scholarly journals Study of Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells in rats with experimentally induced metabolic syndrome and after balneophysiotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
O. L. Kolomiets ◽  
E. E. Bragina ◽  
A. A. Kashintsova ◽  
V. E. Spangenberg ◽  
L. A. Nikulina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Synaptonemal Complexes ◽  
Prophase I ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MS) can cause impaired spermatogenesis and a decrease in sperm counts. However, the details of the effect of MS on developing spermatogenic cells remain unclear. Difficulties in solving this problem, the inconsistency of published clinical data, indicate the advisability of using experimental models to solve this urgent problem of andrology and reproductology.The study objective is to describe to investigate the specifics of the course of meiotic prophase I and the activity of the processes of phagocytosis and autophagy in Sertoli cells of rats with experimentally induced MS and in the course of therapeutic and prophylactic procedures during the development of experimental MS.Materials and methods. The animals were divided into three groups, each of which included four sexually mature male rats: 1st group – males fed a standard diet; 2nd group – males receiving a diet high in fat and fructose for 60 days; 3rd group – males with MS receiving sulphate mineral waters therapy, low-intensity ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation therapy. Testicular cells were examined using light and transmission electron microscopy. For the first time in animals with MS, an immunocytochemical study of the peculiarities of chromosome synapsis in prophase I of meiosis was carried out on the basis of analysis of spread synaptonemal complexes of meiotic chromosomes and immunocytochemical analysis of Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells in squashed preparations of seminiferous tubules. The parametric Student’s t-test and the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test were used for statistical data processing.Results. As a result of a histological study of the structure of the seminiferous tubules of animals of three groups, a statistically significant decrease in the indices of the spermatogenesis index in 2nd and 3rd groups compared to the control was revealed. Immunomorphologically, in the spread nuclei of primary spermatocytes of rats of the 2nd and 3rd groups, violations of the architectonics of nuclei, the formation of synaptonemal complexes fragments and circular synaptonemal complexes, numerous atypical inclusions were found. Signs of pachytene arrest were found in 40–50 % of spermatocyte nuclei. In the study of squashed cells preparations of the seminiferous tubules of rats of the 2nd and 3rd groups, signs of phagocytosed synaptonemal complexes were found in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells, which were confirmed using antibodies to the SCP3 protein. Thus, evidence for the phagocytosis of degenerating primary spermatocytes by Sertoli cells has been obtained. In Sertoli cells, spermatocytes and spermatids, many autophagosomes are found, using LC3B protein marker. The presence of autophagosomes in Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells in animals of these two groups was also confirmed by electron microscopy. In male rats of the 2nd group, significant disturbances in the structure of the pachytene nuclei were revealed. In the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells and spermatids of rats of the 2nd group, lipid droplets, numerous phagolysosomes containing cell detritus were revealed. Structural damage and phagocytosis of mitochondria were found in Sertoli cells and spermatocytes. Аutophagy in Sertoli cells were most distinctive in animals of the 3rd group.Conclusion. In male rats with experimental MS, significant disturbances in the structure of the nuclei of meiotic cells, a high content of primary spermatocytes with signs of pachytene arrest were revealed. The results obtained are in good agreement with the data of other authors, who revealed a decrease in the number of spermatozoa in the epididymis of rats and mice when modeling MS. It is assumed that the activation of autophagy is an important factor in supporting the viability of Sertoli cells and supporting the viability of germ cells in stressful situations, including MS. Apparently, autophagy is an adaptive mechanism that removes the remnants of apoptotic spermatogenic cells that are selected as a result of MS development.

scholarly journals 315 AN ATTEMPT AT INDUCING DIFFERENTIATION INTO ROUND SPERMATIDS OF RAT SPERMATOGONIA BY CO-CULTURING WITH SERTOLI CELLS

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Iwanami ◽  
T. Kobayashi ◽  
M. Kato ◽  
M. Hirabayashi ◽  
S. Hochi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Population ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Type A ◽  
Round Spermatid ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules

Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex process of germ cell development at the seminiferous tubules whereby diploid spermatogonia proliferate and differentiate into haploid spermatozoa via round and elongating spermatids in close association with somatic Sertoli cells. In the present study, the potential of rat spermatogonia to undergo meiosis during co-culture with Sertoli cells was assessed. The type-A spermatogonia and Sertoli cells were prepared from Day 7 heterozygous transgenic male rats carrying EGFP DNA, and co-cultured on the dishes (coated; BD Falcon™ 35-3801, or non-coated: BD Falcon™ 35-1008, 4 × 106 cells/4-mL dish) at 37°C for 3 days and at 34°C for a subsequent 7 days in 5% CO2 in air. The culture medium was DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, growth factors (10 ng/mL EGF and 10 ng/mL IGF) and various hormones (500 ng/mL FSH, 133 μIU/mL hGH, 5 μg/mL insulin, 0.1 μM testosterone and 0.1 μM dihydrotestosterone). During culture, appearance of round spermatid-like cells (ca. 15 μm in cellular diameter and 7–8 μm in nuclear diameter) was traced. The ploidy of the cells was also analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). At the end of culture, the proportion of EGFP DNA-bearing cells in the total cultured cell population was examined under UV light at 365 nm. Thereafter, continuation of the spermatid-like cells to full-term development was examined by ooplasmic microinjection (Kato et al. 2004 Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 43/2, 13). Briefly, oocytes from the Sprague-Dawley rats were denuded, activated with two direct-current pulses at 100 V/mm for 99 μs and held in 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine for 20 min. The nuclei of spermatid-like cells were microinjected into the oocytes by using a piezo impact driving unit, and the injected oocytes after 24 h culture were transferred into recipients. Round spermatid-like cells were first observed at the 5th day of culture on both dishes, but the proportion of spermatid-like cells on the coated dish was higher than that on the non-coated dish. The FCM analysis showed that a single peak of haploid cells was detected in the cell population cultured on the coated dish at the 5th day of culture, while no haploid peak was detected on the non-coated dish. The cultured cells exhibited two distinct patterns of EGFP fluorescence, with a proportion of EGFP-positive cells at 53.5% (total 1,000 counts). The microinsemination into 263 oocytes resulted in the production of 27 oocytes with two pronuclei (10.3%) and 15 cleaved oocytes (5.7%). However, the oviductal transfer of 143 microinseminated oocytes resulted in only 8 implantation sites without viable offspring (5.6%). These results indicated that rat type-A spermatogonial cells seemed to undergo meiosis, but the potential of the cultured spermatid-like cells to participate into full-term development was questionable.

142 Isolation of the Quail Spermatogonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
E. R. Mennibaeva ◽  
N. A. Volkova ◽  
E. K. Tomgorova ◽  
L. A. Volkova ◽  
V. A. Bagirov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
The Individual

Spermatogonia are testicular stem cells, the precursors of male sex cells. They are target cells for introduction of recombinant DNA and suitable for creation of cryobanks to preserve biological materials. The aim of our research was to optimize the individual stages culturing quail spermatogonia. In an initial study, dynamics of change in the composition of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules were assessed histologically, at weekly intervals from 1 week to 1.5 months of age. Thereafter, spermatogonia were isolated from quail testes. Disaggregation of the testis tissue was carried out by consecutive enzymatic treatment in 0.25% trypsin and 0.1% collagenase solution. Purification of spermatogonia from other types of spermatogenic cells was conducted by separation of the cells by adhesion. The duration and conditions of cultivation of spermatogenic cells were selected experimentally. Cultivation of spermatogonia was performed on feeder layers, including quail primary Sertoli cells, STO cell line, and transplanted porcine Sertoli cells. Growth medium for culturing spermatogonia was DMEM HG medium supplemented with 5% FCS, 2 mM α-glutamine, MEM (10 μL mL−1), antibiotic (100×), insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS, 10 μL mL−1), 2-mercaptoethanol (5 × 10−5 M), albumin (5 mg mL−1), epidermal growth factor (EGF, 20 ng mL−1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, 10 ng mL−1), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF, 2 ng mL−1). For identification of spermatogonia colonies, SSEA-1 antibodies were used. The maximum number of spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules of quail occurred at 3 weeks of age; there were mainly spermatogonia and Sertoli cells at this time. The percentage of spermatogonia from the total number of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubule reached 76 ± 2%. In view of this, spermatogonia were isolated from the testes of 2-week-old quail. Spermatogenic cells were cultured for 24 h, after which the supernatant with unattached cells, mainly spermatogonia, was transferred to a new dish and cultured. Maximum homogeneity of the cell population was detected by dividing the cells by 3-fold transfer of the cell supernatant at an interval of 24 h; the proportion of spermatogonia in the suspension reached 88%. Quail Sertoli cells were the optimal feeder layer for cultivation of quail spermatogonia. Formation of spermatogonia colonies was observed on Day 5 to 7 of cultures, and their identity confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for SSEA-1. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation within Project no.16-16-04104.

scholarly journals Granulomatous Epididymitis Related to Rhodotorula glutinis Infection in a Dog

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kadota ◽  
K. Uchida ◽  
T. Nagatomo ◽  
Y. Goto ◽  
T. Shinjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Cell Debris ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Cut Surface

A 4-year-old, male Great Dane dog developed severe swelling of the scrotum on 9 December 1991, and the testes and epididymides were removed surgically on 12 December 1992. The cut surface of the epididymides consisted of hard connective tissue and several small abcesses with slight hemorrhage. Histopathologically, the seminiferous tubules in the testes had only a few spermatogenic cells, but Sertoli cells were well preserved. Both epididymides consisted entirely of a proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, and only a few ducts deferens containing cell debris, neutrophils, and macrophages in the lumina were present. In all lesions of the epididymides, the macrophages contained periodic acid–Schiff– and Grocott's silver–positive round granules, 5-8 μm in diameter. Microbiologically, smooth salmon-pink colonies consisting of ovoidal yeast, about 10 μm in diameter, were isolated from the samples of epididymides but not from those of the testes. The isolated yeast had microbiological characteristics of Rhodotorula glutinis. From these observations, we diagnosed the present case as granulomatous epididymitis due to Rhodotorula infection.

GONADOTROPHINS, TESTOSTERONE AND SPERMATOGENESIS IN NEONATALLY IRRADIATED MALE RATS: EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF THE SERTOLI CELL IN FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE FEEDBACK

1977 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. DE JONG ◽  
R. M. SHARPE
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Normal Numbers ◽  
Testicular Cell

Peripheral concentrations of FSH in the male rat seem to be regulated in part by a protein hormone, inhibin, which originates from the testes. In an attempt to ascertain which type of testicular cell secretes inhibin, groups of male rats were irradiated prenatally or on days 4, 6 or 8 of postnatal life, and killed at 21, 51 or 81 days of age together with castrated and intact controls. The concentrations of FSH and LH in the pituitary gland, and FSH, LH and testosterone in the plasma were estimated for each animal, and the numbers of each class of intratubular cell in the testes were calculated. Rats irradiated neonatally had fewer Sertoli cells than controls at all ages studied, while the numbers of Sertoli cells in rats irradiated prenatally were higher than those in controls on day 21. The number of spermatogenic cells was usually decreased in rats irradiated postnatally. In the rats irradiated prenatally normal numbers of spermatogenic cells were found at day 51. Numbers of spermatogenic cells were significantly correlated with the number of Sertoli cells at the ages of 51 and 81 days. The concentration of FSH in the plasma usually increased in the postnatally irradiated animals on days 21 and 51, but not on day 81; prenatal irradiation did not result in altered levels of FSH at any age. Peripheral levels of LH and testosterone were not affected by irradiation. The concentration of FSH in the plasma was negatively correlated with the number of Sertoli cells in all age groups, whereas significant correlations between the level of FSH and the number of spermatogenic cells were only found at days 51 and 81. It is concluded from these data that the Sertoli cell is the most likely source of inhibin.

scholarly journals Apoptotic spermatogenic cells can be energy sources for Sertoli cells

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weipeng Xiong ◽  
Haikun Wang ◽  
Hui Wu ◽  
Yongmei Chen ◽  
Daishu Han
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Lipid Formation ◽  
Residual Bodies ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Apoptotic spermatogenic cells and residual bodies are phagocytosed and degraded by Sertoli cells during mammalian spermatogenesis. The meaning of this event remains to be clarified. In this report, we demonstrate that apoptotic spermatogenic cells and residual bodies can be used to produce ATP by Sertoli cells after phagocytosis of them. Sertoli cells produced the highest level of ATP compared with other testicular cells. Phagocytosis assayin vitroshowed that engulfment of apoptotic spermatogenic cells increases ATP production by Sertoli cells. The increased ATP production was detected in seminiferous tubules at the stages where phagocytosis occurs. Induced apoptosis of spermatogenic cellsin vivoincreased ATP production in seminiferous tubules. The augmentation of ATP production bothin vitroandin vivoassociated with the lipid formation in Sertoli cells after phagocytosis of apoptotic spermatogenic cells. The lipid β-oxidation was a predominant pathway to produce ATP in Sertoli cells. We conclude that after phagocytosis by Sertoli cells, apoptotic spermatogenic cells are degraded to form lipids that are then used to produce ATP. The results suggest that apoptotic spermatogenic cells can be energy sources for Sertoli cells that may define a novel meaning of spermatogenic cell death.

143 The Dynamics of Spermatogenesis in Guinea Fowls

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
N. A. Volkova ◽  
A. N. Vetokh ◽  
I. P. Novgorodova ◽  
A. V. Dotsev ◽  
N. A. Zinovieva
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
Generative Cells ◽  
Selection Of

Male gonads are valuable genetic material for creation of biomaterial cryobanks to preserve the genes of various animals, including poultry. Spermatogonia, which are stem cells of the testes, are of greatest interest. For effective selection of spermatogenic cells, including spermatogonia, it is necessary to know the specific features of spermatogenesis of the species of interest. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of spermatogenesis in guinea fowl. Histological examinations of guinea fowl testes (n = 90 birds) were done for 9 age categories, from 2 wk to 6 months. For each individual, at least 30 seminiferous tubules were examined. Seminiferous tubule diameters and numbers and types of spermatogenic cells (based on morphology) were determined. Overall, the histologic structure of guinea fowl testes was similar to that of mammals. Cell populations of the seminiferous tubules included Sertoli cells and generative cells, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm, at various stages of differentiation. Diameter of seminiferous tubules was (mean ± SEM) 36 ± 1, 58 ± 1, 64 ± 1, 65 ± 1, 110 ± 3, 178 ± 4, 233 ± 4, 274 ± 6, and 295 ± 5 µm at 2 wk, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months, respectively. Furthermore, at those ages, the number of spermatogenic cells per tubule was 18 ± 1, 20 ± 1, 29 ± 2, 30 ± 2, 68 ± 5, 114 ± 8, 186 ± 10, 400 ± 20, and 447 ± 24. Maximum percentage of spermatogonia was 72 ± 2% at 6 wk. Primary and secondary spermatocytes were first observed at 10 and 12 wk of age, respectively, whereas spermatids were first apparent at 4 months. Sperm were first identified at 5 months, with more present at 6 months. We concluded that the optimal age for retrieving testicular germ cells in guinea fowl was no later than 8 wk, as that represented the age when seminiferous tubules were dominated by spermatogonia. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project no.16-16-04104).

Correlation between blood-testis barrier development and onset of the first spermatogenic wave in normal and busulfan-treated rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
Juan C. Cavicchia ◽  
Fabio L. Sacerdote
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Seminiferous Epithelium ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Synaptonemal Complexes ◽  
New Born

Pregnant rats (day 13) received 10mg/kg of Busulfan i.p. in order to deplete of germ cell the testes of the new born rats. The seminiferous tubules of their off spring from postnatal age 1 day up to day 35 were examined with TEM after fixation plus intercellular tracers, and with freeze-fracture techniques. During this period, the inter-Sertoli tight junctions of controls increase both in numbers and in length. Between days 10 and 13 the seminiferous cords have numerous preleptotene and leptotene spermatocytes (Fig.1) surrounded by tracer. The inter-Sertoli junctions are tortuous and predominantly perpendicular to the basal lamina. Between ages 13 and 20 days the seminiferous epithelium reaches zygotene-pachytene stages (fig.2) identified by the presence of synaptonemal complexes. The tracer is stopped at the inter-Sertoli junctions at this stage, whereas it still permeates tubules displaying preleptotene and leptotene spermatocytes.Freeze-fracture shows that the orientation of inter-Sertoli junctions has changed to parallel, both to each other and to the basal lamina (fig.3). In the Busulfan treated rats, the tubules continue having, up to postnatal day 30, only Sertoli cells and scanty spermatogonia.

scholarly journals Duplicated insertion mutation in the microtubule-associated protein Spag5 (astrin/MAP126) and defective proliferation of immature Sertoli cells in rat hypogonadic (hgn/hgn) testes

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroetsu Suzuki ◽  
Mio Yagi ◽  
Katsushi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Insertion Mutation ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Abnormal Mitosis ◽  
Antigen 5

Male rats with hypogonadism (hgn/hgn) experience sterility from testicular dysplasia, which is controlled by a single recessive gene, hgn. The postnatal growth of the seminiferous tubules was severely affected. In this study, we localized thehgnlocus to a 320 kb region on rat chromosome 10 and detected the insertion of a 25 bp duplication into the sixth exon of the sperm-associated antigen 5 (Spag5/astrin/MAP126) gene, which codes for a microtubule-associated protein. This mutation results in a truncatedSpag5protein lacking the primary spindle-targeting domain at the C terminus. Immunological staining with antibodies to markers for Sertoli and germ cells during the early postnatal period indicated that the abnormal mitosis with dispersed chromosomes inhgn/hgntestes occurs in proliferating Sertoli cells. Therefore, apoptotic Sertoli cell death would result from the disorganization of the spindle apparatus caused by defectiveSpag5. These findings suggested that theSpag5is essential for testis development in rats and that thehgn/hgnrat is a unique animal model for studying the function ofSpag5.

Effects of recombinant human FSH in immature hypophysectomized male rats: evidence for Leydig cell-mediated action on spermatogenesis

1994 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Matikainen ◽  
J Toppari ◽  
K K Vihko ◽  
I Huhtaniemi
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cell ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
First Time ◽  
Recombinant Human Fsh

Abstract The mode of FSH actions within the testis was studied in immature hypophysectomized male rats by treatment with recombinant human FSH (recFSH, Org 32489). To elucidate the involvement of Leydig cells and androgens in the maintenance of spermatogenesis in FSH-treated hypophysectomized rats further, the recFSH treatment was given both alone and after destruction of Leydig cells with ethane-1,2-dimethane sulphonate (EDS). Three days after hypophysectomy (at 31 days of age) the rats were given one i.p. injection of vehicle or EDS and, 4 days later, they were implanted with osmotic minipumps releasing either 0·9% (w/v) NaCl or 1 IU recFSH/day. Recombinant FSH alone increased testicular weights 2·5-fold in 7 days (P<0·01). The effect of FSH was similar in EDS-pretreated rats (P<0·01). Testicular testosterone increased from 6·5 ± 1·6 to 16·9 ± 5·3 (s.e.m.) pmol/g tissue (P<0·05) and serum testosterone from 0·12 ± 0·02 to 0·22 ± 0·03 nmol/l (P<0·05) when the rats were treated with recFSH. EDS alone did not affect testicular testosterone but, when combined with recFSH, it totally abolished the stimulatory effect of FSH on testosterone. Testicular binding of 125I-labelled iodo human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and 125I-labelled iodo recFSH was increased 2·5- and 2·1-fold respectively with recFSH treatment (P<0·01). EDS, either alone or with FSH, abolished specific testicular hCG binding (P<0·01), but had no effect on that of recFSH. However, FSH increased its own receptors only in animals not treated with EDS. Histological analysis of the testes revealed that the diameters of the seminiferous tubules increased from 115 ± 6·1 to 160 ± 7·2 μm (P<0·05) with recFSH, and a comparable increase was observed when EDS treatment preceded that of recFSH (143 ± 1·5 μm, P<0·05 vs. controls). Quantification of the spermatogenic cells indicated that recFSH supported the progression of spermatogenesis, as shown by increased number of meiotic and haploid spermatogenic cells (P<0·05). In all EDS-treated animals, spermatogenesis was severely disturbed and only a few spermatids were seen. In conclusion: (1) these results further support the suggestion that FSH has indirect stimulatory effects on Leydig cell function, (2) the completion of meiosis and spermiogenesis are supported by FSH, the effect of which is enhanced by the presence of Leydig cells, suggesting its dependence on androgens, and (3) we show for the first time that FSH is able to stimulate its own receptors only in the presence of Leydig cell-derived factors, probably androgens. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 449–457

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