Malicious animal intoxications: poisoned baits

Data of toxicological analyses for baits carried out in the Laboratory of Toxicology of the Department of Veterinary Clinics (University of Pisa) over a 10-year period are summarized. The 508 lures have been grouped according to their preparation features. This classification has generated six classes: (1) baits prepared with discarded or out-of-date food; (2) laborious and original/particular baits; (3) baits containing more than one toxic substance; (4) baits containing non-toxic material; (5) baits prepared with non-food material and (6) in vivo baits. The most commonly detected toxic substances in baits were organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides (48%), anticoagulant rodenticides (18%), zinc phosphide (12%), strychnine (9%), metaldehyde (8%) and others (5%). This survey shows that in Italy, the deliberate misuse or abuse of toxic substances intended to kill domestic animals, is very common and still far from being eradicated. Elaboration of a complex strategy, involving authorities as well as veterinarians and citizens, is the first step to defeat this harmful practice.

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A SPECIFIC POISON IN THE LIVER EXTRACTS OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH TYPHOID AND PRODIGIOSUS BACILLI INTRAVENOUSLY

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.28.5.571 ◽

1918 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 571-583

Author(s):

Julia T. Parker

Keyword(s):

Anaphylactic Shock ◽

Liver Extract ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Toxic Substance ◽

Normal Liver ◽

Immune Serum ◽

Minimum Lethal Dose ◽

Lethal Doses

1. The livers of rabbits inoculated with cultures of Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus under certain conditions contain a toxic substance extractable with salt solution. When the toxic extracts are injected intravenously into normal rabbits the latter animals develop symptoms resembling those of anaphylactic shock and succumb. The lethal doses of the toxic extracts are far smaller than those of normal liver extract. 2. The livers of rabbits injected with typhoid antigen also yield a toxic extract. 3. Boiling as well as filtration through a Berkefeld filter only partially detoxicates the extract. 4. Tolerance to one to two lethal doses of the poisonous extracts can be induced by cautious immunization. 5. Rabbits actively immunized to Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus usually resist one lethal dose of the homologous liver poison; and animals tolerant to the typhoid liver poison resist one minimum lethal dose at least of Bacillus typhosus. 6. Typhoid immune serum is not detoxicating either in vivo or in vitro for the typhoid liver poison. 7. The liver poisons are specific, since rabbits actively immunized to either Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus withstand at least one minimum lethal dose of the homologous but not of the heterologous-liver poisons.

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On the Dynamical Behavior of Toxic-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Model with Delay

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society ◽

10.1155/2015/756315 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mehbuba Rehim ◽

Weixin Wu ◽

Ahmadjan Muhammadhaji

Keyword(s):

Time Delay ◽

Phytoplankton Bloom ◽

Dynamical Behavior ◽

Time Lag ◽

Toxic Substance ◽

Predation Rate ◽

Dynamical Behaviour ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Toxic Phytoplankton ◽

Discrete Time Delay

A toxin producing phytoplankton-zooplankton model with inhibitory exponential substrate and time delay has been formulated and analyzed. Since the liberation of toxic substances by phytoplankton species is not an instantaneous process but is mediated by some time lag required for maturity of the species and the zooplankton mortality due to the toxic phytoplankton bloom occurs after some time laps of the bloom of toxic phytoplankton, we induced a discrete time delay to both of the consume response function and distribution of toxic substance term. Furthermore, based on the fact that the predation rate decreases at large toxic-phytoplankton density, the system is modelled via a Tissiet type functional response. We study the dynamical behaviour and investigate the conditions to guarantee the coexistence of two species. Analytical methods and numerical simulations are used to obtain information about the qualitative behaviour of the models.

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THE EFFECTS OF SOME PESTICIDES ON REEF CORALS

Marine Research in Indonesia ◽

10.14203/mri.v17i0.464 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 69-70

Author(s):

Austin E. Lamberts

Keyword(s):

Reef Coral ◽

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽

In Vitro Studies ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Reef Corals ◽

Stress Effects ◽

Skeletal Calcium

While investigating a reef coral kill in Samoa it was speculated that this might have been due to contamination by some chemical. Subsequently, scleractinian reef corals were tested to assess their reactions to 12 commonly used pesticides and toxic substances. The chlorinated-hydrocarbons such as DDT and Endrin produced stress effects in corals subjected to 2ppm for 24 hours in in-vitro studies although the corals continued to deposit skeletal calcium. In-vivo tank experiments suggested that small amounts of these substances in seawater stimulated the corals to deposit skeletal calcium. Other pesticides were much less toxic to the corals.

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Pencemaran Tanah Oleh Pestisida Di Perkebunan Sayur Kelurahan Eka Jaya Kecamatan Jambi Selatan Kota Jambi (Studi Keberadaan Jamur Makroza dan Cacing Tanah)

Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi ◽

10.33087/jiubj.v21i1.1348 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 460

Author(s):

Supriatna Supriatna ◽

Sondang Siahaan ◽

Indah Restiaty

Keyword(s):

Soil Pollution ◽

Pesticide Exposure ◽

Fungal Spores ◽

Toxic Substance ◽

Toxic Chemicals ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Pesticide Pollution ◽

Vegetable Farmers ◽

Sampling Locations ◽

Carbamate Pesticide

Healthy vegetables can only be from healthy and pollution-free farmland, including pesticide pollution. When a harmful or toxic substance has contaminated the surface of the soil, it can evaporate, be swept away by rainwater and or enter the soil. Pollution that enters the soil is then immersed as toxic chemicals in the soil. Toxic substances in the soil can have a direct impact on humans when touched or can contaminate groundwater thus lowering the function of the soil as a place of growing and developing plants. The purpose of this study is to find out the picture of soil pollution by pesticides and the presence of earthworms and mycoriza fungi in the soil. The use of pesticides that are not in accordance with the rules and formulations cause pollution to vegetables and the environment such as soil and water. By taking soil samples and checking the content of pesticides can be known whether the pesticides used have polluted the soil. The presence of worms and mycoriza will be less and less even none at all on the soil that has been polluted. The results showed that from six soil sampling locations found two locations of carbamate pesticide pollution (33.3%), no mycoriza mushrooms were found at one location (15.6%) and earthworms are found throughout the site (100%). Pollution occurs because vegetable farmers and palawija use pesticides exceeding the recommended dose and occur pengulang in the adjacent time span. Mycoriza mushrooms are found in the form of spores, fungal spores have a stronger survival ability compared to the whole stem of the mycoriza fungus. Earthworms derived from manure used as fertilizer, in addition to its ability to avoid toxic soil mucus presence in his body can protect tabnah cacaing from pesticide exposure.

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Radioanalytical Techniques to Quantitatively Assess the Biological Uptake and In Vivo Behavior of Hazardous Substances

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25173985 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (17) ◽

pp. 3985

Author(s):

Jae Young Lee ◽

Sajid Mushtaq ◽

Jung Eun Park ◽

Hee Soon Shin ◽

So-Young Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Imaging ◽

Hazardous Substances ◽

Environmental Research ◽

Whole Body ◽

Whole Body Imaging ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Biological Uptake ◽

Radioanalytical Methods

Concern about environmental exposure to hazardous substances has grown over the past several decades, because these substances have adverse effects on human health. Methods used to monitor the biological uptake of hazardous substances and their spatiotemporal behavior in vivo must be accurate and reliable. Recent advances in radiolabeling chemistry and radioanalytical methodologies have facilitated the quantitative analysis of toxic substances, and whole-body imaging can be achieved using nuclear imaging instruments. Herein, we review recent literature on the radioanalytical methods used to study the biological distribution, changes in the uptake and accumulation of hazardous substances, including industrial chemicals, nanomaterials, and microorganisms. We begin with an overview of the radioisotopes used to prepare radiotracers for in vivo experiments. We then summarize the results of molecular imaging studies involving radiolabeled toxins and their quantitative assessment. We conclude the review with perspectives on the use of radioanalytical methods for future environmental research.

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Highly Efficient and Stable Removal of Arsenic by Live Cell Fabricated Magnetic Nanoparticles

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20143566 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (14) ◽

pp. 3566

Author(s):

Hyo Kyeong Kim ◽

Sun-Wook Jeong ◽

Jung Eun Yang ◽

Yong Jun Choi

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Iron Nanoparticles ◽

Deinococcus Radiodurans ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Arsenic Species ◽

Live Cell ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

X Ray ◽

Removal Capacity

As concerns about public health and environmental problems regarding contamination by toxic substances increase worldwide, the development of a highly effective and specific treatment method is imperative. Although physicochemical arsenic treatment methods have been developed, microbial in vivo remediation processes using live cell fabricated nanoparticles have not yet been reported. Herein, we report the development of magnetic iron nanoparticles immobilized an extremophilic microorganism, Deinococcus radiodurans R1, capable of removing toxic arsenic species. First, in vivo synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticles was successfully achieved with the D. radiodurans R1 strain and characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta-potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Second, the maximum removal capacity of the magnetic iron nanoparticle-immobilized D. radiodurans R1 strain (DR-FeNPs) for arsenic [As(V)] was evaluated under the optimized conditions. Finally, the removal capacity of DR-FeNPs in the presence of various competitive anions was also investigated to simulate the practical application. More than 98% of As(V) was efficiently removed by DR-FeNPs within 1 h, and the removal efficiency was stably maintained for up to 32 h (98.97%). Furthermore, the possibility of recovery of DR-FeNPs after use was also suggested using magnets as a proof-of-concept.

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Drug Release Kinetics of Electrospun PHB Meshes

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12121924 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1924 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Vojtech Kundrat ◽

Nicole Cernekova ◽

Adriana Kovalcik ◽

Vojtech Enev ◽

Ivana Marova

Keyword(s):

Release Kinetics ◽

Entrapment Efficiency ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Antimicrobial Efficiency ◽

Vis Spectroscopy ◽

Model Drug ◽

Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽

Kinetics Of

Microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) has several advantages including its biocompatibility and ability to degrade in vivo and in vitro without toxic substances. This paper investigates the feasibility of electrospun PHB meshes serving as drug delivery systems. The morphology of the electrospun samples was modified by varying the concentration of PHB in solution and the solvent composition. Scanning electron microscopy of the electrospun PHB scaffolds revealed the formation of different morphologies including porous, filamentous/beaded and fiber structures. Levofloxacin was used as the model drug for incorporation into PHB electrospun meshes. The entrapment efficiency was found to be dependent on the viscosity of the PHB solution used for electrospinning and ranged from 14.4–81.8%. The incorporation of levofloxacin in electrospun meshes was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The effect of the morphology of the electrospun meshes on the levofloxacin release profile was screened in vitro in phosphate-buffered saline solution. Depending upon the morphology, the electrospun meshes released about 14–20% of levofloxacin during the first 24 h. The percentage of drug released after 13 days increased up to 32.4% and was similar for all tested morphologies. The antimicrobial efficiency of all tested samples independent of the morphology, was confirmed by agar diffusion testing.

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Efficacy of Different Hexacyanoferrates(II) in Inhibiting the Intestinal Absorption of Radiocaesium in Rats

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1990-0618 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 676-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bernd Dresow ◽

Peter Nielsen ◽

Hellmuth C. Heinrich

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Time Interval ◽

Oral Doses ◽

Severe Nuclear Accident ◽

Cobalt And Nickel

Abstract The inhibitory effect of various oral doses of different hexacyanoferrate(II) compounds (HCF) and the influence of the time interval of HCF-administration on intestinal 134Cs-absorption was studied in rats. Optimum inhibition was obtained by administration of HCF together with or 2 min before oral 134Cs loading. Using appropriate low amounts (0.1 -0.5 mg) of the different HCF compounds, the inhibitory effect increased in the sequence KZnHCF < KCuHCF < FeHCF < KCoHCF = KNiHCF < NH4FeHCF = KFeHCF . Oral administration of 5 mg (0.5 mg) of KFeHCF , together with 134CsCl loading, reduces 134Cs-absorption from 41 % (control) to 0.8% (2.8%). Zinc-, copper-, cobalt, and nickel hexacyanoferrates(II), despite showing a high caesium sorption capacity in vitro, were less effective in rats and are not suited for in vivo application, also because they may produce toxic side effects. As a consequence, the orally administered colloidal-soluble iron (III) hexacyanoferrates(II) (NH4Fe[Fe(CN)6] and KFe[Fe(CN)6]) have to be considered as the most valuable countermeasure against radiocaesium absorption for humans and domestic animals in the case of a severe nuclear accident in the future. Manganese oxide, a non-hexacyanoferrate(II) compound with known in vitro caesium binding capacity, showed no inhibitory effect on radiocaesium absorption in rats.

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Cellulolytic Enzyme Production by Three Fungi Grown in a Ground Corn Cob Medium1

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-52.4.248 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 248-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

GUO-SUI YE ◽

M. L. FIELDS

Keyword(s):

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Toxic Substance ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Ammonium Salts ◽

Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Corn Cob ◽

Corn Cobs ◽

Oil Extract ◽

Beta Glucosidase

Trichoderma reesei NRRL 11236, Trichoderma viride ATCC 32630, Trichoderma viride ATCC 32098 and Myrothecium verrucaria ATCC 9095 were evaluated for the production of toxic substances with the fertile egg tests. Strains NRRL 11236, ATCC 32630, and ATCC 9095 produced no detectable toxic substance. However, when an oil extract was made of fermented corn cobs, strain ATCC 32098 produced a significant kill of 23.1% of the embryos. Cellulases (C1,Cx) and beta glucosidase production were produced using different ammonium salts as additional nitrogen sources to what the corn cobs contained. Temperatures (23° and 30°C) had no effect on beta glucosidase except for T. viride ATCC 32630 which produced significantly smaller quantities at 30°C than at 23°C.

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NSs Filament Formation Is Important but Not Sufficient for RVFV Virulence In Vivo

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11090834 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 834 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shufen Li ◽

Xiangtao Zhu ◽

Zhenqiong Guan ◽

Wenfeng Huang ◽

Yulan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virulence Factor ◽

Rift Valley Fever ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

T7 Rna Polymerase ◽

Filament Formation ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Infected Cells

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne phlebovirus that represents as a serious health threat to both domestic animals and humans. The viral protein NSs is the key virulence factor of RVFV, and has been proposed that NSs nuclear filament formation is critical for its virulence. However, the detailed mechanisms are currently unclear. Here, we generated a T7 RNA polymerase-driven RVFV reverse genetics system based on a strain imported into China (BJ01). Several NSs mutations (T1, T3 and T4) were introduced into the system for investigating the correlation between NSs filament formation and virulence in vivo. The NSs T1 mutant showed distinct NSs filament in the nuclei of infected cells, the T3 mutant diffusively localized in the cytoplasm and the T4 mutant showed fragmented nuclear filament formation. Infection of BALB/c mice with these NSs mutant viruses revealed that the in vivo virulence was severely compromised for all three NSs mutants, including the T1 mutant. This suggests that NSs filament formation is not directly correlated with RVFV virulence in vivo. Results from this study not only shed new light on the virulence mechanism of RVFV NSs but also provided tools for future in-depth investigations of RVFV pathogenesis and anti-RVFV drug screening.

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