scholarly journals Biogenic Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties In Vitro and In Vivo Testing and the Concentration Effect

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Stolyar ◽  
Oksana A. Kolenchukova ◽  
Anna V. Boldyreva ◽  
Nadezda S. Kudryasheva ◽  
Yulia V. Gerasimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blocking Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Intracellular Regeneration ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
In Vivo Testing

Biogenic ferrihydrite nanoparticles were synthesized as a result of the cultivation of Klebsiella oxytoca microorganisms. The distribution of nanoparticles in the body of laboratory animals and the physical properties of the nanoparticles were studied. The synthesized ferrihydrite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature, and the characteristic blocking temperature is 23–25 K. The uncompensated moment of ferrihydrite particles was determined to be approximately 200 Bohr magnetons. In vitro testing of different concentrations of ferrihydrite nanoparticles for the functional activity of neutrophilic granulocytes by the chemiluminescence method showed an increase in the release of primary oxygen radicals by blood phagocytes when exposed to a minimum concentration and a decrease in secondary radicals when exposed to a maximum concentration. In vivo testing of ferrihydrite nanoparticles on Wister rats showed that a suspension of ferrihydrite nanoparticles has chronic toxicity, since it causes morphological changes in organs, mainly in the spleen, which are characterized by the accumulation of hemosiderin nanoparticles (stained blue according to Perls). Ferrihydrite can also directly or indirectly stimulate the proliferation and intracellular regeneration of hepatocytes. The partial detection of Perls-positive cells in the liver and kidneys can be explained by the rapid elimination from organs and the high dispersion of the nanomaterial. Thus, it is necessary to carry out studies of these processes at the systemic level, since the introduction of nanoparticles into the body is characterized by adaptive-proliferative processes, accompanied by the development of cell dystrophy and tension of the phagocytic system.

GIT Physicochemical Modeling - A Critical Review

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
'Michelle' Ji Yeon Yoo ◽  
Xiao Dong Chen
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Many attempts to model the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were made since the beginning of the last decade. The main purpose was either to simulate an in vivo testing of drugs on animals or to investigate the viability of the probiotic intake. Two well-known physio-chemical models regarding the viability of the probiotics have been produced. In 1993, Molly et al. developed a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME). Six reactors simulating the conditions of human stomach, duodenum/jejunum, ileum, caecum/ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon were artificially developed. In 1995, Minekus et al. created a TNO gastro-intestinal model (TIM) with four computer-controlled chambers simulating the conditions of stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The simulated parameters included the body temperature, pH, salivary, gastric and intestinal mixing with peristaltic movements, secretions and absorption of water and small molecules. Despite the use of pharmacological, physiological and biochemical knowledge of the human and animal GIT and associated secretions, conflicting results such as the extremely low viability of probiotics were obtained. The failure of the above two models indicates the necessity of devising a suitable in vitro model that would be capable of simulating the digestion process as an exact replica of the actual in vivo model. In this paper, the key aspects of the above have been summarized and discussed.

Potentials of medicinal nanostructured diamond particles and coatings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Diamond Surfaces ◽  
Diamond Particles ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
The Impact

Particles and coatings can be manufactured utilizing low-cost, scalable processes. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, unmodified diamond materials displayed good cell biocompatibility. Most current nanostructured diamond research focuses on diamond surfaces for specific cell and tissue interactions. Although the chemical stability of functionalized diamond surfaces has been explored for relatively short periods of time, the functionalized surface's chemical stability while its use in the body deserves additional exploration. In addition, the impact of chemistry (e.g., pH), enzymes, and microorganisms on the functionalized diamond surface's chemical stability must be considered. Moreover, the goals of studies evaluating the biological functionality of nanostructured diamond materials must be better aligned with regulatory requirements (e.g., ASTM International and the International Organization for Standardization) and in vitro and in vivo testing requirements of government agencies (e.g. the U.S. Food & Drug Administration). Because national regulatory authorities generally review medical devices rather than biomaterials, the parameters of in vitro and in vivo research should be closer to the implantation site's biological, chemical and mechanical features. Research on the breakdown of nanostructured diamond devices and the presence of degradation products in surrounding and remote tissues is needed. Thinking about how the sterilizing technique impacts the surface properties and biocompatibility of nanostructured diamond materials is equally significant. As the stability and fate of functionalized diamond particles and surfaces is better known via more in-vitro and in-vivo testing, nanostructured diamond materials are likely to play a greater role in clinical medicine.

scholarly journals Technology for evaluating the ability of probiotic strains to accumulate copper ions in vitro and in vivo using Bacillus bacteria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1752-1759
Author(s):  
Aleksey Sizentsov ◽  
Elena Salnikova ◽  
Yaroslav Sizentsov ◽  
Sergey Peshkov ◽  
Elena Barysheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Genus Bacillus ◽  
Probiotic Strains

Background and Aim: Microorganisms of the genus Bacillus comprising probiotics could have an antitoxic effect that is manifested in the active excretion of toxic substances from the body, as well as heavy metals. This study was conducted to assess the effects of copper ions on probiotic strains based on the members of the genus Bacillus in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The following probiotic preparations were selected for this experiment: "Sporobacterin," "Bactisubtil," and "Vetom-2." Sporobacterin liquid, manufactured by Bakoren LLC, is based on Bacillus subtilis 534. Bactisubtil, manufactured by Marion Merrell Dow, Inc., is based on Bacillus cereus 5832. The first part of the experiment (in vitro) was conducted to assess the influence of copper ions on the growth and bioaccumulating ability of probiotic strains. The second part of the experiment (in vivo) was conducted to assess the influence of copper ions on the body of laboratory animals and to determine the ability of probiotic strains to remove copper ions from the body of laboratory animals. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, calculating the average value (M), standard deviation (σ), and standard deviation error (m). p<0.05 was used to denote statistical significance. Results: In the previous studies, we found the presence of pronounced sorption characteristics of representatives of both the intestinal microbiome and probiotic strains based on them. In this study, we have studied the prospects of using physiological and adaptive mechanisms of resistance of transient probiotic strains in the system of correction of the elemental status of the animal body due to excessive intake of copper ions into the body. The advantage of their use is due to not only sorption but also the high levels of elimination of complexes accumulated on the surface. Analyzing the data, we can state the following. The excessive content of copper ions inhibits the activity of all microorganisms, and the presence of CuSO4 in the nutrient medium reduces the exponential growth phase by 6 h for B. licheniformis. The analysis of data on the bioaccumulating property of the probiotic strains under study shows that B. cereus (part of Bactisubtil) had the most pronounced sorbing effect with the level of accumulation of 23.96%. Conclusion: We found that probiotic preparations do not affect biochemical indices of blood and biotissues (the muscle and bone tissue, and the cutaneous covering). As a result of determining the ability of Bacillus bacteria comprising the probiotics under this study to accumulate heavy metals by measuring their concentration in the tissues of laboratory animals, the preparations contribute to reducing the toxic effects of copper ions on the body. The cutaneous covering has the greatest accumulation property relative to copper ions. The most effective probiotic under this study in copper ion poisoning was Bactisubtil, and the least effective was Vetom-2.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

Репрограммированые in vitro на М3 фенотип макрофаги останавливают рост солидной карциномы in vivo

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
А.А. Раецкая ◽  
С.В. Калиш ◽  
С.В. Лямина ◽  
Е.В. Малышева ◽  
О.П. Буданова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Antitumor Effect ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽  
Solid Carcinoma ◽  
Ec Cells

Цель исследования. Доказательство гипотезы, что репрограммированные in vitro на М3 фенотип макрофаги при введении в организм будут существенно ограничивать развитие солидной карциномы in vivo . Методика. Рост солидной опухоли инициировали у мышей in vivo путем подкожной инъекции клеток карциномы Эрлиха (КЭ). Инъекцию макрофагов с нативным М0 фенотипом и с репрограммированным M3 фенотипом проводили в область формирования солидной КЭ. Репрограммирование проводили с помощью низких доз сыворотки, блокаторов факторов транскрипции STAT3/6 и SMAD3 и липополисахарида. Использовали две схемы введения макрофагов: раннее и позднее. При раннем введении макрофаги вводили на 1-е, 5-е, 10-е и 15-е сут. после инъекции клеток КЭ путем обкалывания макрофагами с четырех сторон область развития опухоли. При позднем введении, макрофаги вводили на 10-е, 15-е, 20-е и 25-е сут. Через 15 и 30 сут. после введения клеток КЭ солидную опухоль иссекали и измеряли ее объем. Эффект введения макрофагов оценивали качественно по визуальной и пальпаторной характеристикам солидной опухоли и количественно по изменению ее объема по сравнению с группой без введения макрофагов (контроль). Результаты. Установлено, что M3 макрофаги при раннем введении от начала развития опухоли оказывают выраженный антиопухолевый эффект in vivo , который был существенно более выражен, чем при позднем введении макрофагов. Заключение. Установлено, что введение репрограммированных макрофагов M3 ограничивает развитие солидной карциномы в экспериментах in vivo . Противоопухолевый эффект более выражен при раннем введении М3 макрофагов. Обнаруженные в работе факты делают перспективным разработку клинической версии биотехнологии ограничения роста опухоли, путем предварительного программирования антиопухолевого врожденного иммунного ответа «в пробирке». Aim. To verify a hypothesis that macrophages reprogrammed in vitro to the M3 phenotype and injected into the body substantially restrict the development of solid carcinoma in vivo . Methods. Growth of a solid tumor was initiated in mice in vivo with a subcutaneous injection of Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) cells. Macrophages with a native M0 phenotype or reprogrammed towards the M3 phenotype were injected into the region of developing solid EC. Reprogramming was performed using low doses of serum, STAT3/6 and SMAD3 transcription factor blockers, and lipopolysaccharide. Two schemes of macrophage administration were used: early and late. With the early administration, macrophages were injected on days 1, 5, 10, and 15 following the injection of EC cells at four sides of the tumor development area. With the late administration, macrophages were injected on days 10, 15, 20, and 25. At 15 and 30 days after the EC cell injection, the solid tumor was excised and its volume was measured. The effect of macrophage administration was assessed both qualitatively by visual and palpation characteristics of solid tumor and quantitatively by changes in the tumor volume compared with the group without the macrophage treatment. Results. M3 macrophages administered early after the onset of tumor development exerted a pronounced antitumor effect in vivo , which was significantly greater than the antitumor effect of the late administration of M3 macrophages. Conclusion. The observed significant inhibition of in vivo growth of solid carcinoma by M3 macrophages makes promising the development of a clinical version of the biotechnology for restriction of tumor growth by in vitro pre-programming of the antitumor, innate immune response.

Neurotoxicity of Pesticides: The Roadmap for the Cubic Mode of Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Bumbăcilă ◽  
Mihai V. Putz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Organophosphate Compounds ◽  
Sar Studies ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Cubic Structure

Pesticides are used today on a planetary-wide scale. The rising need for substances with this biological activity due to an increasing consumption of agricultural and animal products and to the development of urban areas makes the chemical industry to constantly investigate new molecules or to improve the physicochemical characteristics, increase the biological activities and improve the toxicity profiles of the already known ones. Molecular databases are increasingly accessible for in vitro and in vivo bioavailability studies. In this context, structure-activity studies, by their in silico - in cerebro methods, are used to precede in vitro and in vivo studies in plants and experimental animals because they can indicate trends by statistical methods or biological activity models expressed as mathematical equations or graphical correlations, so a direction of study can be developed or another can be abandoned, saving financial resources, time and laboratory animals. Following this line of research the present paper reviews the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) studies and proposes a correlation between a topological connectivity index and the biological activity or toxicity made as a result of a study performed on 11 molecules of organophosphate compounds, randomly chosen, with a basic structure including a Phosphorus atom double bounded to an Oxygen atom or to a Sulfur one and having three other simple covalent bonds with two alkoxy (-methoxy or -ethoxy) groups and to another functional group different from the alkoxy groups. The molecules were packed on a cubic structure consisting of three adjacent cubes, respecting a principle of topological efficiency, that of occupying a minimal space in that cubic structure, a method that was called the Clef Method. The central topological index selected for correlation was the Wiener index, since it was possible this way to discuss different adjacencies between the nodes in the graphs corresponding to the organophosphate compounds molecules packed on the cubic structure; accordingly, &quot;three dimensional&quot; variants of these connectivity indices could be considered and further used for studying the qualitative-quantitative relationships for the specific molecule-enzyme interaction complexes, including correlation between the Wiener weights (nodal specific contributions to the total Wiener index of the molecular graph) and the biochemical reactivity of some of the atoms. Finally, when passing from SAR to Q(uantitative)-SAR studies, especially by the present advanced method of the cubic molecule (Clef Method) and its good assessment of the (neuro)toxicity of the studied molecules and of their inhibitory effect on the target enzyme - acetylcholinesterase, it can be seen that a predictability of the toxicity and activity of different analogue compounds can be ensured, facilitating the in vivo experiments or improving the usage of pesticides.

Nanocurcumin: A Double-Edged Sword for Microcancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (45) ◽  
pp. 5783-5792
Author(s):  
Kholood Abid Janjua ◽  
Adeeb Shehzad ◽  
Raheem Shahzad ◽  
Salman Ul Islam ◽  
Mazhar Ul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Anticancer Effects

There is compelling evidence that drug molecules isolated from natural sources are hindered by low systemic bioavailability, poor absorption, and rapid elimination from the human body. Novel approaches are urgently needed that could enhance the retention time as well as the efficacy of natural products in the body. Among the various adopted approaches to meet this ever-increasing demand, nanoformulations show the most fascinating way of improving the bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals through modifying their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Curcumin, a yellowish pigment isolated from dried ground rhizomes of turmeric, exhibits tremendous pharmacological effects, including anticancer activities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that curcumin mediates anticancer effects through the modulation (upregulation and/or downregulations) of several intracellular signaling pathways both at protein and mRNA levels. Scientists have introduced multiple modern techniques and novel dosage forms for enhancing the delivery, bioavailability, and efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of various malignancies. These novel dosage forms include nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, phospholipids, and curcumin-encapsulated polymer nanoparticles. Nanocurcumin has shown improved anticancer effects compared to conventional curcumin formulations. This review discusses the underlying molecular mechanism of various nanoformulations of curcumin for the treatment of different cancers. We hope that this study will make a road map for preclinical and clinical investigations of cancer and recommend nano curcumin as a drug of choice for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Perilla frutescens Leaf Extract and Fractions: Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant, Enzymes (α-Glucosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Tyrosinase) Inhibitory, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activities

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Zhenxing Wang ◽  
Zongcai Tu ◽  
Xing Xie ◽  
Hao Cui ◽  
Kin Weng Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Inhibitory Ability

This study aims to evaluate the bioactive components, in vitro bioactivities, and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of P. frutescens leaf, which is a traditional medicine-food homology plant. P. frutescens methanol crude extract and its fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions, and aqueous phase residue) were prepared by ultrasound-enzyme assisted extraction and liquid–liquid extraction. Among the samples, the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the high total phenolic (440.48 μg GAE/mg DE) and flavonoid content (455.22 μg RE/mg DE), the best antioxidant activity (the DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were 1.71, 1.14, 2.40, 1.29, and 2.4 times higher than that of control Vc, respectively), the most powerful α-glucosidase inhibitory ability with the IC50 value of 190.03 μg/mL which was 2.2-folds higher than control acarbose, the strongest proliferative inhibitory ability against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell with the IC50 values of 37.92 and 13.43 μg/mL, which were considerable with control cisplatin, as well as certain inhibition abilities on acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. HPLC analysis showed that the luteolin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and catechin were the dominant components of the ethyl acetate fraction. Animal experiments further demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction could significantly decrease the serum glucose level, food, and water intake of streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD rats, increase the body weight, modulate their serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, improve the histopathology and glycogen accumulation in liver and intestinal tissue. Taken together, P. frutescens leaf exhibits excellent hypoglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo, and could be exploited as a source of natural antidiabetic agent.

scholarly journals Collagen-Based Electrospun Materials for Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Britani N. Blackstone ◽  
Summer C. Gallentine ◽  
Heather M. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Increased Strength

Collagen is a key component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in organs and tissues throughout the body and is used for many tissue engineering applications. Electrospinning of collagen can produce scaffolds in a wide variety of shapes, fiber diameters and porosities to match that of the native ECM. This systematic review aims to pool data from available manuscripts on electrospun collagen and tissue engineering to provide insight into the connection between source material, solvent, crosslinking method and functional outcomes. D-banding was most often observed in electrospun collagen formed using collagen type I isolated from calfskin, often isolated within the laboratory, with short solution solubilization times. All physical and chemical methods of crosslinking utilized imparted resistance to degradation and increased strength. Cytotoxicity was observed at high concentrations of crosslinking agents and when abbreviated rinsing protocols were utilized. Collagen and collagen-based scaffolds were capable of forming engineered tissues in vitro and in vivo with high similarity to the native structures.

Aspiration Revisited: Prospective Evaluation of a Physiologically Pressurized Model With Animal Correlation and Broader Applicability to Filler Complications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyoung-Jin Moon ◽  
Won Lee ◽  
Ji-Soo Kim ◽  
Eun-Jung Yang ◽  
Hema Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Filler Injection ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Needle Position ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
In Vivo Testing

Abstract Background Aspiration testing before filler injection is controversial. Some believe that aspiration can help prevent inadvertent intravascular injection, while others cite false-negative results and question its value given that the needle position always changes somewhat during injection procedures. Objectives To test the relation of false-negative results to the viscosity of the material within the needle lumen and determine whether a less viscous material within the needle lumen could decrease the incidence of false-negative results. Methods In vitro aspiration tests were performed using 30-G and 27-G needle gauges, two cross-linked hyaluronic acid fillers, normal saline bags pressurized at 140 and 10 mmHg to mimic human arterial and venous pressures, and three needle lumen conditions (normal saline, air, and filler). Testing was repeated three times under each study condition (72 tests in total). For in vivo correlation, aspiration tests were performed on femoral arteries and central auricular veins in three rabbits (4–5 aspirations per site, 48 tests in total). Results In vitro and in vivo testing using 30-G needles containing filler both showed false-negative results on aspiration testing. In vitro and in vivo testing using needles containing saline or air showed positive findings. Conclusions False-negative results from aspiration testing may be reduced by pre-filling the needle lumen with saline rather than a filler. The pressurized system may help overcome challenges of animal models with intravascular pressures significantly different from those of humans. The adaptability of this system to mimic various vessel pressures may facilitate physiologically relevant studies of vascular complications.

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