OVERTRAINING SYNDROME IN ATHLETES

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (24) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Hayrettin GÜMÜŞDAĞ ◽  
Halit EGESOY ◽  
Burcu VAHAPOĞLU
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome ◽  
Oxygen Administration ◽  
Load Tolerance ◽  
Continuous Loading

Aim: The aim of our study is to reveal the effect of training overload on athletes. Overtraining syndrome (overtraining) is a very difficult, systemic and complex condition to diagnose. This syndrome occurs with decrease in performance, fatigue, deterioration in sleep patterns, and changes in social behavior when the training load increases unconsciously. Many factors affect the rate and recovery time of overtraining syndrome. These factors are the result of continuous loading, load differential, load tolerance and recovery. The coach needs to plan both the training and the recovery process well. Because optimal performance depends on maintaining the delicate balance between training and recovery. Method: Our study is a compilation obtained to provide information from studies on overtraining syndrome. Findings: In the literature, the symptoms of overtraining are examined under 3 headings as sympathetic, parasympathetic and other symptoms. Conclusion: In order to prevent overtraining syndrome, it is necessary to avoid possible effects that harm team performance. Trainers can facilitate this by changing the training period with the recovery period. In addition, they can help their athletes get rid of this syndrome by using techniques such as mild aerobic activities, massage, hot and cold baths, diet, adequate sleep and psychological relaxation. Recommendation: Nutrition, sleep and rest patterns, recovery efforts (regeneration), emotional support, oxygen administration, medication, etc. are the factors that can treat overtraining syndrome.

scholarly journals Nutritional status in short-term overtraining boxers

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Albena Alexandrova ◽  
Lubomir Petrov ◽  
Nikolay Zaekov ◽  
Borislav Bozhkov ◽  
Zshivka Zsheliaskova-Koynova
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome ◽  
In The Beginning

Abstract The diet is essential to the recovery process in athletes, especially those undergoing intensive training. The continuous imbalance between loading and recovery leads to development of overtraining syndrome. The purpose of this study was to establish the changes in the nutritional status of short-term overtrained athletes. Twelve boxers from the team of National Spoils Academy Sofia, Bulgaria during their preparation for the National Championship 2016 were studied. The measurements were conducted three times.in the beginning of preparation (T1), 22 days later (2) and 10 days after (32 days after first measurement), in the beginning of the recovery period, one week prior the competition (T3).The measurements included basic anthropometric data, overtraining questionnaire RESTO-Sport and nutrition questionnaire, plasma concentration of testosterone and cortisol.On the data of dietary survey the percent proportion and the amount of daily consumed proteins, fats and carbohydrates were defined and the energy intake of the tested athletes was calculated. According to the RESTO-Sport a significant decrease in the ratio stress/recovery was observed in the period with the heaviest training load T2, and an increase was estimated in the pre­competition recovery period T3. It was found a typical for the overtraining syndrome decrease in the concentration of testosterone and the ratio of testosterone/cortisol in T3. In some respondents a reduction in carbohydrates and proteins intake was observed in T2 and especially in T3, which correlates with the hormonal changes. In this work the diet changes was discussed as a possible consequence and/or a cause of the overtraining syndrome.

scholarly journals Reconfiguration of Point Defects in FCC and HCP Metals at Initial Stage of Recovery Process/ Rekonfiguracja Struktury Defektów Sieciowych W Początkowym Stadium Zdrowienia Metali O Sieci Rsc I Hz

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1321-1325
Author(s):  
G. Boczkal ◽  
M. Perek-Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Point Defects ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Lattice Defects ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Analysis Of Change

Abstract The conducted studies regarded the analysis of change of structure of point defects occurring during initial stage of recovery of FCC (Al, Cu) and HCP (Ti, Mg and Zn) metals at temperature close to Th =0.5Tm. The changes in resistivity of the deformed and later recovered samples were measured. The recovery time was 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 min. The observed changes were correlated with reorganization of arrangement of lattice defects during annealing.

scholarly journals Reflex wind-up in early chronic spinal injury: plasticity of motor outputs

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 2065-2074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Johnson ◽  
Alain Frigon ◽  
Marie-France Hurteau ◽  
Charlette Cain ◽  
C. J. Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Summation ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Compound Action Potential ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Spinal Reflexes ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Electrical Pulses

In this study we evaluate temporal summation (wind-up) of reflexes in select distal and proximal hindlimb muscles in response to repeated stimuli of the distal tibial or superficial peroneal nerves in cats 1 mo after complete spinal transection. This report is a continuation of our previous paper on reflex wind-up in the intact and acutely spinalized cat. To evaluate reflex wind-up in both studies, we recorded electromyographic signals from the following left hindlimb muscles: lateral gastrocnemius (LG), tibialis anterior (TA), semitendinosus (ST), and sartorius (Srt), in response to 10 electrical pulses to the tibial or superficial peroneal nerves. Two distinct components of the reflex responses were considered, a short-latency compound action potential (CAP) and a longer duration bout of sustained activity (SA). These two response types were shown to be differentially modified by acute spinal injury in our previous work (Frigon A, Johnson MD, Heckman CJ. J Physiol 590: 973-989, 2012). We show that these responses exhibit continued plasticity during the 1-mo recovery period following acute spinalization. During this early chronic phase, wind-up of SA responses returned to preinjury levels in one muscle, the ST, but remained depressed in all other muscles tested. In contrast, CAP response amplitudes, which were initially potentiated following acute transection, returned to preinjury levels in all muscles except for Srt, which continued to show marked increase. These findings illustrate that spinal elements exhibit considerable plasticity during the recovery process following spinal injury and highlight the importance of considering SA and CAP responses as distinct phenomena with unique underlying neural mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research is the first to assess temporal summation, also called wind-up, of muscle reflexes during the 1-mo recovery period following spinal injury. Our results show that two types of muscle reflex activity are differentially modulated 1 mo after spinal cord injury (SCI) and that spinal reflexes are altered in a muscle-specific manner during this critical period. This postinjury plasticity likely plays an important role in spasticity experienced by individuals with SCI.

Novel Markers of Recovery From Overtraining Syndrome: The EROS-LONGITUDINAL Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Flavio A. Cadegiani ◽  
Pedro Henrique L. Silva ◽  
Tatiana C.P. Abrao ◽  
Claudio E. Kater
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Urinary Catecholamines ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
Inadequate Sleep ◽  
Late Growth

Purposes: Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is an unexplained underperformance syndrome triggered by excessive training, insufficient caloric intake, inadequate sleep, and excessive cognitive and social demands. Investigation of the recovery process from OTS has not been reported to date. The objective was to unveil novel markers and biochemical and clinical behaviors during the restoration process of OTS. Methods: This was a 12-week interventional protocol in 12 athletes affected by OTS, including increase of caloric intake, transitory interruption of training, improvement of sleep quality, and management of stress, followed by the assessment of 50 parameters including basal and hormonal responses to an insulin tolerance test and nonhormonal biochemical markers, and body metabolism and composition. Results: Early cortisol (P = .023), late ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) (P = .024), and early and late growth hormone (P = .005 and P = .038, respectively) responses, basal testosterone (P = .038), testosterone:estradiol ratio (P = .0005), insulinlike growth factor 1 (P = .004), cortisol awakening response (P = .001), and free thyronine (P = .069) increased, while basal estradiol (P = .033), nocturnal urinary catecholamines (P = .038), and creatine kinase (P = .071) reduced. Conversely, markers of body metabolism and composition had slight nonsignificant improvements. Conclusion: After a 12-week intervention, athletes affected by actual OTS disclosed a mix of non-, partial, and full recovery processes, demonstrating that remission of OTS is as complex as its occurrence.

scholarly journals Parameter Research of UAV Vertical Rope-type Recovery System

2018 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Chengjing Ma ◽  
Xing'an Liu ◽  
Caiwen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Recovery Performance ◽  
Stiffness And Damping Coefficient ◽  
Stiffness And Damping ◽  
Type Recovery

Vertical rope-type recovery system is a new accurate recovery method for small fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). This paper models the recovery system and finishes the simulation of recovery process. The recovery stand model of the recovery system is built by analyzing the physical essence, and the aircraft model is based on dynamics and kinematics equations as well as the mechanical characteristics of arresting rope. Finally the simulation analysis of the recovery process is completed. On the basis of the modeling simulation, the system parameters’ effect on recovery performance such as maximum resistance force, maximum overload and maximum radius has been discussed by varying each key parameter. Eventually, the pattern of how initial conditions when hitting the rope as well as the arresting rope’s stiffness and damping coefficient influence recovery performance has been researched, and the result could provide theoretical reference for the design of UAV using vertical rope-type recovery and the system in the future.

scholarly journals A Two-Stage Restoration Resource Allocation Model for Enhancing the Resilience of Interdependent Infrastructure Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Kong ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Slobodan P. Simonovic
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Infrastructure Systems ◽  
Resource Allocation Model ◽  
Interdependent Infrastructure

Infrastructure systems play a critical role in delivering essential services that are important to the economy and welfare of society. To enhance the resilience of infrastructure systems after a large-scale disruptive event, determining where and when to invest restoration resources is a challenge for decision makers. Comprehensively considering the recovery time of infrastructure systems and the overall losses resulting from a disaster, this study proposes a two-stage restoration resource allocation model for enhancing the resilience of interdependent infrastructure systems. First, to evaluate the effect of resource allocation during the recovery process, dynamic resilience is selected as the criterion for the recovery of infrastructure systems. Second, taking into consideration the decision makers’ point of view, a two-stage resource allocation model is proposed. The objective of the first stage is to quickly recover the infrastructure systems’ dynamic resilience to meet the basic needs of the users. The second stage is aimed at minimizing the overall losses in the following recovery process. The effects of infrastructure interdependencies on resource allocation are incorporated in the model using the dynamic inoperability input–output model. Through a case study, the proposed approach is compared with other resource allocation strategies. The results show that: (1) the restoration resource allocation strategy obtained from the proposed approach balances the recovery time and the overall losses to infrastructure systems; and (2) the value of the usage cost of the unit restoration resource has a significant impact on the recovery time and the overall losses under different strategies. The proposed model is both effective and efficient in solving the post-disaster resource allocation problem and can provide decision makers with scientific decision support.

The Effect of Recovery Time on Strength Performance Following a High-Intensity Bench Press Workout in Males and Females

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Judge ◽  
Jeanmarie R. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Recovery Times

Purpose:To determine the effects of training sessions, involving high-resistance, low-repetition bench press exercise, on strength recovery patterns, as a function of gender and training background.Methods:The subjects were 12 athletes (6 males and 6 females) and age-matched college students of both genders (4 males and 4 females). The subjects completed a 3-wk resistance training program involving a bench press exercise, 3 d/wk, to become familiar with the testing procedure. After the completion of the resistance training program, the subjects, on three consecutive weeks, participated in two testing sessions per week, baseline session and recovery session. During the testing sessions, subjects performed fve sets of the bench press exercise at 50% to 100% of perceived fve repetition maximum (5-RM). Following the weekly baseline sessions, subjects rested during a 4-, 24-, or 48-h recovery period. Strength measurements were estimates of one repetition maximum (1-RM), using equivalent percentages for the number of repetitions completed by the subject at the perceived 5-RM effort of the bench press exercise.Results:The full-factorial ANOVA model revealed a Gender by Recovery Period by Testing Session interaction effect, F(2, 32) = 10.65; P < .05. Among male subjects, decreases in estimated 1-RM were detected at the 4- and 24-h recovery times. There were no differences in muscle strength among the female subjects, regardless of recovery time.Conclusions:For bench press exercises, using different recovery times of 48 h for males and 4 h for females may optimize strength development as a function of gender.

Post-Disaster Recovery and Economic Impact of Catastrophes in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1825-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jidong Wu ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Wei Xie ◽  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Zhonghui Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Recovery ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tangshan Earthquake ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
Post Disaster

This paper implements a temporal–spatial recovery measurement of the catastrophic 1976 Tangshan earthquake using available statistical data. The results show that the gross regional product (GRP) level of the Tangshan region achieved a new normality after seven years. During this recovery process, net indirect losses totaled RMB3.7 billion and net indirect gains totaled RMB3.9 billion at the 2007 price level. The area surrounding the Tangshan region benefited from the disaster, both in terms of GRP level and per capita GRP level, at least in the short term. The sector-level economic recovery process seems longer. The production level of the construction sector was 0.9 to 2.5 times that of the pre-disaster level during its 11-year recovery period. The per capita GRP level of the Tangshan region was 1.7 times that of pre-earthquake 30 years later. This quantitative disaster recovery analysis is critical for validating or initializing economic loss estimation models.

Preconditioning of ischemic myocardium: reperfusion-induced arrhythmias

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (6) ◽  
pp. H1470-H1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shiki ◽  
D. J. Hearse
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Tachycardia ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽  
Regional Ischemia ◽  
Progressive Return ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Period

Hearts of anesthetized rats (n = 12 in each of 7 groups) were subjected to 5 min of regional ischemia; on reperfusion, 100% exhibited ventricular tachycardia (VT), 83% ventricular fibrillation (VF), and the mean total number of premature ventricular complexes (PVC) was 681 +/- 220. Hearts were then reverted to sinus rhythm and allowed to "recover" for 10, 20, 30, 60, 120 min, 1 or 3 days; they were again subjected to 5 min of ischemia and reperfusion. With recovery periods of 10 and 20 min a second episode of ischemia and reperfusion resulted in very few arrhythmias: 0% VF in both instances, 17 and 8% VT, and only 4 +/- 3 and 9 +/- 5 PVC, respectively. As the recovery period increased to 3 days there was a progressive return of vulnerability to reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. However, this return was slow, such that with a recovery time of 60 min, only 33% of hearts fibrillated. In additional studies, hearts were subjected to 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, or 5 min of regional ischemia, 10 min of reperfusion, 5 min of ischemia, and a second period of reperfusion. The vulnerability to arrhythmias during the second period of reperfusion was found to correlate inversely with the incidence of arrhythmias elicited by the first episode of reperfusion. We propose that a very short period of ischemia and reperfusion "preconditions" the myocardium so as to influence the vulnerability of the heart to subsequent reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, and that "recovery" from this effect can take a substantial period of time.

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