scholarly journals Pencemaran Tanah Oleh Pestisida Di Perkebunan Sayur Kelurahan Eka Jaya Kecamatan Jambi Selatan Kota Jambi (Studi Keberadaan Jamur Makroza dan Cacing Tanah)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Supriatna Supriatna ◽  
Sondang Siahaan ◽  
Indah Restiaty
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
Vegetable Farmers ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Carbamate Pesticide

Healthy vegetables can only be from healthy and pollution-free farmland, including pesticide pollution. When a harmful or toxic substance has contaminated the surface of the soil, it can evaporate, be swept away by rainwater and or enter the soil. Pollution that enters the soil is then immersed as toxic chemicals in the soil. Toxic substances in the soil can have a direct impact on humans when touched or can contaminate groundwater thus lowering the function of the soil as a place of growing and developing plants. The purpose of this study is to find out the picture of soil pollution by pesticides and the presence of earthworms and mycoriza fungi in the soil. The use of pesticides that are not in accordance with the rules and formulations cause pollution to vegetables and the environment such as soil and water. By taking soil samples and checking the content of pesticides can be known whether the pesticides used have polluted the soil. The presence of worms and mycoriza will be less and less even none at all on the soil that has been polluted. The results showed that from six soil sampling locations found two locations of carbamate pesticide pollution (33.3%), no mycoriza mushrooms were found at one location (15.6%) and earthworms are found throughout the site (100%). Pollution occurs because vegetable farmers and palawija use pesticides exceeding the recommended dose and occur pengulang in the adjacent time span. Mycoriza mushrooms are found in the form of spores, fungal spores have a stronger survival ability compared to the whole stem of the mycoriza fungus. Earthworms derived from manure used as fertilizer, in addition to its ability to avoid toxic soil mucus presence in his body can protect tabnah cacaing from pesticide exposure.

The Issue of Plastic and Microplastic Pollution in Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Constanta Tudor ◽  
Dorina Nicoleta Mocuta ◽  
Ruxandra Florina Teodorescu ◽  
Dragos Ion Smedescu
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Toxic Substances

Soil pollution with plastics represents a great threat to plants, animals, but especially to humans, as a very small quantity of the plastic which is discarded daily is recycled or incinerated in waste facilities, much of it reaching landfills where their decomposition lasts up to 1000 years and during this time the toxic substances penetrate the soil and the water. If, initially, the pollution with plastics has been identified and recognized in the aquatic environment, recent studies show that plastics residues exist in huge quantities in the soil. The present study focuses on the analysis of factors that pollute soil, so the various studies that have been carried out claim that soil pollution with plastic is much higher and increases in an aggressive manner, being estimated to be 4 to 23 times higher than water pollution with plastics, and the accumulation of microplastics in the soil has a negative impact on soil biota. Thus, once the plastic material accumulates in the soil, it is assimilated to organic matter and the mineral substitutes of the soil and persists for several hundred years.

scholarly journals On the Dynamical Behavior of Toxic-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Model with Delay

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehbuba Rehim ◽  
Weixin Wu ◽  
Ahmadjan Muhammadhaji
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Dynamical Behaviour ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Toxic Phytoplankton ◽  
Discrete Time Delay

A toxin producing phytoplankton-zooplankton model with inhibitory exponential substrate and time delay has been formulated and analyzed. Since the liberation of toxic substances by phytoplankton species is not an instantaneous process but is mediated by some time lag required for maturity of the species and the zooplankton mortality due to the toxic phytoplankton bloom occurs after some time laps of the bloom of toxic phytoplankton, we induced a discrete time delay to both of the consume response function and distribution of toxic substance term. Furthermore, based on the fact that the predation rate decreases at large toxic-phytoplankton density, the system is modelled via a Tissiet type functional response. We study the dynamical behaviour and investigate the conditions to guarantee the coexistence of two species. Analytical methods and numerical simulations are used to obtain information about the qualitative behaviour of the models.

scholarly journals Multiple Screening of Pesticides Toxicity in Zebrafish and Daphnia Based on Locomotor Activity Alterations

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1224
Author(s):  
Akhlaq Hussain ◽  
Gilbert Audira ◽  
Nemi Malhotra ◽  
Boontida Uapipatanakul ◽  
Jung-Ren Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Toxicological Assessment ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Combinational Analysis

Pesticides are widely used to eradicate insects, weed species, and fungi in agriculture. The half-lives of some pesticides are relatively long and may have the dire potential to induce adverse effects when released into the soil, terrestrial and aquatic systems. To assess the potential adverse effects of pesticide pollution in the aquatic environment, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Daphnia magna are two excellent animal models because of their transparent bodies, relatively short development processes, and well-established genetic information. Moreover, they are also suitable for performing high-throughput toxicity assays. In this study, we used both zebrafish larvae and water flea daphnia neonates as a model system to explore and compare the potential toxicity by monitoring locomotor activity. Tested animals were exposed to 12 various types of pesticides (three fungicides and 9 insecticides) for 24 h and their corresponding locomotor activities, in terms of distance traveled, burst movement, and rotation were quantified. By adapting principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis, we were able to minimize data complexity and compare pesticide toxicity based on locomotor activity for zebrafish and daphnia. Results showed distinct locomotor activity alteration patterns between zebrafish and daphnia towards pesticide exposure. The majority of pesticides tested in this study induced locomotor hypo-activity in daphnia neonates but triggered locomotor hyper-activity in zebrafish larvae. According to our PCA and clustering results, the toxicity for 12 pesticides was grouped into two major groups based on all locomotor activity endpoints collected from both zebrafish and daphnia. In conclusion, all pesticides resulted in swimming alterations in both animal models by either producing hypo-activity, hyperactivity, or other changes in swimming patterns. In addition, zebrafish and daphnia displayed distinct sensitivity and response against different pesticides, and the combinational analysis approach by using a phenomic approach to combine data collected from zebrafish and daphnia provided better resolution for toxicological assessment.

scholarly journals Total Pesticide Exposure Calculation among Vegetable Farmers in Benguet, Philippines

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinky Leilanie Lu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vegetable Farmers ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Integrated Program

This was a cross-sectional study that investigated pesticide exposure and its risk factors targeting vegetable farmers selected through cluster sampling. The sampling size calculated with was 211 vegetable farmers and 37 farms. The mean usage of pesticide was 21.35 liters. Risk factors included damaged backpack sprayer (34.7%), spills on hands (31.8%), and spraying against the wind (58%). The top 3 pesticides used were pyrethroid (46.4%), organophosphates (24.2%), and carbamates (21.3%). Those who were exposed to fungicides and insecticides also had higher total pesticide exposure. Furthermore, a farmer who was a pesticide applicator, mixer, loader, and who had not been given instructions through training was at risk of having higher pesticide exposure. The most prevalent symptoms were headache (64.1%), muscle pain (61.1%), cough (45.5%), weakness (42.4%), eye pain (39.9%), chest pain (37.4%), and eye redness (33.8%). The data can be used for the formulation of an integrated program on safety and health in the vegetable industry.

Cellulolytic Enzyme Production by Three Fungi Grown in a Ground Corn Cob Medium1

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUO-SUI YE ◽  
M. L. FIELDS
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Corn Cobs ◽  
Oil Extract ◽  
Beta Glucosidase

Trichoderma reesei NRRL 11236, Trichoderma viride ATCC 32630, Trichoderma viride ATCC 32098 and Myrothecium verrucaria ATCC 9095 were evaluated for the production of toxic substances with the fertile egg tests. Strains NRRL 11236, ATCC 32630, and ATCC 9095 produced no detectable toxic substance. However, when an oil extract was made of fermented corn cobs, strain ATCC 32098 produced a significant kill of 23.1% of the embryos. Cellulases (C1,Cx) and beta glucosidase production were produced using different ammonium salts as additional nitrogen sources to what the corn cobs contained. Temperatures (23° and 30°C) had no effect on beta glucosidase except for T. viride ATCC 32630 which produced significantly smaller quantities at 30°C than at 23°C.

scholarly journals Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduces Organophosphate Pesticide Absorption and Toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (20) ◽  
pp. 6204-6213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Trinder ◽  
Tim W. McDowell ◽  
Brendan A. Daisley ◽  
Sohrab N. Ali ◽  
Hon S. Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticides ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticide ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pesticide Pollution

ABSTRACTOrganophosphate pesticides used in agriculture can pose health risks to humans and wildlife. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation withLactobacillus, a genus of commensal bacteria, would reduce absorption and toxicity of consumed organophosphate pesticides (parathion and chlorpyrifos [CP]). SeveralLactobacillusspecies were screened for toleration of 100 ppm of CP or parathion in MRS broth based on 24-h growth curves. CertainLactobacillusstrains were unable to reach stationary-phase culture maxima and displayed an abnormal culture morphology in response to pesticide. Further characterization of commonly used, pesticide-tolerant and pesticide-susceptible, probioticLactobacillus rhamnosusstrain GG (LGG) andL. rhamnosusstrain GR-1 (LGR-1), respectively, revealed that both strains could significantly sequester organophosphate pesticides from solution after 24-h coincubations. This effect was independent of metabolic activity, asL. rhamnosusGG did not hydrolyze CP and no difference in organophosphate sequestration was observed between live and heat-killed strains. Furthermore, LGR-1 and LGG reduced the absorption of 100 μM parathion or CP in a Caco-2 Transwell model of the small intestine epithelium. To determine the effect of sequestration on acute toxicity, newly eclosedDrosophila melanogasterflies were exposed to food containing 10 μM CP with or without supplementation with live LGG. Supplementation with LGG simultaneously, but not with administration of CP 3 days prior (prophylactically), mitigated CP-induced mortality. In summary, the results suggest thatL. rhamnosusmay be useful for reducing toxic organophosphate pesticide exposure via passive binding. These findings could be transferable to clinical and livestock applications due to affordability and practical ability to supplement products with food-grade bacteria.IMPORTANCEThe consequences of environmental pesticide pollution due to widespread usage in agriculture and soil leaching are becoming a major societal concern. Although the long-term effects of low-dose pesticide exposure for humans and wildlife remain largely unknown, logic suggests that these chemicals are not aligned with ecosystem health. This observation is most strongly supported by the agricultural losses associated with honeybee population declines, known as colony collapse disorder, in which pesticide usage is a likely trigger. Lactobacilli are bacteria used as beneficial microorganisms in fermented foods and have shown potentials to sequester and degrade environmental toxins. This study demonstrated that commonly used probiotic strains of lactobacilli could sequester, but not metabolize, organophosphate pesticides (parathion and chlorpyrifos). ThisLactobacillus-mediated sequestration was associated with decreased intestinal absorption and insect toxicity in appropriate models. These findings hold promise for supplementing human, livestock, or apiary foods with probiotic microorganisms to reduce organophosphate pesticide exposure.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils

2003 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Kamilla Taraczközi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Living Organisms

The soil constitutes the basis of the food chain. To keep soil conditions in a good trim is very important, it’s part of the sustainable development and of producing food supply harmless to health.In some cases, soil productivity is the only important part, qualitative requirements or economical characteristics can improve it. The soil is threatened by two danger factors: the soil degradation and the soil pollution. The accumulation of different harmful and/or toxic substances in the soil is well known. Heavy metals constitute a part of it. Metals in the soil and in the soil-solution are balanced. This balance depends on the type of the metal, on the pH, on the cation-band capacity of the soil, on the redox relations and the concentration of cations in the soil.To be able to handle the metal contamination of the soil, it is important to estimate the form, the possible extension and the concentration of metals.Of course, the different types of soils have different physical-chemical, biological and buffer capacity, they can moderate or reinforce the harmful effects of heavy metals. To draw general conclusion of the dispersion and quantitative relations on the metals originated from different contamination sources is hard, because in some emissive sources contamination is limited in small areas but on a high level, some others usually expand on larger areas, and as a result of equal dispersion, the contamination’s level is lower.Heavy metals – unlike alkali ions – strongly bond to organic materials, or infiltrate in a kelát form. Their outstanding characteristic is the tendency to create metal-complex forms. Kelats take part in the uptaking and transportation of heavy metals. Heavy metals exert their effects mostly as enzyme-activators.The metals cannot degrade in an organic way, they accumulate in living organisms, and they can form toxic compounds through biochemical reactions.Lot of the heavy metals accumulate on the boundaries of the abiotic systems (air/soil, water/sediment), when physical or chemical parameters change, and this influences their remobilization.Human activity plays a great part in heavy metal mobilization, results in the human origin of most biochemical process of metals.To understand the toxic influence of accumulated metals of high concentration, their transportation from soils to plants or their damage in human health, must clearly defined and investigated.For effective protection against soil pollution, the types and levels of harmful pollution to soil must identified, regarding legal, technical and soil-science aspects, preferable in a single way. Difficulties in this area mean that toxicity depends on loading, uptake, soil characteristics and living organisms (species, age, condition etc.), furthermore, local and economic conditions considerably differ.

scholarly journals The Application of a Macroinvertebrate Indicator in Afrotropical Regions for Pesticide Pollution

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wynand Malherbe ◽  
Johan H. J. van Vuren ◽  
Victor Wepener
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Community ◽  
Biotic Integrity ◽  
Species At Risk ◽  
Community Effects ◽  
Pesticide Pollution

Many biotic integrity indices are not able to isolate community effects due to pesticide exposure as the communities also respond to other anthropogenic and natural stressors. A macroinvertebrate trait bioindicator system that is pesticide specific was therefore developed to overcome these challenges. This system, called SPEAR (SPEcies At Risk), was applied in South Africa as an indicator to link known pesticide catchment usage to changes in the macroinvertebrate community, especially when analytical methods are inconclusive. In addition, the SPEARsalinity index within the SPEAR suite of tools was also evaluated for its effectiveness in South Africa. The results indicated that all of the sites have either been exposed to the same pesticide pressure or not been exposed to pesticides as the SPEAR results were similar when compared to the pesticide intensity. The interaction with other factors like nutrients or salinity was likely a factor that confounded the SPEARpesticides indicator.

U.S. Chemical Program: Purpose, Challenges, and Evolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odelia Funke
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Toxic Substances Control Act ◽  
Chemical Testing ◽  
The U.S

This article explores long-term issues and problems that have seriously undermined the U.S. Chemical Testing Program established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act. This program is meant to gather information needed to protect human health and the environment from damaging exposure to toxic chemicals. Despite seemingly broad and impressive authority under the statute, there are a number of inherent difficulties, as well as substantial political constraints, that impede comprehensive oversight of chemicals in U.S. commerce. The article discusses several approaches that EPA has adopted to overcome statutory and political limitations and increase chemical testing information. The most recent and promising of these efforts has involved international negotiations to harmonize testing approaches with OECD nations and to cooperate on an agenda that will better share the testing burden on an international level.

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