scholarly journals Globalisation and poverty

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Ľ. Bartová
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
World Bank Report ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Transitional process in Central and Eastern European countries has been affected by globalisation. Evaluation of poverty and inequality become an integral part of economic thinking a few years ago. The importance of this topic is documented in the 2000 World Bank Report. In comparison with living standards of developing countries (especially Africa, South Asia, partially Latin America), Slovakia does not belong to the group of countries with the highest absolute poverty and according to the World Bank Report, the Slovak Republic is one of the countries with the lowest level of inequality. The paper presents an assessment of poverty and inequality in the Slovak Republic and a comparative analysis of indicators of selected countries. From 1992 the poverty in the Slovak Republic was evident, lasting and befalling more and more inhabitants. Household living costs were affected by price liberalisation. Inequality increased too. In 1996, inequality was correlated with the size of settlements and reached the highest level in settlements with over 50 thousand inhabitants. The share of population under poverty line has been increasing as well. Poverty assessment depends on the poverty line, which changes over time and across the regions. Distribution of household income in the Slovak Republic by the size of settlements (Microcenzus 1996) is shallow and densely concentrated around the poverty line. Therefore high sensitivity of poverty incidence, its depth and severity is observed. Contrary to the situation in developing countries, where the highest share of poor is observed in rural areas, the share of the Slovak Republic population under the poverty line was the highest in the settlements with 5 thousand to 10 thousand inhabitants in 1996.

scholarly journals The Role of Small Scale Enterprises in Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Sokoto State

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Sirajo Abubakar Ibrahim ◽  
Zayyanu Ladan
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. The World Bank estimated 1.29 billion people were living in absolute poverty in 2008. This is more obvious with the regard to Nigeria where it was estimated about 70 % (2010) of the population are living below poverty line. Similarly, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) recently released the figure in 2013., which indicate Sokoto state as having highest incidence of poverty, with 81.2 % poverty rate. The pressure of poverty and the absence of any other income earning activity during the dry season force the people in these area of the North Western part of Sokoto on Migration after every raining season across the country, in order to sustain their livelihood. This paper is of the opinion that rural dwellers can be self reliant within their locality by utilizing the available resources as well as establishing some new business ideas for small scale business as a strategy in poverty reduction and controlling high migration rate. Similarly the paper recommend among others, the effective enlightenment awareness and motivation on the role of boosting the economic development of the rural areas.

Poverty in Kazakhstan

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
T. Aliev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
The World ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries

To properly assess the extent of poverty in Kazakhstan it is important to understand the methodology of its definition and measurement. There are three basic concepts of measuring poverty. Absolute poverty is based on the establishment of a living wage or poverty line. The position of the World Bank is dominant in the world in the assessment of absolute poverty. The WB experts use multiple criteria income. An internationally accepted poverty line was established in 2005 at US$ 1.25 (PPP) per person per day. They also used less “hard” indicator of US$ 2 per day (in constant 2005 prices) which is the median poverty line for all developing countries. For the transitional economies WB applies poverty line based on the differential absolute poverty equal to US$ 4.3 (before 1999 – US$ 4), for developed economies – US$ 11. According to a relative concept, the category of poor includes individuals and households with income clearly insufficient to live on prevailing community standards of consumption. This approach is used primarily for the developed countries. For example, in the EU the relative poverty is defined at the level of 60% of the median per capita income. Subjective approach (developed by Leiden University, Netherlands) takes into account people’s own estimates of their welfare status. In terms of Kazakhstan, the author states that any one-dimensional approach will fail to estimate the real extent of poverty and deprivation of the population. International and national statistics fail to provide an accurate picture of the number of poor in the country and the dynamics of poverty. According to national and WB statistics, in recent decades Kazakhstan showed substantial progress in reducing poverty. However, this was achieved largely due to maintaining rather low official levels of subsistence and cost of minimum food basket. Establishment of these indicators is mainly determined by political considerations, thus it lacks objectivity. For a country aiming to improve competitiveness of its economy and to achieve the level and quality of life comparable to developed countries the focus on a poverty criteria that is close to the standards of the poorest developing countries is not acceptable. Actually, the poverty situation in Kazakhstan continues to be a serious challenge. This is evidenced by the materials of international statistics based on criteria of poverty for countries in transition; by a quite high proportion of household spending on food and the relatively low (as compared to many Eastern European countries) national poverty line. It is concluded that a large-scale poverty still persists in Kazakhstan despite high rates of economic growth.

scholarly journals Poverty in the Process of Globalization: Its Perspective in Turkey and in the World

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gülşen Sarı Gerşil ◽  
Hülya Yeşilyurt
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
World Population ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Dangerous Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Distribution Of Income

A country's wealth and poverty are opposite to each other, but they are two inseparable important elements. The more the subject how to increase the welfare of the country is important, the more the distribution of this welfare among country members, especially. Although the observed increase in global prosperity with 21st century in especial that adopted neo-liberal policies in all over the world has caused to further deepening of the phenomenon of poverty. This case has given rise that concept of the "Poverty" has been discussed intensively workers in manufacturing is important. So, issues of fair distribution of income and prevention of poverty should be handled as interdisciplinary, mainly including social policy. That socio-economic and political structure of societies are different has been complicated to have a common definition on the concept of poverty. The World Bank, based on the absolute poverty approach, has made a research to determine the poverty line in the world (by getting base the ones who reap a profit below $ 1) and has determined that the poor class has remained in “minority” compared to world population. As it appears; more than half of the world population is below of the poverty line in reality. While seen daily increases in the welfare of the world countries, given the impression that poverty decreases does not reflect the reality. In this study, why poverty cannot be prevented besides causes of increase will be examined; this dangerous situation rapidly increasing in Turkey and in the world will be analyzed.

scholarly journals MoFlus: An Open-Source Android Software for Fluorescence-Based Point of Care

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Panji Wisnu Wirawan ◽  
Adi Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Dynamic Selection ◽  
Monitoring Tools ◽  
Color Data

High-sensitivity fluorescence-based tests are utilized to monitor various activities in life science research. These tests are specifically used as health monitoring tools to detect diseases. Fluorescence-based test facilities in rural areas and developing countries, however, remain limited. Point-of-care (POC) tests based on fluorescence detection have become a solution to the limitations of fluorescence-based tools in developing countries. POC software for smartphone cameras was generally developed for specific devices and tools, and it ability to select the desired region of interest (ROI) is limited. In this work, we developed Mobile Fluorescence Spectroscopy (MoFlus), an open-source Android software for camera-based POC. We mainly aimed to develop camera-based POC software that can be used for the dynamic selection of ROI; the number of samples; and the types of detection, color, data, and for communication with servers. MoFlus facilitated the use of touch screens and data given that it was developed on the basis of the SurfaceView library in Android and Javascript object notation applications. Moreover, the function and endurance of the app when used multiple times and with different numbers of images were tested.

scholarly journals Poverty and Inequality during the Adjustment Decade: Empirical Findings from Household Surveys

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haroon Jamal
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Welfare And Poverty ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dynamic Decomposition

This paper investigates the dynamics of poverty and inequality in Pakistan over the period 1988-1999. The year 1988 was the year of the first formal Structural Adjustment Lending (SAL) from the World Bank and the IMF. Thus, this analysis facilitates the debate regarding the impact of SAL on household welfare and poverty. This is done by analysing changes in poverty and inequality from two comparable household income and expenditure surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. Our findings show an increase both in the Gini coefficient from 0.34 to 0.38 and poverty incidence from 24 to 30. The dynamic decomposition of the poverty index indicates the relative importance of growth and redistribution effects in explaining the changes in poverty. The analysis reveals that increase in poverty can mainly be attributed to low economic growth during the decade especially in the rural areas.

Experience of Female Entrepreneurs With Disabilities in Zimbabwe

2018 ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Tafadzwa Rugoho ◽  
Agnes Chindimba
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women With Disabilities ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Employment Of Women

The global population of people with disabilities is estimated to be around one billion which represents 15% of the population. It is further estimated that the majority of people with disabilities are found in developing countries to which the majority are women. Adding on to the challenge, 82% percent of disabled people live below the poverty line and can barely employ sustainable means of earning a living and neither can they widen livelihood options due to their circumstances. Thus, they are languishing in absolute poverty. Developing countries are lagging behind in promoting the economic rights of women with disabilities. This is mainly shown by their absence in formal employment because many developing countries do not have policies which facilitate the employment of women with disabilities. Women with disabilities in Zimbabwe are concentrated in light industry entrepreneurship. The majority are found in vending, buying, and selling of cloth and electrical items, others are involved in cross-border trading.

Forest Income and Rural Livelihoods in West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 232102222110243
Author(s):  
Biswajit Ray ◽  
Promita Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Forest Income ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

To what extent forests contribute to rural livelihoods in developing countries? To find a plausible answer for this, this article explores whether inclusion of forest income to rural households’ total income accounts reduces poverty and income inequality, and also enables rural households to cope with shocks. To this end, we conducted household surveys in eight forest-dependent villages in the Indian state of West Bengal between August 2016 and August 2017. Using data from 407 sample households, we measured forest income of a household as the aggregate monetary value of resources extracted solely from forest ecosystem and compared this with other economic activities of the households. We calculated poverty indices and Gini coefficient with and without forest income, and we employed regression and Gini decomposition techniques to assess the safety net role and relative contribution of forest income to reducing rural poverty and inequality when compared to other sources of income. We found that the addition of forest income to household accounts significantly reduces measured poverty and inequality. Besides, the sample households, especially the poor, extract more from forests to cope with severe covariate shocks due to greater income certainty and thus adopt forest-dominated coping strategy in time of shocks and crises. The implication is that forest income needs to sustainably flow to the poor along with the development of better safety nets in forested rural areas in order to improve the forest-based rural livelihoods in developing countries like India. JEL Codes: Q23, Q56, Q57

scholarly journals Structural Adjustment, Labour and the Poor in Pakistan

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan ◽  
Safiya Aftab
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Unskilled Labour ◽  
High Incidence

In this paper we cite evidence regarding the likely impact of IMF/World Bank policies on labour and the poor in Pakistan. Our findings show that since the 1987 bout of structural adjustment, public sector employment has decreased while wages have been frozen. Also, overall unemployment in occupations with a high incidence of the poor has dramatically increased and real wages of skilled and unskilled labour sharply declined. In addition, subsidies that were critical to the consumption pattern of the poor have been cut while the burden of indirect taxes on the poorest income group has increased. Not surprisingly, there has been an increase in poverty and inequality, particularly in the rural areas.

Anti-Poverty Effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
General Population ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Chapter 5 investigates Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness. The chapter shows that, based on various poverty lines and across urban and rural areas, Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness is limited and at best modest, largely due to its targeting errors and gaps in benefit delivery. Dibao is more effective in reducing the depth and severity of poverty than it is the rate of poverty, and its anti-poverty effectiveness is greater among recipients than in the general population. Dibao’s influence on reducing poverty is larger when a lower poverty line is used and smaller when a higher poverty line is used. Because relative poverty lines are often set relative to the median income in society and tend to be much higher than the more widely used absolute poverty lines, Dibao’s effects on reducing relative poverty are particularly limited. Dibao has had minimal effect on narrowing the income inequality gap in society.

Participatory production of a new animal science text book `Livestock and wealth creation: improving the husbandry of animals kept by resource-poor people in developing countries’

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 27-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Owen ◽  
A.J. Kitalyi ◽  
M.C.N. Jayasuriya ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
J.I. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Text Book ◽  
Resource Poor

This text book was conceived in January 2002, in Tanzania, during a DFID Livestock Production Programme (LPP) workshop. Perceived justifications for such a book were: (1) to improve the preparation of animal science students to address livestock issues faced by resource-poor subsistence farmers in developing countries; the majority of livestock text-books are either a) authored in the ‘north’ and based on temperate, large-scale, commercial systems or b) based on a single species and technology ‘fix’ approach, with insufficient focus on the systems under which livestock are kept by the resource-poor, or on improving livestock survival and productivity and understanding the contribution they make to livelihoods; (2) to address the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people living in absolute poverty by 2015 through `training teachers’ using appropriate information. Three quarters of poor people live in rural areas and keep livestock; (3) to respond to the large demand for meat and milk over the next 20 years foreseen by the burgeoning ‘Livestock Revolution’ and the consequent opportunities for resource-poor livestock keepers to move from subsistence to a market-oriented economy. The LPP agreed to commission the book provided that consultation with stakeholders confirmed a demand for it and that a broad electorate of stakeholders participated in the book’s design and production. Two editors (E. Owen and T Smith) were appointed to undertake the consultations and subsequent production of the book in collaboration with the Manager of LPP (J.I. Richards).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document