The influence of undernutrition during gestation on skeletal muscle cellularity and on the expression of genes that control muscle growth

We examined the effects of two levels of gestational undernutrition (50% and 40% of ad libitum) on postnatal growth rate, skeletal muscle cellularity and the expression of genes that control muscle growth, in the offspring at weaning. The results showed that the rat pups born to mothers fed the 50% diet during gestation and a control diet during lactation had an increased postnatal growth rate compared with the pups fed the more restricted diet (40% of ad libitum). Surprisingly, the growth rate of the control group (ad libitum) was intermediate between the 50% and 40% groups. The restricted diets did not alter the number of muscle fibres in the semitendinosus muscle of the offspring but the number of muscle nuclei was reduced by 16% in the 40% group compared with the control group. In the 50% group, the lightest pups at birth (L) had elevated muscle insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein (BP)-5 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA compared with the L pups from both the control and 40% groups. The heaviest pups at birth (H) in the 50% group had increased levels of IGFBP-4, PCNA and M-cadherin mRNA compared with both the control and 40% groups. Levels of IGF-1 receptor, myostatin and MyoD mRNA did not correlate with postnatal growth. Both H and L pups from the 40% group had reduced muscle IGF-1 mRNA but all other transcripts examined were similar to control levels. The results suggest that the increased postnatal growth rate, which accompanied milder fetal undernutrition (50%), may be due to a more active local muscle IGF system and increased muscle-cell proliferation.

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Changes in Myonuclear Number During Postnatal Growth –Implications for AAV Gene Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy

Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases ◽

10.3233/jnd-210683 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jennifer Morgan ◽

Francesco Muntoni

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Gene Therapy ◽

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ◽

Muscular Dystrophy ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Postnatal Life ◽

Adult Skeletal Muscle ◽

Dividing Cells

Adult skeletal muscle is a relatively stable tissue, as the multinucleated muscle fibres contain post-mitotic myonuclei. During early postnatal life, muscle growth occurs by the addition of skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) or their progeny to growing muscle fibres. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which we shall use as an example of muscular dystrophies, the muscle fibres lack dystrophin and undergo necrosis. Satellite-cell mediated regeneration occurs, to repair and replace the necrotic muscle fibres, but as the regenerated muscle fibres still lack dystrophin, they undergo further cycles of degeneration and regeneration. AAV gene therapy is a promising approach for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. But for a single dose of, for example, AAV coding for dystrophin, to be effective, the treated myonuclei must persist, produce sufficient dystrophin and a sufficient number of nuclei must be targeted. This latter point is crucial as AAV vector remains episomal and does not replicate in dividing cells. Here, we describe and compare the growth of skeletal muscle in rodents and in humans and discuss the evidence that myofibre necrosis and regeneration leads to the loss of viral genomes within skeletal muscle. In addition, muscle growth is expected to lead to the dilution of the transduced nuclei especially in case of very early intervention, but it is not clear if growth could result in insufficient dystrophin to prevent muscle fibre breakdown. This should be the focus of future studies.

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In ovo exposure to monochromatic green light promotes skeletal muscle cell proliferation and affects myofiber growth in posthatch chicks

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00378.2005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 290 (4) ◽

pp. R1062-R1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Orna Halevy ◽

Yogev Piestun ◽

Israel Rozenboim ◽

Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Green Light ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Control Group ◽

Light Illumination ◽

Proliferating Cells ◽

In Ovo ◽

Adult Type ◽

Muscle Weight

Our previous studies demonstrated that illumination of chicken embryos with monochromatic green light results in enhanced body and muscle weight at later posthatch stages. In the present study, we investigated the cellular and molecular basis of this phenomenon. First, we showed that on day 6 posthatch, myofibers were more uniform in the in ovo illuminated group than in the control group incubated in the dark, with respect to the number of myofibers displaying diameter values within the range of the mean value. Second, we tested the hypothesis that in ovo illumination causes an increase in the number of myoblasts; this in turn can promote posthatch muscle growth. Indeed, a significant increase in the number of skeletal muscle cells isolated from pectoralis muscle was observed in the in ovo illuminated group on days 1 and 3 posthatch relative to the control group. This increased cell number was accompanied by higher expression levels of Pax7 and myogenin proteins on posthatch days 1 and 3, respectively. A parallel analysis of proliferating cells in the intact muscle further demonstrated a significant increase in the number of cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen in muscle from the in ovo illuminated group. Third, we demonstrated that the transition from fetal- to adult-type myoblasts, normally occurring in late stages of chicken embryogenesis, is initiated earlier in embryos subjected to in ovo green-light illumination. We suggest that the stimulatory effect of in ovo illumination on posthatch muscle growth is the result of enhanced proliferation and differentiation of adult myoblasts and myofiber synchronization.

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Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle tissue formation and development

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/7/2018-vetmed ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 489-499

Author(s):

M. Nesvadbova ◽

G. Borilova

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

The Body ◽

Meat Production ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Tissue Formation ◽

Fibre Growth ◽

Myogenic Factors

This article provides a complex overview of the different stages of myogenesis with an emphasis on the molecular, genetic and cellular bases for skeletal muscle growth. Animals with higher number of medium-sized muscle fibres produce meat of higher quality and in higher quantity. The number of muscle fibres that are created in the body is largely decided during the process of myogenesis. This review describes the main stages of embryonic skeletal myogenesis and the myogenic factors that control myogenesis in epaxial and hypaxial somites, limbs, the head and neck as well as postnatal muscle fibre growth and regeneration. An understanding of the molecular and genetic factors influencing the prenatal and postnatal growth of skeletal muscle is essential for the development of the new strategies and practical approaches to meat production.

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PSIX-29 JAK2-STAT3 Pathway Mediated Satellite Cell Apoptosis to Govern Skeletal Muscle Growth with Lysine

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 334-334

Author(s):

Zhi-wen Song ◽

Cheng-long Jin ◽

Mao Ye ◽

Chun-qi Gao ◽

Hui-chao Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Longissimus Dorsi ◽

Control Group ◽

Stat3 Pathway ◽

Skeletal Muscle Growth ◽

Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽

Dorsi Muscle ◽

Pathway Inhibition ◽

Induced Apoptosis

Abstract Apoptosis is programmed cell death that can be stimulated by external stress or nutrition restrictions. Lysine (Lys) is an essential amino acid for pig growth, and the relationship between Lys deficiency caused apoptosis and inhibition of skeletal muscle growth remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate whether apoptosis could be regulated by Lys supplementation and the potential mechanism. In current work, 30 male Duroc × Landrace × Large weaned piglets were divided randomly into 3 groups: control group (Lys 1.30%), Lys deficiency group (Lys 0.86%), and Lys rescue group (Lys 0.86%, 0-14d; 1.30%,15–28 d). The experiment lasted for 28 days, and on the morning of 29 d, piglets were slaughtered to collect samples. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomics analysis of the longissimus dorsi muscle showed that Janus family tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway was involved in Lys deficiency-induced apoptosis and inhibited skeletal muscle growth. Meanwhile, western blotting results of the longissimus dorsi muscle demonstrated that Lys deficiency caused apoptosis (P < 0.05) with the JAK2-STAT3 pathway inhibition (P < 0.05). Interestingly, apoptosis was suppressed (P < 0.05), and the JAK2-STAT3 pathway was reactivated (P < 0.05) after Lys re-supplementation in longissimus dorsi muscle. In addition, results of satellite cells (SCs) isolated from the longissimus dorsi muscle of 5-day-old Landrace piglets showed that Lys deficiency-induced apoptosis (P < 0.05) was mediated by the JAK2-STAT3 pathway inhibition (P < 0.05). Moreover, the JAK2-STAT3 pathway was reactivated (P < 0.05) by Lys re-supplementation and suppressed apoptosis in SCs (P < 0.05), and this effect was blocked (P < 0.05) after SCs treated with AG-490 (a specific inhibitor of JAK2). Collectively, Lys inhibited apoptosis in SCs to govern skeletal muscle growth via the JAK2-STAT3 pathway.

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Skeletal-muscle growth and protein turnover

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1500235 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 150 (2) ◽

pp. 235-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 222

Author(s):

D J Millward ◽

P J Garlick ◽

R J C Stewart ◽

D O Nnanyelugo ◽

J C Waterlow

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Growth Rate ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Muscle Size ◽

Synthesis Rate ◽

Protein Breakdown ◽

Breakdown Rate ◽

Breakdown Rates

Because of turnover, protein synthesis and breakdown can each be involved in the regulation of the growth of tissue protein. To investigate the regulation of skeletal-muscle-protein growth we measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in growing rats during development on a good diet, during development on a marginally low-protein diet and during rehabilitation on a good diet after a period of severe protein deficiency. Rates of protein synthesis were measured in vivo with a constant intravenous infusion of [14C]tyrosine. The growth rate of muscle protein was measured and the rate of breakdown calculated as breakdown rate=synthesis rate-growth rate. These measurements showed that during development on a good diet there was a fall with age in the rate of protein synthesis resulting from a fall in capacity (RNA concentration) and activity (synthesis rate per unit of RNA). There was a fall with age in the breakdown rate so that the rate was highest in the weaning rats, with a half-life of 3 days. There was a direct correlation between the fractional growth and breakdown rates. During rehabilitation on the good diet, rapid growth was also accompanied by high rates of protein breakdown. During growth on the inadequate diet protein synthesis rates were lesss than in controls, but growth occurred because of decreased rates of protein breakdown. This compression was not complete, however, since ultimate muscle size was only one-half that of controls. It is suggested that increased rates of protein breakdown are a necessary accompaniment to muscle growth and may result from the way in which myofibrils proliferate.

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Muskelwachstum und IGF-I bei Schweinen unterschiedlichen Geschlechts*

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-42-619-1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 619-628

Author(s):

S. Biereder ◽

M. Wicke ◽

G. von Lengerken ◽

F. Schneider ◽

W. Kanitz

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Blood Plasma ◽

Muscle Fibre ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Fibre Diameter ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Igf I

Abstract. Title ofthe paper: Growth of skeletal muscle and IGF-I in pigs of different sex IGF-I is a pluripotent factor that is involved in regulation of growth, differentiation and a large number of functions in numerous tissues and their cells. IGF-I is synthesized by hepatocytes (endocrine role) and several extrahepatic tissues (e.g. skeletal muscle; autoerine and paracrine role). In our study, we describe the postnatal growth of the skeletal muscles in pigs of various sex taking into account the possible influence of endogenous IGF-I. The investigation was made on 42 crossbred pigs. Seven blood samples and 4 biopsy samples of two muscles (M. longissimus dorsi and M. triceps brachii) were taken for the determination of IGF-I blood plasma concentration and muscle fibre diameter, respectively as well as for further muscle structural and biochemical traits. IGF-I plasma concentrations show an increase during fattening with significantly highest levels for boars. Phenotypic differences between sows and boars in thickness of Shoulder muscle are proven after the day 181 with ultrasonography because significant differences were detected in mean muscle area of caput longum musculi triceps brachii between sows and boars and barrows (180th day of life). There are no significant differences in mean muscle fibre diameter of both muscles between sexes. A group of animals with high mean diameter in muscle fibres (day 200) of M. triceps brachii has significantly higher IGF-I concentrations in blood plasma than a group of animals with low muscle fibre diameter in the same muscle.

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Aberrant insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation predicts glucose intolerance in the offspring of a diabetic mother

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00516.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 284 (5) ◽

pp. E901-E914 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

M. Thamotharan ◽

Robert A. McKnight ◽

Shanthie Thamotharan ◽

Doris J. Kao ◽

Sherin U. Devaskar

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Food Intake ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

White Adipose Tissue ◽

Maternal Diabetes ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Diabetic Mother ◽

Nutrient Restriction ◽

Ad Libitum

We examined the long-term effect of in utero exposure to streptozotocin-induced maternal diabetes on the progeny that postnatally received either ad libitum access to milk by being fed by control mothers (CM/DP) or were subjected to relative nutrient restriction by being fed by diabetic mothers (DM/DP) compared with the control progeny fed by control mothers (CM/CP). There was increased food intake, glucose intolerance, and obesity in the CM/DP group and diminished food intake, glucose tolerance, and postnatal growth restriction in the DM/DP group, persisting in the adult. These changes were associated with aberrations in hormonal and metabolic profiles and alterations in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations. By use of subfractionation and Western blot analysis techniques, the CM/DP group demonstrated a higher skeletal muscle sarcolemma-associated ( days 1 and 60) and white adipose tissue plasma membrane-associated ( day 60) GLUT4 in the basal state with a lack of insulin-induced translocation. The DM/DP group demonstrated a partial amelioration of this change observed in the CM/DP group. We conclude that the offspring of a diabetic mother with ad libitum postnatal nutrition demonstrates increased food intake and resistance to insulin-induced translocation of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue. This in turn leads to glucose intolerance and obesity at a later stage ( day 180). Postnatal nutrient restriction results in reversal of this adult phenotype, thereby explaining the phenotypic heterogeneity that exists in this population.

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343 Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for porcine satellite cell proliferation and differentiation to promote skeletal muscle growth

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.200 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 97-97

Author(s):

Zong-ming Zhang ◽

Chun-qi Gao ◽

Hui-chao Yan ◽

Xiu-qi Wang

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Satellite Cell ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Control Group ◽

Skeletal Muscle Growth ◽

Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Deficiency Group

Abstract Wnt/β-catenin plays a crucial role in skeletal muscle growth, but its specific mechanism still unclear. In this study, due to the distinct role of lysine in pig industry, we provided it as an entry point to investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin in governing skeletal muscle growth. Firstly, total 18 weaned piglets were divided into three groups: control group, lysine deficiency group and lysine re-supplementation group (lysine levels added from 0.83% to 1.31% at 14 d). After 28 d experiment, all pigs were slaughtered to measure the change of Wnt/β-catenin in skeletal muscle. Secondly, satellite cell (SC) was isolated and cultured with Wnt activator, such as Wnt3a and WRN (Wnt3a, R-spondin1, Noggin) after lysine deficiency for 48 h to investigate cell proliferation and differentiation ability and the level of Wnt/β-catenin in different conditions. The results showed that compared with the control group, lysine deficiency significantly reduced longissimus dorsi muscle weight and Pax7 positive SC, and inhibited Wnt/β-catenin (P < 0.05). Fortunately, these restrictions were rescued to the control levels by lysine re-supplementation (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, compared with the lysine deficiency group, the MTT and western blotting assay showed cell proliferation ability was significantly increased with re-activated Wnt/β-catenin by re-supplemented lysine, Wnt3a or WRN (P < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, under the condition of cell differentiation, compared with the control group, cell fusion index was significantly decreased in the lysine deficiency group (P < 0.05), whereas it was significantly increased with lysine re-supplementation group, Wnt3a or WRN respective supplementation group in comparison with the lysine deficiency group (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with the lysine deficiency group, the protein levels of myogenic regulatory factors and Wnt/β-catenin pathway were also re-activated by re-supplemented lysine, Wnt3a or WRN (P < 0.05). Collectively, we found Wnt/β-catenin activation is required for porcine SC proliferation and differentiation to promote skeletal muscle growth.

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GROWTH AND MODIFICATION OF DIGESTION IN LAMBS FED DIETS CONTAINING CEMENT KILN DUST

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas85-049 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 419-427

Author(s):

R. S. BUSH ◽

J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽

F. W. CALDER

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

The Other ◽

Cement Kiln Dust ◽

Control Group ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Cement Kiln ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Fecal Ph ◽

Kiln Dust ◽

Different Levels

Three experiments were conducted to determine (1) the effect of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the growth of lambs fed high- or low-roughage diets, (2) the effect of pelleting on lamb diets which contain CKD, and (3) the effect of different levels of dietary CKD on lamb performance. In exp. 1, lambs were fed complete pelleted diets containing 15 or 45% ground timothy hay with either 0 or 3% CKD. There were no differences in weight gain due to CKD addition. The feed consumed was greater for the high roughage-CKD group (P < 0.05). Feed:gain ratios were greater for the high-roughage groups (P < 0.01). The pH of gastrointestinal tract contents showed an increase due to CKD only in the cecum and colon. The carbohydrate level in the colon of lambs fed the low-roughage rations was lower (P < 0.05) with added CKD. In exp. 2, lambs were fed CKD diets in mash and pelleted form, a complete pelleted CKD diet (including hay) or a mash CKD-free control. All diets except the complete pelleted-CKD diet were fed with hay, ad libitum. Lambs fed the pelleted CKD diet plus hay grew faster than the control group (P < 0.05) with growth in the other groups not different from either extreme. In exp. 3, lambs were fed similar diets containing 0, 1, 2 or 3% CKD. Growth was not different for any of the groups. Fecal pH was elevated in two of the CKD groups. Analysis of feces showed no difference in nitrogen, soluble carbohydrate, ADF or NDF as a percent of organic matter. Fecal ash increased with increasing level of CKD (P < 0.01). Key words: Lamb, cement kiln dust, growth rate, digesta pH

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Intake and growth of steers offered different allowances of autumn grass and concentrates

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800055624 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

P. French ◽

E. G. O’Riordan ◽

P. O’Kiely ◽

P. J. Caffrey ◽

A. P. Moloney

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Positive Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Complete Diet ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

The Relationship ◽

Concentrate Level

AbstractThe aim of this experiment was to quantify the relationship between autumn grass supply and concentrate supplementation level on grass intake and animal performance. One hundred and ten continental steers (567 kg) were assigned to 10 treatments. The experimental design was a three grass allowances (6, 12 and 18 kg dry matter (DM) per head daily) by three concentrate levels: (0, 2·5 and 5 kg per head daily) factorial with a positive control group offered concentrates ad libitum and no grass. Grass allowance was offered daily and concentrates were given individually. The experiment began on 22 August and all animals were slaughtered after a mean experimental period of 95 days. Grass intake was calculated using the n-alkane technique and diet digestibility using ytterbium acetate as an indigestible marker. There was an interaction (P < 0·05) between grass allowance and concentrate level for grass intake. At the low grass allowance there was no effect of offering animals supplementary concentrates on grass intake, at the medium and high grass allowances, supplementary concentrates reduced grass intake by 0·43 and 0·81 kg DM respectively per kg DM concentrate offered. Increasing grass allowance increased (P < 0·001) complete diet organic matter (OM) digestibility at all concentrate levels and supplementary concentrates increased (P < 0·001) complete diet OM digestibility only at the low grass allowance. Both offering animals supplementary concentrates (P < 0·001) and increasing daily grass allowance (P < 0·001) increased their carcass growth rate. Relative to the animals offered the low grass allowance and no concentrate, supplementing with concentrate increased carcass growth by 116 g/kg concentrate DM eaten whereas increasing the grass allowance, increased carcass growth by 38 g/kg DM grass eaten. As a strategy for increasing the performance of cattle grazing autumn grass, offering supplementary concentrates offers more scope than altering grass allowance.

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