Combined reference intervals were established for each ROTEM parameter by pooling data from the nonagitated tubes for both male and female pigs. This study is the first to establish ROTEM reference intervals from a large number of male and female adult Yorkshire-cross pigs and to provide a detailed description of preanalytical sample processing.

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Haematological and biochemical reference intervals in healthy racing and retired Italian Greyhounds

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/004.2020.00006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 71-78

Author(s):

Paola Scarpa ◽

Beatrice Ruggerone ◽

Sara Gironi ◽

Tiziana Vitiello ◽

Saverio Paltrinieri

Keyword(s):

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Haemoglobin Concentration ◽

Clinical Pathology ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Canine Population ◽

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽

American Society ◽

Advia 120

AbstractIn view of the enormous variability of dog breeds, breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) are recommended for use in veterinary clinical decision-making. The aim of this study was to determine whether RIs of the general canine population may be applied to the Italian Greyhound (Piccoli Levrieri Italiani or PLI), and to generate breed-specific RIs, where appropriate. Sixty-three privately owned clinically healthy fasted dogs were examined. Routine haematology and biochemistry were performed on 58 enrolled patients using the ADVIA 120 haematology analyzer and the Cobas Mira system, respectively. Changes in haematological and biochemical parameters depending on sex, age and attitude (resting vs. running dogs) were investigated. The results of PLI were compared with the RIs of the general canine population. In those cases in which these RIs were not validated, new RIs were generated according to the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Pre-existing RIs were considered valid based on the recommendations by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RIs were higher for mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), cell haemoglobin concentration mean (CHCM) and lower for large unstained cells (LUC). A wider discrepancy between pre-existing and newly established RIs was found for some ADVIA parameters regarding red blood cell (RBC) or reticulocyte morphology. For total protein and cholesterol the new RIs were wider than the pre-existing ones, while albumin, calcium and iron were higher. This study suggests that most of the RIs published in veterinary textbooks cannot be validated for PLIs.

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