The comparison of two types sensors for ammonia emission continual measurement

Measurement of the ammonia emissions by two different types of sensors (PHOTO ACOUSTICS analyzer INNOVA and SOLID STATE sensor SP-53) was carried out in laboratory with one material of litter, wood-shavings (with dry or wet material). The initial ammonia concentration and humidity of material were changed. The output data of these sensors were continually saved a processed. A small difference was found out between the output data of these sensors. The difference depends not only on ammonia concentration and humidity of material but also on the duration time from the beginning of measurement. All experiments of ammonia concentration were carried out with three initial values of humidity and ammonia concentrations within used material. The decrease of ammonia concentration (its velocity) in investigated material has been measured with laboratory device and registered for twelve or more hours during each experiment.

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Ammonia Emission Characteristics of a Mechanically Ventilated Swine Finishing Facility in Korea

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11101088 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1088

Author(s):

Gwanggon Jo ◽

Taehwan Ha ◽

Yu Jang ◽

Okhwa Hwang ◽

Siyoung Seo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Tunnel ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Ventilation Rate ◽

Ammonia Emission ◽

Emission Characteristics ◽

Ammonia Emissions ◽

Mechanically Ventilated ◽

Weak Negative Correlation ◽

The Mean ◽

Ventilation Rates

In this study, we aimed to determine the ammonia emission characteristics through analysis of ammonia concentration, ventilation rate, temperature, and relative humidity pattern in a mechanically ventilated swine finishing facility in Korea. Three pig rooms with similar environmental conditions were selected for repeated experimentation (Rooms A–C). Ammonia concentrations were measured using a photoacoustic gas monitor, and ventilation volume was estimated by applying the least error statistical model to supplement the missing data after measurement at several operation rates using a wind tunnel-based method. The mean ammonia concentrations were 4.19 ppm, and the ventilation rates were 24.9 m3 h−1 pig−1. Ammonia emissions were calculated within the range of 0.40–5.01, 0.25–4.16, and 0.37–5.68 g d−1 pig−1 for Room A, Room B, and Room C, respectively. Ammonia concentration and ventilation rate showed a weak negative correlation (r = −0.13). Ammonia emissions were more markedly affected by ammonia concentration (r = 0.88) than ventilation rate (r = 0.31). This indicates that ammonia concentration reduction can be effective in reducing ammonia emissions. The mean daily ammonia emissions, which increased exponentially over the finishing periods, were calculated as 1.78, 1.57, and 1.70 g d−1 pig−1 for Room A, Room B, and Room C, respectively (average 1.68 g d−1 pig−1).

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REDUCTION OF AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE MANURE USING BIOPREPARATIONS

Proccedings of International Scientific Conference "RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017" ◽

10.15544/rd.2017.021 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Rolandas BLEIZGYS ◽

Reda MAŽEIKIENĖ

Keyword(s):

Concentration Gradient ◽

Ammonia Volatilization ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Ammonia Emission ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Ammonia Emissions ◽

Liquid Manure ◽

High Ammonia ◽

Air Flow Velocity

Experimental studies performed at the laboratory enabled to find out the effect of the biopreparation on the process of ammonia volatilization from manure. Adding biopreparation to manure was found to slow down ammonia emission from manure. Depending on the manure composition, temperature of the environment, and duration of exposure to the biopreparation, the emission was found to decrease by up to 22 %. The maximum effect was observed on the day 6–14, whereas 30 days after biopreparation’s use its effect was significantly decreased. The effect of biopreparation on ammonia volatilization was observed to be higher under more intensive ammonia emissions, i.e. when the manure was fresh, with no crust formed on its surface, under high air flow velocity above the manure and high ammonia concentration gradient in the surface of the manure. Use of the biopreparation is highly recommended for reduction of ammonia emissions in litter-free barns where liquid manure accumulates. Its use is consistent with the modernization tendencies to implement litter-free liquid manure technologies.

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Comparison of techniques for ammonia emission mitigation during storage of livestock manure and assessment of their effect in the management chain

Journal of Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.4081/jae.2019.881 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 12-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alberto Finzi ◽

Elisabetta Riva ◽

Alda Bicoku ◽

Viviana Guido ◽

Seit Shallari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference System ◽

Land Application ◽

Field Application ◽

Ammonia Emission ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Ammonia Emissions ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

Different Types ◽

Mitigation Techniques ◽

Band Spreading

The reduction of ammonia (NH3) emissions associated with manure management requires identification and implementation of effective techniques. The objective of this study was to measure potential ammonia emissions from animal manure and evaluate emission reductions for five mitigation techniques (straw, sawdust, clay, oil and sulphuric acid). Although numerous studies have evaluated individual mitigation techniques, the variability of their effect with different types of slurries has not been fully investigated. Furthermore, the assessment of ammonia emissions from the subsequent land application of stored manure (or slurry) using different techniques would indicate the practical consequences of the entire slurry management chain. The effects of mitigation techniques were evaluated using a model to simulate field application of slurry. Three techniques were compared: broadcast spreading, band spreading and closed-slot injection. Simulations utilised data from experiments conducted at a controlled temperature on six slurries of three different types: pig, cattle and digestate. Ammonia emissions from the raw slurries (i.e., untreated slurry) were determined using the dynamic chamber technique and compared with those from the slurries treated using each of five mitigation techniques. A subsample of one 1 L of each slurry was transferred into 2 L plastic bottles. An airflow of 1 L min–1 across the headspace was established and then emissions were measured over a period of 24 h. The air outlet was connected to two serial acids traps filled with 1% boric acid. The quantity of NH3 trapped was determined by titration. Acidification and oil addition were the most effective techniques, reducing ammonia emission from raw slurries by more than 95% and 80%, respectively. The mitigation effects of straw and sawdust were higher for cattle slurry and digestate than for pig slurry, while clay had an opposite effect. The overall assessment of ammonia emissions from storage and subsequent field application showed that acidification followed by closed-slot injection emitted at most 12% of the emissions from the reference system, while emissions from acidification followed by band spreading were between 14% and 22% of those from the reference system. The latter appears to be both more effective than broadcast spreading and technically more easily operated than a closed-slot injector.

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The Difference in Sensing Properties Towards Anions between Two Pyridinium Amide-Based Receptors with a Subtle Change of H-Bond Position

Letters in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570180816666190801100603 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 472-478

Author(s):

Wei-tao Gong ◽

Wei-dong Qu ◽

Guiling Ning

Keyword(s):

Fluorescence Enhancement ◽

Small Difference ◽

Fluorescence Emission ◽

Subtle Change ◽

Sensing Properties ◽

Naked Eye ◽

Recognition Ability ◽

The Difference ◽

L1 And L2

Two pyridinium amide-based receptors L1 and L2 with a small difference of H-bond position of the amide have been synthesized and characterized. Interestingly, they exhibited a huge difference in sensing towards AcO- and H2PO4 -, respectively. Receptor L1 was found to be ‘naked-eye’ selective for AcO- anions, while receptor L2 showed clear fluorescence enhancement selective to H2PO4 - anion. The recognition ability has been established by fluorescence emission, UV-vis spectra, and 1HNMR titration.

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Emission of harmful gases from animal production in Poland

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ◽

10.1007/s10661-021-09118-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 193 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Kamila Mazur ◽

Kamil Roman ◽

Witold Jan Wardal ◽

Kinga Borek ◽

Jan Barwicki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Herd Size ◽

Animal Production ◽

Ammonia Emission ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Housing Systems ◽

Air Exchange Rate ◽

Microclimate Conditions ◽

Air Exchange

AbstractThe aim of the study was to present the scale of greenhouse gas emissions from animal production, and to provide test results from different housing systems. In three free stall buildings, two with slurry in deep channels and one with cattle in cubicles staying on shallow litter concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide were measured in summer season by using dedicated equipment from Industrial Scientific Research. Air exchange was calculated on the base of balance carbon dioxide method. This method was used in order to estimate the air flow rate. Concentrations of ammonia and CO2 were measured as the base for air exchange and ammonia emission rates. Ammonia emissions were product of ammonia concentration and air exchange rate. Temperature and relative humidity were measured to establish microclimate conditions in buildings tested to show the overall microclimatic situation in buildings. Differences between ammonia emission rates were observed in both housing systems. The highest ammonia emission rate was equal to 2.75 g·h−1·LU−1 in well-ventilated cattle barn with the largest herd size.

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Carbon Isotope Fractionation during the Formation of CO2 Hydrate and Equilibrium Pressures of 12CO2 and 13CO2 Hydrates

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26144215 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 4215

Author(s):

Hiromi Kimura ◽

Go Fuseya ◽

Satoshi Takeya ◽

Akihiro Hachikubo

Keyword(s):

Carbon Isotope ◽

Isotope Fractionation ◽

Small Difference ◽

Hydrate Formation ◽

Formation Temperature ◽

Carbon Isotope Fractionation ◽

Unit Cell Size ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Three Phase ◽

The Difference

Knowledge of carbon isotope fractionation is needed in order to discuss the formation and dissociation of naturally occurring CO2 hydrates. We investigated carbon isotope fractionation during CO2 hydrate formation and measured the three-phase equilibria of 12CO2–H2O and 13CO2–H2O systems. From a crystal structure viewpoint, the difference in the Raman spectra of hydrate-bound 12CO2 and 13CO2 was revealed, although their unit cell size was similar. The δ13C of hydrate-bound CO2 was lower than that of the residual CO2 (1.0–1.5‰) in a formation temperature ranging between 226 K and 278 K. The results show that the small difference between equilibrium pressures of ~0.01 MPa in 12CO2 and 13CO2 hydrates causes carbon isotope fractionation of ~1‰. However, the difference between equilibrium pressures in the 12CO2–H2O and 13CO2–H2O systems was smaller than the standard uncertainties of measurement; more accurate pressure measurement is required for quantitative discussion.

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Investigation of Color Reproduction on Linen Fabrics when Printing with Mimaki TX400-1800D Inkjet with Pigment TP250 Dyes

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11030354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 354

Author(s):

Tim Tofan ◽

Rimantas Stonkus ◽

Raimondas Jasevičius

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Color Reproduction ◽

Related Effect ◽

Color Characteristics ◽

Fabric Density ◽

Different Types ◽

The Difference ◽

Printing Parameters ◽

Linen Fabric

The aim of this research is to investigate related effect of dyeability to linen textiles related to different printing parameters. The study investigated the change in color characteristics when printing on linen fabrics with an inkjet MIMAKI Tx400-1800D printer with pigmented TP 250 inks. The dependence of color reproduction on linen fabrics on the number of print head passes, number of ink layers to be coated, linen fabric density, and different types of linen fabric was investigated. All this affects the quality of print and its mechanical properties. The change in color characteristics on different types of linen fabrics was determined experimentally. We determine at which print settings the most accurate color reproduction can be achieved on different linen fabrics. The difference between the highest and the lowest possible number of head passages was investigated. The possibilities of reproducing different linen fabric colors were determined.

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Major Elements to Consider in Developing Ammonia Emission Factor at Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incinerators

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2197

Author(s):

Seongmin Kang ◽

Joonyoung Roh ◽

Eui-chan Jeon

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Major Elements ◽

Ammonia Emission ◽

Nh3 Emission ◽

The Difference ◽

The One

NH3 is one of the major substances contributing to the secondary generation of PM2.5; therefore, management is required. In Korea, the management of NH3 is insufficient, and the emission factor used by EPA is the same as the one used when calculating emissions. In particular, waste incineration facilities do not currently calculate NH3 emissions. In the case of combustion facilities, the main ammonia emission source is the De-NOx facility, and, in the case of a power plant with a De-NOx facility, NH3 emission is calculated. Therefore, in the case of a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incinerator with the same facility installed, it is necessary to calculate NH3 emissions. In this study, the necessity of developing NH3 emission factors for an MSW incinerator and calculating emission was analyzed. In addition, elements to be considered when developing emission factors were analyzed. The study found that the NH3 emission factors for each MSW incinerator technology were calculated as Stoker 0.010 NH3 kg/ton and Fluidized Beds 0.004 NH3 kg/ton, which was greater than the NH3 emission factor 0.003 NH3 kg/ton for the MSW incinerator presented in EMEP/EEA (2016). As a result, it was able to identify the need for the development of NH3 emission factors in MSW incinerators in Korea. In addition, the statistical analysis of the difference between the incineration technology of MSW and the NH3 emission factor by the De-NOx facility showed a difference in terms of both incineration technology and De-NOx facilities, indicating that they should be considered together when developing the emission factor. In addition to MSW, it is believed that it will be necessary to review the development of emission factors for waste at workplaces and incineration facilities of sewage sludge.

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Evaluation of Wear Behaviour in Metallic Binders Employed in Diamond Tools for Cutting Stone

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14143988 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 3988

Author(s):

Fátima Ternero ◽

Pedro M. Amaral ◽

Jorge Cruz Fernandes ◽

Luís Guerra Rosa

Keyword(s):

Wear Behavior ◽

Wear Behaviour ◽

Empirical Expression ◽

Testing Conditions ◽

Diamond Tools ◽

Test Methodology ◽

Different Types ◽

Stone Material ◽

The Difference ◽

Wear Tests

A type of disc-on-plate test methodology was used to determine the wear behavior of metallic binders employed in the manufacturing of diamond impregnated tools. The disc consists of a special circular wheel that allows the binder materials alone (i.e., without diamond, but sintered under conditions identical to those of the complete tool) to be tested against a plate of stone material under pre-determined testing conditions. The testing conditions are intended to be equivalent to those used in the industrial processes. Using plates of five types of granite and one type of marble, this work comprises wear tests of 15 different types of metallic binders and two sintering modes conducted under, at least, three different values of contact-force. The analysis of the results demonstrated that the wear of the binders can be related to their mechanical properties through an empirical expression. The larger the difference between the characteristics of the tribological pair (binder versus stone), the higher is the correlation between the experimental wear data and the values given by the empirical expression. The relationships presented in this work allow predicting the wear behavior of the binder, and therefore may help in the design process of diamond tools. There was a clear difference between the wear behavior of metallic binders when they were employed against the two main classes of stone under analysis (marble and granite).

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