Artificial Intelligence in Mechatronic Systems: Problems of Embodiment

The article deals with the issues related to the possibility and limitations of technological creation of artificial systems endowed with consciousness and acting subject existing in the world of artificial subjective reality. The problems of creating an artificial personality in the given parameters are shown. The main obstacle to the creation of intelligent systems is the lack of progress in our understanding of the nature and mechanisms of the brain in the process of generating mental image and organization of purposeful activities. The transfer of psychology data to the engineering sphere is ineffective due to the difference in conceptual and instrumental areas of these disciplines. The approaches of synthetic psychology and pedagogy designed to provide a solution to the problem of creating an artificial subjective reality and techno-genic modification of man are presented.

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How to Reason about the World

Reality, Universal Ontology and Knowledge Systems ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-966-3.ch008 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 184-198

Author(s):

Azamat Abdoullaev

Keyword(s):

Intelligent Systems ◽

Possible Worlds ◽

Human Beings ◽

Intelligent Machines ◽

The Core ◽

Reasoning Systems ◽

The World ◽

Ontological Ground ◽

The Difference ◽

The Universe

Along with substances of all kinds, states of all manner, and changes of all types and exemplifications, relationships of all sorts and instances appear to be among the prime constituents of the universe as a whole and its realms, regions, and domains as the world of nature, the universe of society, and the domain of minds. Hence, knowledge of relations, as the causeeffect relationship, constitutes the basic core of real knowledge and, consequently, the logical fundament for all basic kinds of reasoning about the world. Since all reasoning upon reality, its particular classes, parts and features, is eventually to be founded on the underlying relations of substances, states, changes, and analogies, as well as on the meta-relations of whole-part, comparison, contrast, identity, resemblance, and difference. To adequately represent and consistently reason about reality is vitally important not only for human beings but also for prospective intelligent machines driven by the ontological models of the world comprehending the logical models of possible worlds. A widely practiced logical tradition to represent the world in terms of abstract classes, properties, and relations or purely mathematical objects, functions, and relations looks to be a main conceptual obstacle to creating effective reasoning systems. Since the likewise artificial conceptualizations of the world are missing out the core of things, their nature and reality, providing the ontological ground and making true the truth. These would-be reasoning systems will not work effectively because of their built-in incapacity to work out any complex real problems or situations or challenges. Above all other things, such intelligent systems will be unable to see the difference of physical, mental, or social objects so that to recognize their attributes, qualities, properties, states, changes, and relations.

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Anticipation, Simultaneity/Consecutivity and Distinctive Features in Phonology

The International Journal of Applied Language Studies and Culture ◽

10.34301/alsc.v4i2.33 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 9-17

Author(s):

Renáta Gregová

Keyword(s):

Acoustic Properties ◽

Sound System ◽

Phonological Processes ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Making A Difference ◽

Feature Geometry ◽

Roman Jakobson ◽

The Difference ◽

The Given ◽

The Brain

The notion of distinctive features has had a firm position in phonology since the time of the Prague Linguistic Circle and especially that of one of its representatives, Roman Jakobson, whose well-known delimitation of a phoneme as “a bundle of distinctive features” (Jakobson, 1962, p. 421), that is, a set of simultaneous distinctive features, has inspired many scholars. Jakobson’s attempt “to analyse the distribution of distinctive features along two axes: that of simultaneity and that of successiveness” (ibid., p. 435) helped cover several phonetic and/or phonological processes and phenomena. Distinctive features, although theoretical constructs (Giegerich, 1992, p. 89), reflect phonetic, that is, articulatory and acoustic, properties of sounds. In the flow of speech, some features tend to influence the neighbouring phonemes. Sometimes speech organs produce something that the brain just ‘plans’ to produce (anticipatory speech errors). There are situations where it seems as if the successive organization of phonemes went hand in hand with the simultaneous nature of certain articulatory characteristics of those phonemes (the transgression of consonants and inherence of vowels in Romportl’s theory), or the given feature seems to be anticipated by the preceding segment. This is the case with nasalization and/or anticipatory coarticulation, as well as regressive (anticipatory) assimilation. In addition, simultaneity/consecutivity is a decisive criterion for the difference between the so-called complex segments, as specified in Feature Geometry, and simple segments (Duanmu, 2009). Moreover, the phonological opposition of simultaneity- successivity (that is, consecutivity) itself functions as a feature making a difference between segmental and suprasegmental elements in the sound system of a language, as was first mentioned by Harris (1944), later indicated by Jakobson (1962) and then fully developed by Sabol (2007, 2012).

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Notes on Viollet-le-Duc's Philosophy of History: Dialectics and Technology

Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians ◽

10.2307/990453 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 327-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin Bressani

Keyword(s):

Human Action ◽

Philosophy Of History ◽

Gothic Architecture ◽

Greek Architecture ◽

The World ◽

Dialectical Process ◽

Structural Principles ◽

Last Stage ◽

The Difference ◽

The Given

In an effort to expand on the traditional rationalist interpretation of Viollet-le-Duc, this article explores his ideas of progress and history. Viollet's "reason" is described as a dialectical structure which develops in time, unfolding through history. From his description of the origins of architecture to his account of the great periods of mankind, Viollet's philosophy of history presents an ideology of freedom; and through it he attempts to demonstrate humanity's progressive transformation of a nature originally hostile to man into a new world in harmony with him. The historical dialectic follows three distinct stages: Asian civilization (theocraty), Antiquity (aristocraty) and finally Christianity (democraty), which is a synthesis of the previous two. Such trinitarian rule is basic to the dialectical process itself. It underlies not only Viollet's philosophy of history but also his philosophy of nature (theory of crystals). Technique is the realm of human activity which, for Viollet, best speaks of man's dialectical engagement with the world. Viollet's central notion of style defines a technical activity; an object endowed with style must result from the struggle between the real (the world of nature and tradition, the given facts from which human action starts out) and the ideal (the world of human aspirations and progress). Style is an expression of dialectical synthesis. It is in his description of the difference between Greek and Gothic architecture that Viollet's historical dialectic comes through most clearly. Greek architecture, for Viollet, is the first instance of an architecture which seeks to free itself from the enslavement to tradition. The static nature of Greek structural principles, however, still reflects a fatalistic vision of the world. In contrast, Gothic architecture is the birth of a radical spirit of invention which seeks to subjugate totally both nature and tradition. The principle of equilibrium basic to its structural organization is an example of man's cunning play with the forces of nature. It embodies the "Christian rule" which leaves to man his free will and the responsibility for his own works. Christianity is the last stage in the historical dialectic where man becomes "a creature in the image of the Creator."

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Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 4. Language

Discourse ◽

10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-2-107-114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 107-114

Author(s):

O. M. Polyakov

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Natural Language ◽

Natural Languages ◽

New Approach ◽

Linguistic Model ◽

The World ◽

Human World ◽

The Common ◽

The Difference ◽

The Given

Introduction. The paper continues a series of publications on linguistics of relations (hereinafter R–linguistics) and is devoted to questions of the formation of a language from a linguistic model of the world. Moreover, the language is considered in its most general form, without taking into account the grammatical component. This allows you to focus on the general problems of language formation. Namely, this allows us to show why language adequately reflects the model of the world and what are the features of the transition from model to language. This new approach to language is relevant in connection with the formation of an understanding of the common core in all natural languages, as well as in connection with the needs for the formation of artificial intelligence subsystems of interaction with humans.Methodology and sources. Research methods consist in the formulation and proof of theorems about language spaces and their properties. The materials of the paper and the given proofs are based on the previously stated ideas about linguistic spaces and their decompositions into signs.Results and discussion. The paper shows how, in the most general form, the formation of language structures takes place. Namely, why does language adequately reflect the linguistic model, and what is the difference between linguistic and language spaces? The concepts of an open and closed form of the language are formulated, as well as the law of form. Examples of open and closed forms of the language are shown. It is shown that the formation of the language allows you to compensate for the lack of real signs in the surrounding world while maintaining the prognostic properties of the model.Conclusion. Any natural language is a reflection of the human world model. Moreover, all natural languages are similar in terms of the principles of forming the core of the language (language space). Language spaces standardize the models of the world by equalizing real and fictional signs of categories. In addition, the transition to language simplifies some of the problems of pattern recognition and opens the way to the logic of natural language.

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Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2018-7-5-29 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 5-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L. M. Grigoryev ◽

V. A. Pavlyushina

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Political Institutions ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Modern World ◽

New Approach ◽

Development Level ◽

The World ◽

Long Time ◽

The Difference ◽

Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

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Speculative Realism and Science Fiction

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422697.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brian Willems

Keyword(s):

Science Fiction ◽

Identity Formation ◽

Cormac Mccarthy ◽

Doris Lessing ◽

Speculative Realism ◽

Neil Gaiman ◽

The World ◽

The Difference ◽

Quentin Meillassoux

A human-centred approach to the environment is leading to ecological collapse. One of the ways that speculative realism challenges anthropomorphism is by taking non-human things to be as valid objects of investivation as humans, allowing a more responsible and truthful view of the world to take place. Brian Willems uses a range of science fiction literature that questions anthropomorphism both to develop and challenge this philosophical position. He looks at how nonsense and sense exist together in science fiction, the way in which language is not a guarantee of personhood, the role of vision in relation to identity formation, the difference between metamorphosis and modulation, representations of non-human deaths and the function of plasticity within the Anthropocene. Willems considers the works of Cormac McCarthy, Paolo Bacigalupi, Neil Gaiman, China Miéville, Doris Lessing and Kim Stanley Robinson are considered alongside some of the main figures of speculative materialism including Graham Harman, Quentin Meillassoux and Jane Bennett.

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Between High Culture and Low Culture; and also The Difference Between Popular Culture and Folk Culture

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH ◽

10.24113/ijellh.v7i8.9572 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Kunal Debnath

Keyword(s):

Popular Culture ◽

Folk Culture ◽

Common People ◽

High Culture ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

The Difference ◽

Low Culture

High culture is a collection of ideologies, beliefs, thoughts, trends, practices and works-- intellectual or creative-- that is intended for refined, cultured and educated elite people. Low culture is the culture of the common people and the mass. Popular culture is something that is always, most importantly, related to everyday average people and their experiences of the world; it is urban, changing and consumeristic in nature. Folk culture is the culture of preindustrial (premarket, precommodity) communities.

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Pelvic schwannoma

GYNECOLOGY ◽

10.26442/20795696.2020.5.200216 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 84-86

Author(s):

Sergei P. Sinchikhin ◽

Sarkis G. Magakyan ◽

Oganes G. Magakyan

Keyword(s):

Auditory Nerve ◽

World Literature ◽

Morphological Study ◽

Clinical Observation ◽

Nerve Trunk ◽

Practical Case ◽

Surgical Volume ◽

The World ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

Relevance.A neoplasm originated from the myelonic sheath of the nerve trunk is called neurinoma or neurilemmoma, neurinoma, schwannoglioma, schwannoma. This tumor can cause compression and dysfunction of adjacent tissues and organs. The most common are the auditory nerve neurinomas (1 case per 100 000 population per year), the brain and spinal cord neurinomas are rare. In the world literature, there is no information on the occurrences of this tumor in the pelvic region. Description.Presented below is a clinical observation of a 30-year-old patient who was scheduled for myomectomy. During laparoscopy, an unusual tumor of the small pelvis was found and radically removed. A morphological study allowed to identify the remote neoplasm as a neuroma. Conclusion.The presented practical case shows that any tumor can hide under a clinical mask of another disease. The qualification of the doctor performing laparoscopic myomectomy should be sufficient to carry out, if necessary, another surgical volume.

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The Facticity of Things – Reframing Slotawa's Practice with Meillassoux and Harman

Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft ◽

10.28937/1000106258 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 55-79

Author(s):

Robert Jackson

Keyword(s):

Ordinary Objects ◽

Speculative Realism ◽

The World ◽

The Given

Robert Jackson examines the work of the German artist Florian Slotawa. Beginning with his first works, “Hotelarbeiten”, Slotawa recomposes and reconfigures the order of ordinary objects – in this case, the furniture of hotel rooms. In reconstructing these rooms in another order without altering these objects in any way, photographing them, and then subsequently restoring them to their previous configuration, the artist reveals the ordinary function of the objects and by withdrawing from their function shows their material and factual character. To elucidate the specificity of Slotawa’s intervention, Jackson critiques Heidegger’s conception of facticity in its exclusive account of Dasein and its being-in-the world, in contrast to the factuality of “things-within-the world.” Drawing on Harman’s extension of finitude beyond Dasein to all things, he encourages us to see Slotawa as engaged in “facticity of things” that is characterized by dispossession, lack of reason, and radical contingency. As Jackson argues, Slotawa is trying to find a way to dwell in a world that has no room or possibility for the given coordinates of dwelling; a world that is a fact without reason. In concluding he explores a reading of Slotawa that explores the intersecting yet radically different approaches to thinking about a speculative realism in the work of Harman and Meillassoux, and their differing attitudes to the finite and the infinite, facticity and factiality, contingency and necessity, without presuming to assume that either of these accounts cover the speculative facticity of things revealed in Slotawa’s work.

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L'anglicisme dans la langue française

Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.43286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Danny Susanto

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Oil Industry ◽

English Word ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Font Size ◽

The World ◽

French Speaking ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as “anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language. Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax, morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation, the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon. The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade, travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology, science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in everyday life.

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