Problems of metastasis (literature review)

Despite significant successes in the development of medical sciences, the study of oncopathology issues still occupies a leading place due to the identification of a large number of advanced cases of the disease. Firstly, this may be due to the rapid growth of a malignant tumor, for example, against the background of immunodeficiency. Secondly, with late treatment of patients, when they already have distant metastases. The success of treatment of any oncological process primarily depends on the timing of the diagnosis: the earlier the tumor is diagnosed, the greater the chance of a positive outcome and an increase in the life expectancy of the cancer patient. The most formidable complication of oncopathology and the main cause of death from it is metastasis, which often reduces to zero all the effects of therapy. Metastasis remains a mystery today. So, despite the large number of various theories, the question of the spread of the tumor throughout the body has not yet been resolved. There is no definite answer to the question: do metastases metastasize? The mechanisms of the influence of hormones on the processes of metastasis have not been fully studied. Difficulties in diagnosis are associated with the lack of clinical manifestations before the appearance of metastases, the inability to track and compare changes in tissues and organs in vivo, the non-specificity of the results of available research methods, and the lack of control of the spread of metastases throughout the body. Experimental studies on laboratory animals can provide answers to these and many other questions. In a review of the literature, a study of the main issues of metastasis is conducted.

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The origins of in vivo functional diagnosis of hemomicrocirculation in periodontal tissues in normal and pathological conditions in domestic dentistry

Periodontology ◽

10.33925/1683-3759-2019-24-3-203-206 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 203-206

Author(s):

A. K. Iordanishvili

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Associate Professor ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Statistical Research ◽

Functional Diagnosis ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Local Character ◽

Pathological Conditions

Purpose – to present the origins of in vivo functional diagnosis of hemomicrocirculation in periodontal tissues in normal and pathological conditions in domestic dentistry.Materials and methods: the material of the study was archival and reporting materials of research works of scientists-dentists, which deals with the functioning of periodontal tissues. These materials are used as a source of primary information. Analytical, medical and statistical research methods were used to study them.Results: information on the development and ﬁrst application in dental practice of methods of in vivo microscopy and microphotography of gums with the clarity that allowed the use of these methods for many years, including modern dentistry. These methods were used for experimental studies in various animals (Guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs) and in clinical practice, in norm and under various extreme eﬀects of General and local character.Conclusion: the role of domestic scientists and dentists, in particular, the doctor of medical Sciences associate Professor M. K. Gacina, the development of functional methods of research of periodontal: of capillaroscopy and capillaroscopy. The importance of these methods of functional diagnosis of periodontal disease in clinical periodontics at the present stage, including periodontal disease in endocrine pathology, endodontal lesions and tissue pathology around dental implants.

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Effects of curcumin on cystic fibrosis: a systematic review protocol

10.21203/rs.3.rs-889593/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Izabela Zibetti Albuquerque ◽

Lusmaia Damaceno Camargo Costa ◽

Patrícia Marques Fortes ◽

Guilherme Matos Abe ◽

Paulo Sérgio Sucasas da Costa

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Clinical Effects

Abstract Background: Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease characterized by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, responsible for encoding the protein that regulates the function of chlorine and sodium channels in the cell membrane. The bioactive compound curcumin has shown modulating and restorative effects on sodium, chlorine and water transport, and seems to be a candidate to act in the expression of the function of the chlorine channels. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate scientific evidence of molecular and clinical effects of curcumin in cell cultures, animals and subjects with cystic fibrosis.Methods: The search will be conducted in the following databases - MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library and EMBASE. Reviewers will select original intervention (in vitro and in vivo) and/or observational articles that analyzed the effects of curcumin on cystic fibrosis. The methodological quality of the studies will be assessed by the Joana Briggs Institute's Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies. The GRADE tool will be applied to grade the quality of evidence.Discussion: To date, no systematic reviews have been published that assessed molecular and clinical effects of curcumin on cystic fibrosis. Upon completion of this systematic review, it is expected that the evidence found may contribute to the development of therapeutic formulations capable of modulating the function of the CFTR protein, restoring its properties, and contributing to the reduction of systemic clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021229294

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Operational Values of Radioactive Skin Contamination in the Case of Radiological Accident

Medical Radiology and radiation safety ◽

10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-3-20-26 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

M. Grachev ◽

Yu. Salenko ◽

Yu. Abramov ◽

G. Frolov ◽

V. Klochkov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Studies ◽

Absorbed Dose ◽

The Body ◽

Surface Contamination ◽

Radioactive Material ◽

Whole Body ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Intact Skin ◽

Radioactive Substances ◽

Skin Contamination

Purpose: Development of recommendations on the use in medical practice of institutions under FMBA of Russia of operational values of radioactive skin contamination in the event of radiological accidents. Material and methods: The easily measured radiation parameters were used as operational values: ambient dose equivalent rate (ADER) of γ-radiation, density of skin contamination with γ-, β- and α-emitting radionuclides. Operational values of skin contamination were estimated on the basis of experimental data described in the literature and models on the kinetics of radioactive substances transport in the body, accepted values of dose criteria for deterministic and stochastic effects. The estimation of radioactive material resorption through the skin was based on the results of experimental studies in laboratory animals (mainly piglets) for a limited set of chemical compounds of radionuclides. Results: The values of γ-ADER of the main dose-forming radionuclides measured at a distance of 10 cm from the skin surface in the range of 10–1000 μSv/h and the possible health effects due to the skin exposure and the intake of radioactive substances into the body were presented. In the IAEA recommendations, the level of skin contamination at 1 µSv/h is considered as a significant operational value according to the criterion of radioactive substances intake through the mouth from the contaminated surface of the hands. However, in our opinion, this estimate is excessively conservative; therefore it is not included in the recommended operational values. If the skin is contaminated with γ-β-emitting radionuclide solutions at a surface contamination higher than 106 Bq/cm2 (ADER ≥1000 µSv/h), the out of turn emergency decontamination should be carried out. Obligatory indications for the whole body counter examination after thorough decontamination and conducting biophysical analysis of bioassay are the following operational values: γ-ADER from the skin > 10 µSv/h; surface contamination of intact skin with β-active radionuclides > 20 000 β-part./(cm2·min); surface contamination of intact skin with α-active radionuclides > 200 α-part./ (cm2·min). Conclusion: The recommended operational values allow preliminarily and promptly to assess the health risk not only in the case of external (contact) exposure of the skin and underlying tissues, but also due to the intake of soluble radioactive substances into the body through intact and damaged (injured) skin. Taking into account the high degree of uncertainty of the estimates obtained, the operational values should be considered as strictly conservative. They should be used only to determinate of urgency of decontamination carrying out for the provision of medical care during the prehospital and early hospital periods with the obligatory follow-up dosimetry examination for the final assessment of absorbed dose.

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Application of Probiotic Preparation Based on Bacteria of the Genus Bacillus in Experimental Intoxication with Cadmium

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac111.75587567 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 7558-7567

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The Body ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Genus Bacillus ◽

Cadmium Ions ◽

Toxic Damage ◽

Muscle Tissues ◽

Probiotic Strains ◽

Probiotic Preparation

Experimental studies show that the introduction of various heavy metals in the form of their soluble salts in laboratory animals can lead to toxic damage to the body. Taking into account the world community’s concern with acute and chronic intoxication with heavy metals, methods of detoxification of heavy metal excess, as well as their active removal from the body, are actively being developed today. A relatively new and safe method of detoxification is the use of probiotic strains that have the ability to bind heavy metals, for example, encrusting them in their cell wall, and further, withdrawing through the gastrointestinal tract. This work conducts a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of probiotic preparations as a means of correction of the elemental status in the intoxication with cadmium based on the study of biochemical parameters of serum, histological examination of the liver. The best effect and preservation of the structure of the main cell population of the liver – hepatocytes – was observed in samples with Vetom 2 against the background of intoxication with cadmium during all the periods of observation. There were no microcirculation violations in the liver lobule areas. Studies of the ability of bacteria of the genus Bacillus that are part of the studied probiotics to accumulate heavy metals by means of determining their concentration in tissues of laboratory animals revealed that the preparations contribute to a pronounced decrease in the concentration of cadmium ions in the tissues. At the same time, the bone and muscle tissues have the greatest accumulating ability in relation to cadmium ions. The most effective preparations in cadmium intoxication are Sporobacterin and Vetom 2.

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Major Characteristics of Experimental Models of Abdominal Adhesions

Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery ◽

10.18499/2070-478x-2020-13-2-157-162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 157-162

Author(s):

Boris Yushkov ◽

Alexey Sarapultsev ◽

German Sarapultsev

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Surgical Techniques ◽

Experimental Models ◽

The Body ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Small Laboratory ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Abdominal Adhesions ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Modeling Techniques

The search for preventive and treatment methods for adhesions of the abdominal cavity and adhesive disease is one of the most important tasks of pharmaceutical and medical sciences; and the solution is based on experimental research studies involving animals. However, the varietyof adhesion modeling techniques, as well as specific features of experimental animals imply considerable difficulties to such research. The aim of the review was to describe and systematize experimental models of the adhesive process in the peritoneum applicable to small laboratory animals. The authors identify major models of adhesion induction, emphasizing the species differences of small laboratory animals that could affect the interpretation and extrapolation of the data obtained. The authors have proven that since adhesion is a complete product of the body inflammatory response to tissue damage, the treatment of adhesions should be solely based on surgical techniques, while therapeutic approaches might only prevent, slow down or reduce the intensity of adhesion processes.

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HIGH-INTENSITY LOW-FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC VIBRATIONS HAVE THE CRITICAL EFFECT ON THE LUNGS

Akustika ◽

10.36336/akustika2019325 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 5-9

Author(s):

Valery Zinkin ◽

Irina Vasilyeva ◽

Vladimir Bespalov ◽

Aleksandr Osetrov

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Low Frequency ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Structural Basis ◽

Acoustic Vibrations

The paper summarizes the findings of experimental studies on animals and literature data to show the characteristics of the lungs exposure to low-frequency acoustic vibrations. Experimental studies were performed on laboratory animals of different species (mice, rats, rabbits, dogs) exposed to low-frequency acoustic vibrations on the test bench set for several months. To assess lung injury, broncho-alveolar lavage, surfactant, biologically active substances in the tissues of the lung, extracellular low-molecular blood DNA were investigated, computerized tomography and postmortem methods were used. It has been established that that prolonged action of high-intensity low-frequency acoustic waves leads to structural damage to the lung parenchyma, lung airiness disorder, bronchi patency and metabolic functions of the lungs. The revealed disorders can serve as a structural basis for the development of such lung diseases as chronic non-specific lung disease of the obstructive bronchitis and/or focal emphysema type. Morphological and functional parameters of the lungs can be considered as criteria for the harmful effect of low-frequency acoustic vibrations on the human body and animals. The obtained experimental data allow us to formulate the concept of the mechanisms of the harmful effect of this physical factor on the lungs. The respiratory system is a critical organ in relation to low-frequency acoustic vibrations. It is necessary to correct the ideas of professional ‘noise’ pathology with regard to the damage to the hearing organ only in the form of neurosensory hearing loss. As it can be seen from the presented findings, the nature of disorders in the body is determined by the noise parameters (intensity, duration and spectral composition).

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Thermal Inactivation of Carcasses of Mice and Rabbits Infected with Pathogens of Risk Groups Two to Four

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science ◽

10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000097 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hanna-Mari Baldauf ◽

Siegfried Weingartner ◽

Katharina Hofmann ◽

Gerda Mitteregger-Kretzschmar ◽

Bastian Popper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Inactivation ◽

Risk Group ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

International Standards ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Evaluation Procedure ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Pathogen Inactivation

Pathogenesis of viruses or other agents that are infectious to humans is frequently studied in vivo using natural or genetically modified animals. Depending on the risk group of the pathogen, the majority of such experimental studies are performed at least under biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) conditions. Biosafety considerations are therefore critical at all steps of research involving potentially infectious pathogens. Inactivation of pathogens studied using in vitro experiments is usually performed using moist heat sterilization. However, few standardized and validated protocols are currently available for the thermal inactivation of carcasses from laboratory animals infected with such human pathogens. To comply with laboratory biologic safety rules and requirements imposed by regulatory authorities, documentation of appropriate inactivation conditions or use of a validated procedure according to national or international standards is critical. In the current study, we evaluated inactivation protocols in a standard laboratory autoclave for carcasses of either frozen mice or recently terminated rabbits, which were placed inside autoclave bags with bedding material in stainless steel containers. Temperature sensors were placed into differenttissues of the carcasses to continuously record temperature in situ and in real-time, and a reference sensor was placedin the autoclave. To achieve pathogen inactivation, autoclaving protocols had to be optimized for both species. Frozen micerequired 2 different fractionated prevacuum stages, whereas recently terminated rabbits required 3 different fractionatedprevacuum stages. This study provides a template for an evaluation procedure to safely and effectively inactivate mice and rabbits infected with risk group 2 to 4 pathogens.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.37.4.511 ◽

1923 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 511-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Elizabeth Pauline Wolf

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Reaction ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The Body ◽

Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Croton Oil ◽

High Concentrations

1. None of the salts tested produce a marked inflammation in vivo in concentrations under 10 per cent. Potassium salts and the different citrates produced atypical inflammatory reactions in mice, but not in frogs. There was no true inflammation, however, characterized by blood vessel changes, migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes, and fluid exudation. 2. Synergistic action occurs when equal parts of strontium and magnesium salts are employed. There is a change in the appearance of the mesentery without a true inflammation, and this change does not occur with either salt alone. 3. Amino-acids and amines as a class do not produce inflammation, but histamine produces a marked inflammatory reaction in frogs and mice. 4. Tyramine does not cause an inflammatory reaction but has other marked effects; agglutination thrombi occur within the smaller blood vessels, both veins and arteries; in frogs there is a rapid clumping of the white blood cells followed by a true coagulation with strands of fibrin and entanglement of erythrocytes. This is very widespread and often kills the animal within an hour after injection. In mice it is the erythrocytes that clump and coagulation occurs very much later, usually at the end of 24 hours; still later there is complete absorption of the coagulated masses and the mesenteric circulation returns to normal. None of the mice died during the stage of clumping, and the clots never extended up the larger vessels as they did in the frogs. These effects are similar to the phenomena observed in the in vitro work, in which clumping of the cells appeared constantly. 5. Cantharidinum, histamine, and turpentine produced the most rapid and marked inflammation of any substances tried. These substances are all strongly positively chemotactic in vitro. The differences occurring when these substances are used in different species is a quantitative rather than a qualitative one, the body temperature being of some importance. Papain acted only in warmblooded animals; this is consistent with its chemotactic action in vitro. The degree of positive chemotaxis varied markedly with the blood employed and in the in vivo work the inflammation varied with the species of animal used. 6. Certain substances produced inflammation only some time after injection; this is true of scarlet R and croton oil in weak dilutions. These are not strongly positively chemotactic. 7. Parazol produces an inflammation associated with necrosis of the tissues. This is similar to the results obtained in vitro, parazol being positively chemotactic in low concentrations and negative in high concentrations. 8. The exact chemical nature of many of the substances which produce marked inflammation is unknown. This is true of cantharidin, and the active constituents of turpentine and croton oil. 9. All substances which produce marked and rapid inflammation on injection are positively chemotactic, but not all strongly positively chemotactic substances produce inflammation; i.e., calcium compounds, sodium phosphate, etc. 10. Only substances which are positively chemotactic and also soluble in oil seem capable of producing inflammation in animals.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.11.5.743 ◽

1909 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 743-761 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

S. Strouse

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The Body ◽

Biological Reaction

1. Phagocytosis of pneumococci in vitro runs parallel with phagocytosis in vivo. 2. Virulence depends not only on resistance to phagocytosis, but also on the ability to grow in the body of the animal. 3. The biological reaction of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection does not differ from that of the mouse. 4. The "immunity" of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection is due to its normal high temperature.

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Biogenic Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties In Vitro and In Vivo Testing and the Concentration Effect

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9030323 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 323

Author(s):

Sergey V. Stolyar ◽

Oksana A. Kolenchukova ◽

Anna V. Boldyreva ◽

Nadezda S. Kudryasheva ◽

Yulia V. Gerasimova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽

The Body ◽

Blocking Temperature ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

High Dispersion ◽

Intracellular Regeneration ◽

Minimum Concentration ◽

In Vivo Testing

Biogenic ferrihydrite nanoparticles were synthesized as a result of the cultivation of Klebsiella oxytoca microorganisms. The distribution of nanoparticles in the body of laboratory animals and the physical properties of the nanoparticles were studied. The synthesized ferrihydrite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature, and the characteristic blocking temperature is 23–25 K. The uncompensated moment of ferrihydrite particles was determined to be approximately 200 Bohr magnetons. In vitro testing of different concentrations of ferrihydrite nanoparticles for the functional activity of neutrophilic granulocytes by the chemiluminescence method showed an increase in the release of primary oxygen radicals by blood phagocytes when exposed to a minimum concentration and a decrease in secondary radicals when exposed to a maximum concentration. In vivo testing of ferrihydrite nanoparticles on Wister rats showed that a suspension of ferrihydrite nanoparticles has chronic toxicity, since it causes morphological changes in organs, mainly in the spleen, which are characterized by the accumulation of hemosiderin nanoparticles (stained blue according to Perls). Ferrihydrite can also directly or indirectly stimulate the proliferation and intracellular regeneration of hepatocytes. The partial detection of Perls-positive cells in the liver and kidneys can be explained by the rapid elimination from organs and the high dispersion of the nanomaterial. Thus, it is necessary to carry out studies of these processes at the systemic level, since the introduction of nanoparticles into the body is characterized by adaptive-proliferative processes, accompanied by the development of cell dystrophy and tension of the phagocytic system.

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