ANALYSIS OF EXTREME RAINFALL INTENSITY DATA OF SISTAN AND BALOCHISTAN PROVINCES IN IRAN

2014 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
M.A. Zainudini ◽  
A. Sardarzaei
Author(s):  
С.Н. Волков ◽  
А.И. Житенев ◽  
О.Н. Рублевская ◽  
Ю.А. Курганов ◽  
И.Г. Костенко ◽  
...  

Анализ официальных источников информации показывает, что распределение экстремальных дождей по территории происходит с учетом микроклиматических особенностей ее местности. Для оценки степени достоверности таких закономерностей в пределах мегаполисов проведены экспериментальные исследования, в которых в качестве экспериментальной базы принята система водоотведения Санкт-Петербурга, в качестве средств измерения – сеть из 34 автоматических осадкомеров, осуществляющих записи с интервалом 5 минут, в качестве экспериментальной информации – база данных результатов измерений в течение шести лет. В результате исследований установлено, что в городской среде формируется микроклимат, отличающийся от климата за ее пределами. Кроме того, в масштабах мегаполисов имеются микроклиматические зоны, в которых зависимости интенсивностей осадков от их повторяемости могут существенно отличаться. При этом отличия начинают проявляться при периодах р однократного превышения расчетной интенсивности дождей от 1,5–2 лет, а при их меньших значениях отличия не выявлены. Полученный результат согласуется с данными исследований других авторов, экспериментально установивших, что количество экстремальных дождей увеличивается в тех районах мегаполисов, как правило, исторических,в которых меньше зеленых насаждений и, соответственно, более высокая степень перегрева поверхности в летнее время. The analysis of official data resources shows that the distribution of extreme rainfall over the territory is carried out with account of the microclimatic features of the area. To estimate the degree of reliability of such patterns within megalopolises, experimental studies were carried out, where the wastewater disposal system of St. Petersburg was assumed as an experimental base; a network of 34 automatic rain gauges recording with an interval of 5 minutes was assumed as a measuring instrument, and a base was used as experimental information, i. e., a measurement data base for six years. As a result of the research, it has been established that a microclimate is formed in the urban environment that differs from the climate outside it. Besides, on a megacity scale, there are microclimatic zones where the dependences of precipitation intensities on their frequency can differ significantly. In this case, the differences begin to manifest at periods p of one-time excess of the calculated rainfall intensity from 1.5–2 years, whereas at lower values, no differences have been found. The result obtained is consistent with the research data obtained by other authors, who experimentally established that the amount of extreme rainfall increased in those areas of megacities, as a rule, historical ones, where fewer green spaces are located, and, accordingly, a higher degree of surface overheating in summer is recorded.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
S.O. Oyegoke ◽  
A.S. Adebanjo ◽  
H.J. Ododo

With the large inter-annual variability of rainfall in Northern Nigeria, a zone subject to frequent dry spells which often result in severe and widespread droughts, the need for intense study of rainfall and accurate forecast of rainfall intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves cannot be over emphasized. The Intensity Duration Frequency relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity and rainfall duration for given return periods. Using a subset of the network of fifteen continuous auto recording rain gauges available in Northern Nigeria, a total of seven different time durations ranging from 12 minutes to 24 hours were developed for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. The maximum data series so obtained was fitted to Gumbel’s Extreme Value Type 1 distribution. Linear Regression Analysis was then used to obtain the intensity-duration relationships for the various locations from which Intensity-Duration Frequency (IDF) curves were generated using Microsoft Excel for various return periods. Keywords:  Extreme rainfall, intensity, duration, frequency, Northern Nigeria


Author(s):  
S.Y. Iryani

Mt. Merapi cold lava disasters in 2010 had caused a lot of public infrastructure and facilities in the area around Mt. Merapi were damaged, due to the occurrence of debris flows triggered by extreme rainfall. Analysis of extreme rainfall characteristics are conducted to determine the pattern of distribution of the amount of hourly rainfall  in the slopes of Mt. Merapi. To reduce the negative impact caused by cold lava flood, it is necessary to plan an Early Warning System (EWS) and the proper evacuation measures. EWS based Rainfall intensity, can refer to the Critical Line Curve. The research  results showed the greatest rainfall intensity occurred in the Mt. Maron station Pwith the cumulative relative frequency of rainfall intensity >20 mm/hr in between the years 1988 to 2010 with 6.74%. Analysis of the incidence of the most extreme hourly rainfall of 14 rainfall stations in the slopes of Mt. Merapi in 1988 to 2010 occurred in kemasan station in 2010 with 621.5 mm in January at 6:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Critical Line Curve Kali Gendol rain station Batur, Deles and Sorosan, non-causing rainfall in the dangerous area is 24 events (13.79%), causing rainfall in the dangerous area is 4 events (2.30%) and non-causing rainfall in the safety area is 146 events (83.91%). Cumulative Relative frequency rainfall intensity >20 mm/hr at rainfall stations close to the Kali Gendol i.e. Batur, Deles and Sorosan rainfall station from the highest to the lowest are   2.74%, 2.33% and 1.70%, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
Rahmat Gernowo ◽  
Muhamad Irham Nurwidyanto

Indonesia's climate classification is divided into three rainfall patterns. The three patterns are Seasonal Pattern, Equatorial Pattern, and Local Pattern (Anti Seasonal). Flood Disaster Management based on extreme rainfall is very much needed, as the analysis was taken as a case study on January 22, 2019, a flood disaster occurred in South Sulawesi. The flood event indicated that there was heavy rain that flushed the South Sulawesi region for several days, which is classified as monsoonal rainfall. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of heavy rain with atmospheric anomalies during these events by calculating rainfall intensity to determine future flooding patterns and using the WRF model to analyze cloud distribution patterns and rainfall distribution. The method used in this research is Mononobe and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) using the Fabric Fritsch cumulus parameterization scheme. The analysis showed that the intensity and duration of rainfall of 2, 5 10, 25, and 50 years were obtained from the Mononobe model, as well as from the atmospheric dynamics data, there was rain for 3 consecutive days caused by cumulonimbus type rain clouds. Based on the WRF model, it can be seen that the CAPE value before the onset of rain is quite significant, thus supporting the growth of rain clouds as an important variable in flood disaster management in the South Sulawesi region in particular and the tropical zone in. general. Motivation/Background: Indonesia is included in a tropical climate where extreme rainfall is important to analyze. The majority of flood disasters in the tropics occur in decades of extreme atmosphere, this is an important reason in this study. Method: The Mononobe method can be used to calculate the distribution pattern of rainfall intensity throughout 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years, as a prediction of future rainfall intensity patterns. The WRF model is used to calculate the cloud distribution pattern and the spatial distribution of rainfall. Results: The results of this study obtained patterns of rainfall intensity and duration of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years from the Mononobe model, as well as from the atmospheric dynamics data, there was rain for 3 consecutive days caused by cumulonimbus rain clouds. The pattern of cloud distribution and rainfall at the time of the incident at the WRF model research location. Conclusions: Analysis of the distribution pattern of rainfall intensity for the periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years, as well as the distribution pattern of clouds and rainfall, is very necessary for disaster identification, especially hydrometeorology. This is very important as a variable in flood disaster management, especially in the tropics


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Hartati -

Batang Hari is the 2nd biggest DAS in Indonesia. About 76% of Batang Hari DAS is located in Jambi Province, the entire 24%is in West Sumatera Province. Batang Hari dam which was built on 1997 is one of infrastrcture at Public Work ministery under management at Balai Wilayah Sungai Sumatera V (BWSS V) his high potential of water stock. Optimum discharge of Batang Hari Dam is about 86 m3/sec. In the recently years DAS Batang Hari has been disturbed by some changes like catchment area utilized fot other purpose, change on global climate done to greenhouse effectwhich causingintensity of rain as well as flood. This climate change then will affected standard for engineering design for making a water control buiding which may injuireaccurate waterfall intensity data. Study of rainfall intensity obtained from 3 (three) nearby stations will show the characteristic dam trend of distribution with reperted period. Cousistency of data using Mass Curve method and local rain analysis to be done by Arithmatic & Thiessen Polygon method. To analysis trend of rainfall distribution. We use : Normal, Log Normal, Log Person type III and Gumbel methods. For complaince test of distribution, we use Chi-Kuadrat and Smirnov-Kolmogorov methods. Refer to result of distribution using Chi-Kuadrat and Smirnov-Kolmogorov methods for Arithmatic methods it is adviced to use Gumbel method to evaluate distribution trend; because critical deviation is smell comparing to available in table, with rainfall with repeating period 2,5,10,25,50 and 100 years are 124,08 mm, 1168,56 mm, 198,01 mm, 235,22 mm, 262,83 mm, 290,23 mm and Thiessen Polygon 106,93 mm, 138,22 mm, 158,94 mm, 185,11 mm, 204,53 mm, 223,81 mm


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 2425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeuan-Chang Cheng ◽  
Ci-Jian Yang ◽  
Jiun-Chuan Lin

Storms are important agents for shaping the Earth’s surface and often dominate the landscape evolution of mudstone areas, by rapid erosion and deposition. In our research, we used terrestrial scanning LiDAR (TLS) to detect surface changes in a 30 m in height, 60 m in width mudstone slope. This target slope shows the specific erosion pattern during extreme rainfall events such as typhoons. We investigate two major subjects: (1) how typhoon events impact erosion in the target slope, and (2) how rills develop on the hillslopes during these observation periods. There were three scans obtained in 2011, and converted to two observation periods. The permanent target points (TP) method and DEMs of differences were used to check the accuracy of point cloud. The results showed that the average erosion rate was 5 cm during the dry period in 2011. Following the typhoons, the erosion rate increased 1.4 times to 7 cm and was better correlated with the increase in the rainfall intensity than with general precipitation amounts. The hillslope gradient combined with rainfall intensity played a significant role in the geomorphic process. We found that in areas with over 75° gradients with larger rainfall intensity showed more erosion that at other gradients. The gradient also influenced the rill development, which occurred at middle and low gradients but not at high gradients. The rills also created a transition zone for erosion and deposition at the middle gradient where a minimal change occurred.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Sauter ◽  
Christopher White ◽  
Hayley Fowler ◽  
Seth Westra

<p>Heatwaves and extreme rainfall events are natural hazards that can have severe impacts on society. The relationship between temperature and extreme rainfall has received scientific attention with studies focussing on how single daily or sub-daily rainfall extremes are related to day-to-day temperature variability. However, the impact multi-day heatwaves have on sub-daily extreme rainfall events and how extreme rainfall properties change during different stages of a heatwave remains mostly unexplored.</p><p>In this study, we analyse sub-daily rainfall records across Australia, a country that experiences severe natural hazards on a frequent basis, and determine their extreme rainfall properties, such as rainfall intensity, duration and frequency during SH-summer heatwaves. These properties are then compared to extreme rainfall properties found outside heatwaves, but during the same time of year, to examine to what extent they differ from normal conditions. We also conduct a spatial analysis to investigate any spatial patterns that arise.</p><p>We find that rainfall breaking heatwaves is often more extreme than average rainfall during the same time of year. This is especially prominent on the eastern and south-eastern Australian coast, where frequency and intensity of sub-daily rainfall extremes show an increase during the last day or the day immediately after a heatwave. We also find that although during heatwaves the average rainfall amount and duration decreases, there is an increase in sub-daily rainfall intensity when compared to conditions outside heatwaves. This implies that even though Australian heatwaves are generally characterised by dry conditions, rainfall occurrences within heatwaves are more intense.</p><p>Both heatwaves and extreme rainfall events pose great challenges for many sectors such as agriculture, and especially if they occur together. Understanding how and to what degree these events co-occur could help mitigate the impacts caused by them.</p>


2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1999-2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérémy Panthou ◽  
Alain Mailhot ◽  
Edward Laurence ◽  
Guillaume Talbot

Abstract Recent studies have examined the relationship between the intensity of extreme rainfall and temperature. Two main reasons justify this interest. First, the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere is governed by the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) equation. Second, the temperature dependence of extreme-intensity rainfalls should follow a similar relationship assuming relative humidity remains constant and extreme rainfalls are driven by the actual water content of the atmosphere. The relationship between extreme rainfall intensity and air temperature (Pextr–Ta) was assessed by analyzing maximum daily rainfall intensities for durations ranging from 5 min to 12 h for more than 100 meteorological stations across Canada. Different factors that could influence this relationship have been analyzed. It appears that the duration and the climatic region have a strong influence on this relationship. For short durations, the Pextr–Ta relationship is close to the CC scaling for coastal regions while a super-CC scaling followed by an upper limit is observed for inland regions. As the duration increases, the slope of the relationship Pextr–Ta decreases for all regions. The shape of the Pextr–Ta curve is not sensitive to the percentile or season. Complementary analyses have been carried out to understand the departures from the expected Clausius–Clapeyron scaling. The relationship between dewpoint temperature and extreme rainfall intensity shows that the relative humidity is a limiting factor for inland regions, but not for coastal regions. Using hourly rainfall series, an event-based analysis is proposed in order to understand other deviations (super-CC, sub-CC, and monotonic decrease). The analyses suggest that the observed scaling is primarily due to the rainfall event dynamic.


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