METROPOLIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: METHODS OF SOLUTION

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Viktor I. GVOZDOVSKY ◽  
Marianna N. KNYAZEVA ◽  
Arina I. SIZOVA
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Large City ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Urban Habitat ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Human Habitat ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
Toxic Chemical Substances

The paper examines challenging environmental issues of Russian landscape territories, related to anthropogenic impacts on human’s natural habitat and dangerous Earth biosphere pollution by toxic chemical substances. The research provides a structural classifi cation of city types by population and size of their territory. The authors give recommendations for nature protection (environmental) measures necessary for a large city (being a standard of comfortable human habitat) against degradation and destruction in order to preserve environmental security and sound functioning of an urban habitat complex system of an intelligent person.

scholarly journals Geoenvironmental Implications and Biocenosis of Freshwater Lakes in the Arid Zone of East Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5756
Author(s):  
Talant N. Samarkhanov ◽  
Anar B. Myrzagaliyeva ◽  
Jiri Chlachula ◽  
Ludmila B. Kushnikova ◽  
Jolanta Czerniawska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Aquatic Biomass ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Lacustrine Basins

Steppe and semi-desert lakes of Central Asia represent unique and still poorly known aquatic ecosystems. The paper provides summaries of multi-proxy environmental and biological investigations of the previously unexplored ground of Sibe lakes in the naturally pristine zone of East Kazakhstan, and of their contributions to people. Data on the taxonomic composition of zooplankton and zoobenthos of these freshwater lacustrine basins are presented in terms of the species’ frequency of occurrence; the abundance of the aquatic biomass and the analyzed water geochemical variables insofar as they are dependent and correlative. The qualitative and quantitative records display variability in the biocenosis diversity due to the lakes’ geochemistry and hydrology differences—some lakes being oligotrophic and others being moderately trophic. In the latter case, the lakes characterized by an increased macrozoobenthos biomass are favourable for local ichthyofauna. Sapro-biological analysis reveals the predominance of β-saprobic species in the zooplankton composition pointing to slight or moderate pollution of surface waters due to natural biotic substances. This observation is in agreement with differences in the water quality of solitary lakes. The uneven distributions of benthic invertebrates (in terms of taxonomy and species populations) in the water bodies suggest specific hydro-ecological conditions that predetermine the structure of the lakes’ biocenosis. The littoral part of the lakes is characterized by the highest abundance of zooplankton and benthic fauna. The Sibe lakes are an example of an autonomous functioning of the lacustrine basins in the upland arid steppe zone, which is characterized by pronounced climate “continentality” and a high level of the sub-aquatic flora and fauna endemism. The present results are relevant to the understanding of the ecosystems’ dynamics and the modern anthropogenic impacts upon the pristine parkland-steppe landscapes of Central Asia, with implications for regional nature protection and sustainable eco-recreation.

CURRENT STATE OF FINANCING ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Nataliya KOVSHUN ◽  
Nataliya PIATKA
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Current State ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
Main Components

Introduction. The processes of globalization and social transformation have made environmen-tal conservation a priority, and therefore require some action to be taken to address environ-mental issues and the rational use of natural resources. The solution of the existing problems depends to a great extent on the functioning efficiency of the financial security system established in the country, the established composition and the volume of financing sources and certain directions of their use, which necessitates their scientific-based analysis. The purpose of the study is to investigate the state of financing environmental measures in Ukraine, to study the directions, dynamics and structure of costs for environmental protection, identifying features of financing environmental protection. Results. The comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of costs for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is carried out. The main components of environmental expenditures are identified. Costs for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources by financing sources have been structured. The dynamics and structure of capital investments by nature conservation measures are investigated. The dynamics of the share of expenditures for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources in the GDP of Ukraine, as well as the share of capital investments (environmental) in the structure of capital investments of Ukraine are analyzed. The features of the current state of financing environmental protection and rational use of natural resources are highlighted. Conclusions. The results of the research made it possible to identify the main problems in the field of financial support for environmental protection and to outline the ways of their solution. The necessity of investments mobilization into nature protection activity is proved through development of appropriate means of economic stimulation and their legislative fixing, which will allow to solve the problem of financial support of environmental protection by diversification of financing sources. Keywords: costs for environmental protection, environmental activities, environmental measures, recurrent costs, capital investments, cost structure, financial support.

scholarly journals KADAR SENYAWA TOKSIK DALAM DARAH IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) SAAT MUSIM UP-WELLING DI DANAU MANINJAU, SUMATRA BARAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Silvi Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Phosphate Nitrate ◽  
Net Cages ◽  
Toxic Chemical Substances

Maninjau lake is the largest center for the freshwater floating-net-cage fisheries system in West Sumatra. Every year, during the up-welling season, a huge number of fish suffered to death in the lake including nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a common species cultivated in the floating-net cages. This current study aimed to determine the factors contributing to the death of fish by measuring the concentration of toxic chemical substances in the blood plasm of nile tilapia as well as in the subtrate collected from the bottom of the lake. The samples were collected in the sites with higher number of floating-net cages as well as higher number of mass death of fish (Tanjung Sani, Pakan Raba’a dan Maninjau) during the up-welling season. The result revealed that the levels of phosphate, nitrate, nitrit, and amonium were higher in the blood plasm of the fish. Moreover, the levels of those chemical substances were also higher in the substrate of the lake. The higher concentration of the toxic chemical substances might contribute to the mass death of fish living in the floating-net cages during the up-welling season.

scholarly journals ACCOUNTING AND TAX ASPECTS OF COLLECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TAX

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borys Zanko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the main aspects of collecting environmental tax. Collection of environmental taxes is one of the means that can restrain the process of deteriorating environmental conditions, and in some cases improve the environmental situation. The article also examines the impact of environmental taxation on improving the environmental situation. The role of the environmental tax at financing of nature protection measures is considered. There are critical remarks of some scientists who point out that the availability of revenues from the environmental tax is not a guarantee of sufficient funding for environmental measures. Attention is paid to the risks of environmental taxation, which are associated with reduced solvency and financial stability of environmental taxpayers who pollute the environment. The classification of environmental taxes is considered, which is built depending on the purposes for which the amounts received as a result of taxation are directed. The essence of the environmental tax levied in Ukraine is investigated. The article analyzes the norms of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which regulate the object of taxation with an environmental tax. Factors influencing the amount of environmental tax to be paid to the budget are studied. First of all, these are the factors that lead to an increase in the tax base. In addition, higher environmental tax rates, which are set by the Tax Code of Ukraine for more hazardous pollutants, also affect the amount of environmental tax to be paid to the budget. The amount of environmental tax paid to the budget is also increased by special coefficients used in calculating the tax liability. It is proposed to apply tax benefits related to the construction of treatment facilities and the installation of treatment equipment when collecting environmental tax. The essence of the proposed environmental tax benefits is that the environmental taxpayer will be able to reduce part of the tax liability. This reduction is carried out by the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, which directly carry out the treatment of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere, discharges of pollutants into water bodies, etc. Some aspects of environmental tax accounting are considered.

scholarly journals Human settlements and sustainability: a crucial and open issue

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 00012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Mele
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Large City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Human Footprint ◽  
Open Issue ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Industrialised Countries

The human habitation of the surface of the planet has led, especially since the mid-twentieth century, to an enormous increase in the built up area. This phenomenon concerns both the oldest industrialised countries, such as European Union and the United States, and the so-called emerging countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.The urbanised built area has increased in different ways, but has led everywhere to the destruction of large portions of virgin soil, the loss of biodiversity in the number and type of species in fauna and flora, and often the total or partial impairment of ecosystem functions of enormous environmental value (such as the evapotransportive mechanisms of soil and vegetation). Although the curve of global population growth is slowing, the growth of urban areas continues to expand, even in countries which have long been industrialised, where the spread of building has given rise to cities dispersed over a territory so that there is no longer a recognisable clear division between the city and the countryside. In fact, contemporary cities are the main consumers of all environmental resources, from water to food, including energy and environmental stressors, and are responsible for 80% of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The ecosystem surface required to sustain a large city on the planet today canbe about 200 times larger than its physical size. The urban civilisation of the 21st century, which at a superficial glance may appear as a symbol of the human capacity to radically adapt and transform the natural habitat toits own needs, is also a witness to the unsustainability of the human footprint on earth. Radically rethinking cities and human settlements entails an equally radical rethinking of our economic and development model, but it is a necessary and strategic task if we really want to face the challenge of sustainability with appropriate instruments.

scholarly journals Utilization of Ficus benjamina by Birds at Urban Habitat in Depok

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Dimas Haryo Pradana ◽  
Ani Mardiastuti ◽  
Y Yasman
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Urban Habitat ◽  
Urban Birds ◽  
Ficus Benjamina ◽  
Key Words Birds ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Most of the research about the relationship of birds and figs were conducted at natural habitat. We conducted a research about this relationship at urban habitat in Depok and specifically studied utilization of Ficus benjamina by birds as feeding and nesting tree.  The objective of our research was to describe the F. benjamina utilization by urban birds in Depok.  Scans sampling and nest counting were used during this study.  Our research shows that F. benjamina was used as feeding tree by most of birds which lives at urban habitat in Depok.  Our research also shows that some birds used this fig species as nesting tree.    Key Words : birds, Ficus benjamina, urban, Java

scholarly journals Protection alone may not promote natural recovery of biogenic habitats of high biodiversity damaged by mobile fishing gears

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M. Fariñas-Franco ◽  
A. Louise Allcock ◽  
Dai Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
Natural Recovery ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Fishing Gears ◽  
Horse Mussel

The horse mussel Modiolus modiolus (L.) is a large marine bivalve that aggregates to create complex habitats of high biodiversity. As a keystone species, M. modiolus is of great importance for the functioning of marine benthic ecosystems, forming biogenic habitats used to designate Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The present study investigates the condition of M. modiolus beds historically subjected to intense scallop fishing using mobile fishing gears. The study, conducted seven years after the introduction of legislation banning all forms of fishing, aimed to establish whether natural habitat recovery occurs after protection measures are put in place. Lower biodiversity and up to 80% decline in densities of M. modiolus were recorded across the current dis- tributional range of the species in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. The decline in biodiversity in most areas surveyed was consistent with that observed in biogenic reefs impacted by mobile fishing gears elsewhere. Epifauna, including sponges, hydroids and tunicates, experienced the most substantial decline in biodiversity, with up to 64% fewer taxa recorded in 2010 compared with 2003. Higher variability in community composition and a shift towards faunal assemblages dominated by opportunistic infaunal species typical of softer substrata were also detected. Based on these observations we suggest that, for biogenic habitats, the designation of MPAs and the introduction of fishing bans alone may not be sufficient to reverse or halt the negative effects caused by past anthropogenic impacts. Direct intervention, including habitat restoration based on translocation of native keystone species, should be considered as part of management strategies for MPAs which host similar biogenic reef habitats where condition and natural recovery have been compromised.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF NATURAL RECREATIONAL RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1(78)) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
O.S. GOLIKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recreational Resources ◽  
Recreational Use

Topicality. The current state of socio-economic development demonstrates awareness of the need harmonious solving economic and environmental issues that arise as a result of recreational nature-use management; necessitates the search for scientific approaches to the classification of natural recreational resources, as well as the transformation and diversification of the recreational and tourist sphere functioning. Aim and tasks. Aim: deepening and analysis of scientific approaches to the classification of natural recreational resources in the context of rational nature use and the recreational and tourist activities development. Tasks: to classify natural recreational resources on the grounds of exhaustibility, renewability, reproduction, setting restrictions on forms and property rights and their possible diversification in recreational and tourist activities. Research results. The state of socio-economic and ecological interaction, the increase of society's needs in recreational resources and facilities cause the need for targeted use of natural resource capital to meet the needs of the population - in recreational nature-use management. Three functions of recreational nature-use management (social, economic and nature protection) are defined, their maintenance is opened. The distribution of environmental elements on natural resources and natural conditions, which is quite conditional, has been studied. According to the review and analysis of classification criteria and characteristics, approaches to classification are systematized, namely: physical-geographical aspect, economic effect, economic-legal, environmental and social factors. The classification of natural recreational resources is given in context of ownership relations and economic interests between the subjects of recreational and tourist sphere and from the possible diversification side of natural recreational resources use. Conclusion. Thus, since the classification of natural recreational resources and conditions allows to identify patterns of different resources combination, determine the economic benefits of their use, opportunities for alternative, including recreational, use, as well as draw conclusions about the rational use, conservation and prospects of diversification, prospects for territory development priorities and communities located on them.

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