scholarly journals Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle tissue formation and development

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 489-499
Author(s):  
M. Nesvadbova ◽  
G. Borilova
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Fibre Growth ◽  
Myogenic Factors

This article provides a complex overview of the different stages of myogenesis with an emphasis on the molecular, genetic and cellular bases for skeletal muscle growth. Animals with higher number of medium-sized muscle fibres produce meat of higher quality and in higher quantity. The number of muscle fibres that are created in the body is largely decided during the process of myogenesis. This review describes the main stages of embryonic skeletal myogenesis and the myogenic factors that control myogenesis in epaxial and hypaxial somites, limbs, the head and neck as well as postnatal muscle fibre growth and regeneration. An understanding of the molecular and genetic factors influencing the prenatal and postnatal growth of skeletal muscle is essential for the development of the new strategies and practical approaches to meat production.

scholarly journals The influence of undernutrition during gestation on skeletal muscle cellularity and on the expression of genes that control muscle growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Bayol ◽  
Doiran Jones ◽  
Geoffrey Goldspink ◽  
Neil C. Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Control Muscle ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Ad Libitum

We examined the effects of two levels of gestational undernutrition (50% and 40% of ad libitum) on postnatal growth rate, skeletal muscle cellularity and the expression of genes that control muscle growth, in the offspring at weaning. The results showed that the rat pups born to mothers fed the 50% diet during gestation and a control diet during lactation had an increased postnatal growth rate compared with the pups fed the more restricted diet (40% of ad libitum). Surprisingly, the growth rate of the control group (ad libitum) was intermediate between the 50% and 40% groups. The restricted diets did not alter the number of muscle fibres in the semitendinosus muscle of the offspring but the number of muscle nuclei was reduced by 16% in the 40% group compared with the control group. In the 50% group, the lightest pups at birth (L) had elevated muscle insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein (BP)-5 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA compared with the L pups from both the control and 40% groups. The heaviest pups at birth (H) in the 50% group had increased levels of IGFBP-4, PCNA and M-cadherin mRNA compared with both the control and 40% groups. Levels of IGF-1 receptor, myostatin and MyoD mRNA did not correlate with postnatal growth. Both H and L pups from the 40% group had reduced muscle IGF-1 mRNA but all other transcripts examined were similar to control levels. The results suggest that the increased postnatal growth rate, which accompanied milder fetal undernutrition (50%), may be due to a more active local muscle IGF system and increased muscle-cell proliferation.

scholarly journals Changes in Myonuclear Number During Postnatal Growth –Implications for AAV Gene Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jennifer Morgan ◽  
Francesco Muntoni
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Adult Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Dividing Cells

Adult skeletal muscle is a relatively stable tissue, as the multinucleated muscle fibres contain post-mitotic myonuclei. During early postnatal life, muscle growth occurs by the addition of skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) or their progeny to growing muscle fibres. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which we shall use as an example of muscular dystrophies, the muscle fibres lack dystrophin and undergo necrosis. Satellite-cell mediated regeneration occurs, to repair and replace the necrotic muscle fibres, but as the regenerated muscle fibres still lack dystrophin, they undergo further cycles of degeneration and regeneration. AAV gene therapy is a promising approach for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. But for a single dose of, for example, AAV coding for dystrophin, to be effective, the treated myonuclei must persist, produce sufficient dystrophin and a sufficient number of nuclei must be targeted. This latter point is crucial as AAV vector remains episomal and does not replicate in dividing cells. Here, we describe and compare the growth of skeletal muscle in rodents and in humans and discuss the evidence that myofibre necrosis and regeneration leads to the loss of viral genomes within skeletal muscle. In addition, muscle growth is expected to lead to the dilution of the transduced nuclei especially in case of very early intervention, but it is not clear if growth could result in insufficient dystrophin to prevent muscle fibre breakdown. This should be the focus of future studies.

scholarly journals Key Genes Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development and Growth in Farm Animals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi ◽  
Farhad Bordbar ◽  
Just Jensen ◽  
Min Du ◽  
Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factor

Farm-animal species play crucial roles in satisfying demands for meat on a global scale, and they are genetically being developed to enhance the efficiency of meat production. In particular, one of the important breeders’ aims is to increase skeletal muscle growth in farm animals. The enhancement of muscle development and growth is crucial to meet consumers’ demands regarding meat quality. Fetal skeletal muscle development involves myogenesis (with myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion), fibrogenesis, and adipogenesis. Typically, myogenesis is regulated by a convoluted network of intrinsic and extrinsic factors monitored by myogenic regulatory factor genes in two or three phases, as well as genes that code for kinases. Marker-assisted selection relies on candidate genes related positively or negatively to muscle development and can be a strong supplement to classical selection strategies in farm animals. This comprehensive review covers important (candidate) genes that regulate muscle development and growth in farm animals (cattle, sheep, chicken, and pig). The identification of these genes is an important step toward the goal of increasing meat yields and improves meat quality.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle development in vertebrate animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Md Shahjahan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Axial Musculature ◽  
Postnatal Stage

This review covers the pre- and post-natal development of skeletal muscle of vertebrate animals with cellular and molecular levels. The formation of skeletal muscle initiates from paraxial mesoderm during embryogenesis of individuals which develops somites and subsequently forms dermomyotome derived myotome to give rise axial musculature. This process (myogenesis) includes stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification, and terminal differentiation to form myofibrils consequent muscle fibers which control muscle mass and its multiplication. The main factors of muscle growth are proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells in prenatal stage and also the growth of satellite cells at postnatal stage. There is no net increase in the number of muscle fibers in vertebrate animals after hatch or birth except fish. The development of muscle is characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy in prenatal and postnatal stages of individuals, respectively, through Wnt signalling pathway including environment, nutrition, sex, feed, growth and myogenic regulatory factors. Therefore further studies could elucidate new growth related genes, markers and factors to enhance meat production and enrich knowledge on muscle growth.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 139-148

The pathogenicity and development within the host fish of Myxobolus cyprini Doflein, 1898

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kálmán Molnar ◽  
Éva Kovács-Gayer
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Infected Muscle ◽  
Specific Muscle ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Parts

Myxobolus cyprini has, until now, been considered an ‘organo-cosmopolitan’ parasite of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and less frequently of other carps, producing spores in various organs in small plasmodia and possible in cysts. The present observations of naturally infected common carp fry and two-summer carp have revealed that M. cyprini is a specific muscle parasite, developing intracellularly in the muscle fibres of the skeletal muscle. The sarcoplasm of the infected muscle fibres is filled with developmental stages, followed by spores of M. cyprini, which are held together in a 1–1·5 mm long pseudocyst by the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre. After maturation of the spores and disintegration of the pseudocysts the spores are transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body where they are retained in the capillaries.

scholarly journals Muskelwachstum und IGF-I bei Schweinen unterschiedlichen Geschlechts*

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-628
Author(s):  
S. Biereder ◽  
M. Wicke ◽  
G. von Lengerken ◽  
F. Schneider ◽  
W. Kanitz
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Igf I

Abstract. Title ofthe paper: Growth of skeletal muscle and IGF-I in pigs of different sex IGF-I is a pluripotent factor that is involved in regulation of growth, differentiation and a large number of functions in numerous tissues and their cells. IGF-I is synthesized by hepatocytes (endocrine role) and several extrahepatic tissues (e.g. skeletal muscle; autoerine and paracrine role). In our study, we describe the postnatal growth of the skeletal muscles in pigs of various sex taking into account the possible influence of endogenous IGF-I. The investigation was made on 42 crossbred pigs. Seven blood samples and 4 biopsy samples of two muscles (M. longissimus dorsi and M. triceps brachii) were taken for the determination of IGF-I blood plasma concentration and muscle fibre diameter, respectively as well as for further muscle structural and biochemical traits. IGF-I plasma concentrations show an increase during fattening with significantly highest levels for boars. Phenotypic differences between sows and boars in thickness of Shoulder muscle are proven after the day 181 with ultrasonography because significant differences were detected in mean muscle area of caput longum musculi triceps brachii between sows and boars and barrows (180th day of life). There are no significant differences in mean muscle fibre diameter of both muscles between sexes. A group of animals with high mean diameter in muscle fibres (day 200) of M. triceps brachii has significantly higher IGF-I concentrations in blood plasma than a group of animals with low muscle fibre diameter in the same muscle.

scholarly journals Impairments in contractility and cytoskeletal organisation cause nuclear defects in nemaline myopathy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A Ross ◽  
Yotam Levy ◽  
Michela Ripolone ◽  
Justin S Kolb ◽  
Mark Turmaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Nemaline Myopathy ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Filament Structure ◽  
Transcriptional Alterations ◽  
Fibre Growth ◽  
Chromatin Arrangement

AbstractNemaline myopathy (NM) is a genetically heterogeneous skeletal muscle disorder caused by mutations predominately affecting contractile filaments, in particular thin filament structure and/or regulation. The underlying cellular pathophysiology of this disease remains largely unclear. Here, we report novel pathological defects in skeletal muscle fibres of mice and patients with NM, including disrupted nuclear envelope, altered chromatin arrangement, and disorganisation of the cortical cytoskeleton. We demonstrate that such nuclear defects are caused by impairment of muscle fibre contractility, and that cytoskeletal organisation determines nuclear morphology. Our results overlap with findings in diseases caused by mutations in nuclear envelope or cytoskeletal proteins. Given the important role of nuclear shape and envelope in regulating gene expression, and the cytoskeleton in maintaining muscle fibre integrity, our findings are likely to underlie some of the hallmarks of NM, which include broad transcriptional alterations, arrested muscle fibre growth, contractile filament disarray and altered mechanical properties.

In vivo satellite cell activation via Myf5 and MyoD in regenerating mouse skeletal muscle

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (17) ◽  
pp. 2895-2901 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.N. Cooper ◽  
S. Tajbakhsh ◽  
V. Mouly ◽  
G. Cossu ◽  
M. Buckingham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Adult Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Satellite Cell Activation ◽  
Slow Muscle Fibres ◽  
Myogenic Factors ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

Regeneration of adult skeletal muscle is an asynchronous process requiring the activation, proliferation and fusion of satellite cells, to form new muscle fibres. This study was designed to determine the pattern of expression in vivo of the two myogenic regulatory factors, Myf5 and MyoD during this process. Cardiotoxin was used to induce regeneration in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of heterozygous Myf5-nlacZ mice, and the muscles were assayed for the presence of (beta)-galactosidase (Myf5) and MyoD. Adult satellite cells identified by M-cadherin labelling, when activated, initially express either MyoD or Myf5 or both myogenic factors. Subsequently all proliferating myoblasts express MyoD and part of the population is (beta)-galactosidase (Myf5) positive. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activated satellite cells, which express either Myf5 or MyoD, do not accumulate selectively on fast or slow muscle fibres.

scholarly journals Exercise as a Mean to Control Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Mathur ◽  
Bente Klarlund Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cancer Breast ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibres ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs), which include cardiovascular disease, some cancers, for example, colon cancer, breast cancer, and type 2 diabetes, are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. It has now become clear that low-grade chronic inflammation is a key player in the pathogenesis of most CNCDs. Given that regular exercise offers protection against all causes of mortality, primarily by protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, we suggest that exercise may exert some of its beneficial health effects by inducing anti-inflammatory actions. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine, which is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibres, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. We suggest that skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ and that myokines may be involved in mediating the beneficial effects against CNCDs associated with low-grade inflammation.

scholarly journals Generation of cloned adult muscular pigs with myostatin gene mutation by genetic engineering

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (21) ◽  
pp. 12541-12549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Dan Kang ◽  
Seokjoong Kim ◽  
Hai-Ying Zhu ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Qing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Myostatin Gene

Skeletal muscle is the most economically valuable tissue in meat-producing animals and enhancing muscle growth in these species may enhance the efficiency of meat production.

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