scholarly journals Analysis of the influence of the impact speed on the risk of injury of the driver and front passenger of a passenger car

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 436-444
Author(s):  
Andrzej Żuchowski
Keyword(s):  
Passenger Car ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Front Passenger ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
The Impact

A Method to Evaluate Vehicle Impact Speeds in Passenger Car-Pedestrian Accidents

2016 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
pp. 788-792
Author(s):  
Cheng Jian Feng ◽  
Kui Li ◽  
Zhi Yong Yin
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Pedestrian Injury ◽  
Vehicle Impact ◽  
Pedestrian Crashes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aimed to research the relationship between the wrap around distance (WAD) to head contact and vehicle impact speed based on real pedestrian traffic accidents with video. A team was established to collect passenger car-pedestrian accident cases occurring between July 2011 and July 2015 in Chongqing, China. A total of 15 pedestrian crashes were selected into the sample. Impact speeds were calculated by a video analysis technology, and the WAD was revised according to the average height of pedestrians involved in the sample. The relationship between the WAD and impact speed was analyzed using linear regression analysis. We propose a method to evaluate the impact speed in passenger car-pedestrian. These results will contribute to the development of judicial identification and research of pedestrian injury.

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Will We Lose If We Lose You? Players’ Absence, Teams’ Performance and the Overlapping of Competitions

2021 ◽  
pp. 152700252110084
Author(s):  
Levi Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Psychological Momentum ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
European Football ◽  
The Impact

It is common for elite players to represent their respective countries in international competitions. However, there is a potential cost to the club team derived from that situation (risk of injury, fatigue, psychological momentum, etc.). This paper evaluates the impact of players’ absence on European football teams’ performance by focusing on the Africa Cup of Nations as the case study. The results indicate that the sending of players to the African tournament has a relatively small negative impact on teams’ performance. But this cannot be generalized to all the leagues and loses significance when corrected by players’ abilities.

scholarly journals A smart passive MR damper with a hybrid powering system for impact mitigation: An experimental study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1045389X2098808
Author(s):  
S. Jin ◽  
L. Deng ◽  
J. Yang ◽  
S. Sun ◽  
D. Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Velocity ◽  
Mr Damper ◽  
Damping Force ◽  
Softening Effect ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Impact Mitigation ◽  
Passive Damper ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents a smart passive MR damper with fast-responsive characteristics for impact mitigation. The hybrid powering system of the MR damper, composed of batteries and self-powering component, enables the damping of the MR damper to be negatively proportional to the impact velocity, which is called rate-dependent softening effect. This effect can keep the damping force as the maximum allowable constant force under different impact speed and thus improve the efficiency of the shock energy mitigation. The structure, prototype and working principle of the new MR damper are presented firstly. Then a vibration platform was used to characterize the dynamic property and the self-powering capability of the new MR damper. The impact mitigation performance of the new MR damper was evaluated using a drop hammer and compared with a passive damper. The comparison results demonstrate that the damping force generated by the new MR damper can be constant over a large range of impact velocity while the passive damper cannot. The special characteristics of the new MR damper can improve its energy dissipation efficiency over a wide range of impact speed and keep occupants and mechanical structures safe.

Innovation Failure: Losing Sight of the Big Picture

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fortoul Obermöller
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Impact

The Case Study section of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation serves two purposes. First, the case studies presented are concerned with problematical issues that are pertinent to students of entrepreneurship. Thus they constitute appropriate teaching and learning vehicles on a variety of postgraduate and undergraduate programmes. Each case study is accompanied by a set of guidelines for the use of tutors. Second, it is envisaged that those engaged in entrepreneurial activities will find the cases both interesting and useful. The case of PSA Peugeot Citroën's electric passenger car is an example of an innovation perceived as a failure because of its disappointing sales volume. Yet, by limiting our assessment of the electric passenger car to a short-term perspective, we may miss out on an essential part of its value. As part of a wider innovation process, the electric passenger car project is a significant step for PSA in its expertise regarding electric vehicles. Key learning outcomes: (a) to understand that innovation is a complex process with fuzzy frontiers, both in time and space; (b) to understand that innovation is a long-term investment with spillovers into other projects; (c) to be aware of the multiple perspectives that may be adopted when examining innovation; and (d) to be aware of the impact of labelling a project a failure.

The Effective Temperature of Dust Impact Plasmas — Olivine Dust on Tungsten Target

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Pavlů ◽  
Samuel Kočiščák ◽  
Åshild Fredriksen ◽  
Michael DeLuca ◽  
Zoltan Sternovsky
Keyword(s):  
Negative Charge ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Applied Bias ◽  
Control Grid ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Effective Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

<p>We experimentally observe both positive and negative charge carriers in impact plasma and estimate their effective temperatures. The measurements are carried on a dust accelerator using polypyrrole (PPy)-coated olivine dust particles impacting tungsten (W) target in the velocity range of 2–18 km/s. We measure the retained impact charge as a function of applied bias potential to the control grid. The temperatures are estimated from the data fit. The estimated effective temperatures of the positive ions are approximately 7 eV and seems to be independent of the impact speed. The negative charge carriers' temperatures vary from as low as 1 eV for the lowest speeds to almost ten times higher speeds. The presented values differ significantly from previous studies using Fe dust particles. Yet, the discrepancy can be attributed to a larger fraction of negative ions in the impact plasma that likely originates from the PPy coating.</p>

High-speed impacts of slender bodies into non-smooth, complex fluids

2018 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishan Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Complex Fluids ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
High Speed Impact ◽  
Smooth Complex ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Slender Bodies ◽  
The Impact

We present a simple hydrodynamical model for the high-speed impact of slender bodies into frictional geomaterials such as soils and clays. We model these materials as non-smooth, complex fluids. Our model predicts the evolution of the impactor’s speed and the final penetration depth given the initial impact speed, and the material and geometric parameters of the impactor and the impacted material. As an application, we investigate the impact of deep-penetrating anchors into seabeds. Our theoretical predictions are found to match field and laboratory data very well.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Analysis of Dynamic Forces Created by Pedestrians Impacting Plate Glass at Different Speeds

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kravitz
Keyword(s):  
Impact Load ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Glass Panel ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Exit Door ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Pedestrian Impact ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the effect of a pedestrian inadvertently impacting a glass panel adjacent to a glass exit door. The glass panel was full length and unmarked, violating the local building code and building commissioner directives. The defense argued that the old building code, to which the college building was constructed, was “grandfathered” and there was no violation. Initial witness and plaintiff statements indicated that the plaintiff was running when he struck the panel, which shattered and caused the plaintiff to incur injuries. The plaintiff testified later, in deposition, that he was walking when he struck the glass. The court needed to establish liability percentage, which is common in civil cases, and it was necessary to determine at what pedestrian impact speed the glass panel would break. The analysis used Timoshenko’s theory of vibration plates, Roark’s stress strain formulas, ergonomics, and human factors to estimate the impact load and stresses on the glass panel that caused failure.

Situational and Ecological Predictors of Conducted Energy Weapon Application Severity

2021 ◽  
pp. e20210019
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Sytsma ◽  
Erick Laming ◽  
Ethan Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Ecological Predictors ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact

Despite being touted as a “less lethal” use-of-force option, conducted energy weapons (CEWs) do pose some risk of injury to civilians, and thus warrant empirical examination. CEWs provide users with multiple use modes constituting various levels of severity; yet apart from the work of Somers and colleagues, almost no research exists investigating these levels of severity. Further, research findings on the impact of suspect resistance on CEW deployment are somewhat mixed. We contribute an innovative application of environmental criminology in a Canadian setting by exploring situational and ecological predictors of CEW application severity, with special attention being paid to reasons cited for CEW use and the impact of subject resistance level. Using all 393 Ontario Provincial Police CEW-related use-of-force reports over a two-year period, we find probe deployment to be the most common level of CEW application severity, irrespective of subject resistance level, and even when officers and subjects are in close proximity to one another. Application of CEW for the purpose of effecting an arrest is consistently the strongest predictor of CEW application severity without any mediating effect of subject resistance level or presence of a weapon. The impact of applying CEWs for the purpose of effecting arrests on CEW application severity is partially mediated by lighting visibility. Results are discussed.

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