scholarly journals Geoenvironmental Implications and Biocenosis of Freshwater Lakes in the Arid Zone of East Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5756
Author(s):  
Talant N. Samarkhanov ◽  
Anar B. Myrzagaliyeva ◽  
Jiri Chlachula ◽  
Ludmila B. Kushnikova ◽  
Jolanta Czerniawska ◽  
...  

Steppe and semi-desert lakes of Central Asia represent unique and still poorly known aquatic ecosystems. The paper provides summaries of multi-proxy environmental and biological investigations of the previously unexplored ground of Sibe lakes in the naturally pristine zone of East Kazakhstan, and of their contributions to people. Data on the taxonomic composition of zooplankton and zoobenthos of these freshwater lacustrine basins are presented in terms of the species’ frequency of occurrence; the abundance of the aquatic biomass and the analyzed water geochemical variables insofar as they are dependent and correlative. The qualitative and quantitative records display variability in the biocenosis diversity due to the lakes’ geochemistry and hydrology differences—some lakes being oligotrophic and others being moderately trophic. In the latter case, the lakes characterized by an increased macrozoobenthos biomass are favourable for local ichthyofauna. Sapro-biological analysis reveals the predominance of β-saprobic species in the zooplankton composition pointing to slight or moderate pollution of surface waters due to natural biotic substances. This observation is in agreement with differences in the water quality of solitary lakes. The uneven distributions of benthic invertebrates (in terms of taxonomy and species populations) in the water bodies suggest specific hydro-ecological conditions that predetermine the structure of the lakes’ biocenosis. The littoral part of the lakes is characterized by the highest abundance of zooplankton and benthic fauna. The Sibe lakes are an example of an autonomous functioning of the lacustrine basins in the upland arid steppe zone, which is characterized by pronounced climate “continentality” and a high level of the sub-aquatic flora and fauna endemism. The present results are relevant to the understanding of the ecosystems’ dynamics and the modern anthropogenic impacts upon the pristine parkland-steppe landscapes of Central Asia, with implications for regional nature protection and sustainable eco-recreation.

Author(s):  
A.A. Tkachev ◽  
Al.Al. Tkachev

The second half of the 1st millennium AD is associated with the development and formation of the culture of ancient Turkic peoples, who repeatedly developed several large ethnopolitical associations in the steppe zone of Central Asia. Political and cultural influences of the Turkic state formations were perceived not only by the seden-tary population of the states that existed in the territory of East and Central Asia, but also by further north peoples who lived in the steppe and taiga zones. Under the Turkic influence, or with their direct participation, the Kimako-Kipchak proto-state association began taking shape in the Upper Irtysh River region in the 7th century AD. The initial stage of this process, features of the funeral rite, and characteristic elements of the material culture of the population living in the region are almost unknown due to insufficient exploration of the monuments of the devel-opmental stage of this polyethnic formation. The paper describes the materials of the barrow cemetery of Menov-noye XII, located in the territory of the Upper Irtysh River, 2.1 km southeast of the village of Menovnoye, Tavrichesky district, East Kazakhstan Province. Under the barrow mound, there was a fence with outbuildings containing burials of a man, two horses, and two dogs. The central burial was robbed. The sacrificial pit, located north of the main grave, contained the burial of two horses, laid on their stomachs with their legs tucked under their bodies and with their heads oriented to the east. The buried person was accompanied by two dogs: one was laid across the ceiling of the grave, while the other was buried in a separate pit in an additional annex. The grave goods found with the deceased represented by astragali, a bronze ring, and a fragment of an iron arrowhead. The horse harness included stirrups and iron bits. The bridle belts were adorned with bronze items: bells, triplet plaques, bronze onlays, and belt tip ends. Bronze buckles with iron tongues, which were tucked into clips, were used to adjust the tension of the headband straps. The funeral rite features and analysis of the materials collected during the study of the memorial complex make it possible to associate the burials of the 3rd barrow of the Menov-noye XII with the Early Kimak antiquities within the framework of the Turkic era and to date them to the second half of the 7th — 8th century AD.


2019 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
И.Р. Грибуст

Введение. Лесомелиоративное обустройство территорий малолесных регионов коренным образом преобразует ранее пустынные пространства. Позитивные изменения влажностнотеплового, почвенного, гидрологического режимов, обогащение аборигенной дендрофлоры новыми видами влечет за собой также и трансформацию животного мира, в том числе населения насекомых. Энтомосообщества формируются за счет представителей степной группы, обитателей естественных ценозов, а также группы лесных насекомых, в числе которых виды, являющиеся опасными вредителями и их энтомофаги. Цель работы анализ изменения разнообразия насекомыхэнтомофагов в насаждениях засушливой зоны различных параметров и состояния. Объекты исследований насекомыеэнтомофаги, обитающие в энтомокомплексах защитных насаждениях различного дендрологического состава ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН на территории Волгоградской области (кадастр. 34:34:000000:122 34:08:000000:6). Материалы и методика. Сбор материала проводили в насаждениях различного хозяйственного значения. Объектами исследования являлись полезные насекомые. Отбор проб проводили посредством окашивания крон энтомологическим сачком, визуальным осмотром модельных ветвей и ручным сбором хищников и паразитированных видов филлофагов с последующим выведением имаго в лабораторных условиях. Результаты и обсуждение. В сообществе полезных насекомых защитных лесных насаждений сухостепной зоны зафиксирован 221 вид энтомофагов, относящихся к 7 отрядам и 32 семействам. Различия экологических условий, ассортимент древесных растений в каждой из посадок, характер и интенсивность негативного внешнего влияния определяют особенности фаунистического населения, в т. ч. энтомофагов. Оценка распределения количественного обилия паразитов и хищников показала, что в лесных полосах хищников в среднем в три раза больше паразитических насекомых. Отчетливо прослеживаются вариации изменения разнообразия энтомофагов в насаждениях разного класса жизнеспособности. Конструктивные особенности, флористическая обедненность и сформировавшийся микроклимат существенно ограничивает жизнедеятельность энтомофагов в малорядных (23 ряда) насаждениях, численность которых здесь снижается в среднем в 2,5 раза по сравнению с многорядными посадками. В вертикальном градиенте посадок по мощности накопления биотического потенциала полезных насекомых выделяется травянистый ярус, наличие которого в лесополосе обусловливает увеличение числа особей энтомофагов в сообществе в 1,32,7 раза. Наименьшую роль в накоплении полезной группы насекомых играет наличие развитого подлеска. Заключение. Наличие в насаждениях энтомофильных древесных растений и развитого травостоя важнейшие экологические факторы для накопления биотического потенциала энтомофагов. Максимальный эффект обеспечивает совокупное влияние определяющих экологоструктурных элементов в многорядных посадках. Introduction. Forest reclamation area developmentpoor regions is radically transforms the previously desolate space. Positive changes in moistureheat, soil, hydrological regimes, enrichment of native dendroflora with new species also entails the transformation of the animal world, including the insect population. Entomologiste formed by the representatives of the steppe group of the inhabitants of the natural coenoses, and the group of forest insects, including species that are dangerous pests and their entomophages. The purpose of the analysis of changes in the diversity of insect entomophages in the plantations of the arid zone of different parameters and conditions. The objects of research insectsentomophages living in entomocomplexes protective plantation of different dendrological composition of the Federal scientific center for Agroecology wounds on the territory of the Volgograd region (the cadaster number is 34:34:000000:122 34:08:000000:6). Materials and methods. Collection of material was carried out in plantations of various economic importance. The objects of study were useful insects. Samples were collected by hilling crowns entomological net, by visual inspection of the model branches and handcollection of predators and parasitism species of phyllophagous with subsequent excretion of adults in the laboratory. Results and discussion. 221 species of entomophages belonging to 7 groups and 32 families were recorded in the community of useful insects of protective forest plantations of the dry steppe zone. Differences in environmental conditions, the range of woody plants in each of the plantings, the nature and intensity of the negative external influence determine the characteristics of the faunal population, including entomophages The estimation of distribution of quantitative abundance of parasites and predators showed that in forest bands of predators on average three times more parasitic insects. Variations in the diversity of entomophages in plantings of different classes of viability are clearly observed. Design features, floristic depletion and formed microclimate significantly limits the life activity of entomophages in smallrow (23 rows) plantations, the number of which is reduced by an average of 2.5 times compared to multirow planting. In the vertical gradient of plantings on the power of accumulation of biotic potential of useful insects, a grassy tier is allocated, the presence of which in the forest belt causes an increase in the number of entomophages in the community by 1.32.7 times. The least role in the accumulation of a useful group of insects is played by the presence of developed undergrowth. Conclusion. The presence of entomophilic woody plants and developed herbage in the plantations are the most important environmental factors for the accumulation of the entomophage biotic potential. The maximum effect provides a cumulative effect of determining ecological and structural elements in multirow landings.


Peanuts are plants of the tropical zone, therefore, for its growth and development, high temperature indicators are needed during a fairly long growing season. The climatic parameters of the south of Ukraine correspond to the needs of this culture, and today there is positive experience in growing peanuts in this region. In order to increase the efficiency of growing peanuts in the conditions of the Steppe zone, it is necessary to carry out genetic selection work to study and select a more adapted source material in order to create highly productive Ukrainian varieties adapted to the arid zone conditions. At the initial stage of this work, it is necessary to have clear signs and characteristics for evaluating the studied genotypes, and the existing methods for describing the characters and conducting an examination for distinctness, uniformity, and stability are incomplete and do not meet the requirements for in-depth work on private genetics and culture breeding. For our work, we used 18 peanut genotypes as a material, which make up the collection of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAASU. Studies were carried out in 2018 and 2019, in different weather conditions. All measurements, observations and statistical processing in the study of samples were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. When conducting a comparative analysis of the two methods for describing the signs of underground peanuts, it was found that one of the methods contains 23 signs and the other 17. The signs of the vegetative part of plants that characterize the habit and structure of the leaf predominate in both methods. We have identified and proposed for description 9 new characters in peanut plants: 2 - leaf characters (additional leaves and pubescence); 1 - the structure of beans (weight 100 beans); 1 - an economically valuable trait (the presence of nodules on the roots); 5 - flower features (size and color of the flower and border). In terms of plant habitat, Ukrainian Stepnyak and Krasnodar 13 varieties were distinguished, which had the highest height (43.8 cm) and the largest number of branches (9.3 pcs.). In addition to morphological identification features for the description and examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability, we have also studied the quantitative characteristics of underground peanuts. It was established that the height of peanut plants in the field conditions of the south of Ukraine ranged from 14 to 44 cm. The highest variety was the Ukrainian Stepnyak variety, and the shortest one was Pink large. The largest number of branches is 9.3 pcs. noted in the variety Krasnodar 13, and the smallest 4.62 pcs. - at L3. And the largest flower of 1.91 cm stood out White-pink 3. The quantitative traits we studied are characterized by continuous variability, which is due to the interaction between genes and the environment. Thus, to identify varietal variability in underground peanuts, it is necessary to use both existing methods, and in the near future, work should be done to combine them with the inclusion of new identified characters to more clearly identify the genotypes of this new valuable oilseed crop.


2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1187-1191
Author(s):  
L.R. Sassykova ◽  
Y.A. Aubakirov ◽  
M. Sh. Akhmetkaliyeva ◽  
A.R. Sassykova ◽  
S. Sendilvelan ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 441-450
Author(s):  
Izbasar I. Temreshev

Handsome fungus beetle Lycoperdina succincta (Linnaeus, 1767) from the family Endomychidae is the first recorded from Kazakhstan (North Kazakhstan, Akmola, and North Kazakhstan regions and South-East Kazakhstan, Almaty region). The finds of L. succincta from the Almaty region of Kazakhstan are currently the southernmost localities for this species and a new record for Central Asia. Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müller) Persoon, 1797, Tulostoma volvulatum I.G. Borshchov, 1865, Bovistella utriformis (Bulliard) Demoulin & Rebriev, 2017 and Tricholoma terreum (Schaeffer) P. Kummer, 1871 for L. succincta were recorded from Lazakhstan also. A key to  determining the  known genera and species of Endomychidae from Kazakhstan is given.


2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Raghu ◽  
Catherine E. M. Nano ◽  
Chris R. Pavey

Slow-growing desert tree species pose unique conservation challenges; their demography is driven by rare stochastic climatic events, remoteness of populations makes monitoring difficult and, consequently, their management is often information-limited. In particular, the paucity of information on vital rates at a relevant temporal scale makes analyses of demography and population viability difficult. Our objective was to undertake a demographic analysis of the threatened arid-zone tree species (Acacia peuce F.Muell.) that is a model system in terms of being (1) a slow-growing desert tree species whose recruitment is limited to stochastic and rare extreme rainfall events, and (2) a species of conservation significance growing in a remote location where remoteness imposes limitations on conservation monitoring. Complementary analyses using pattern- and process-derived matrix population models, based on a dataset derived from a 30-year monitoring effort, verified that the smallest of the A. peuce populations would continue to grow under current environmental conditions. Population growth in this species is most influenced by the survival or adult and sapling stages. Stochastic demographic simulations revealed that climate change is likely to significantly elevate the risk of population decline, particularly in fragment stands. The long-term viability of A. peuce hinges on sustaining the survival rates of adult and sapling stages by managing stresses to individuals in these stages, and through minimising anthropogenic disturbance to populations during rare, stochastic and extreme rainfall events that trigger recruitment. Extending the current non-binding agreement enabling the use of fences to exclude cattle, and improved interpretative signage to raise awareness of anthropogenic impacts on this species will significantly aid conservation of this species. The integration of modelling, monitoring, and management within a demographic framework can facilitate efficient and effective conservation of slow-growing arid-zone tree species, despite the challenges imposed by remoteness.


2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 03024
Author(s):  
A.E. Panfilov ◽  
N.I. Kazakova ◽  
N.N. Zezin ◽  
E.L. Tikhanskaya ◽  
P.Yu. Ovchinnikov

As a result of expeditionary-route studies, the impoverishment of the composition of the segetal flora in maize crops was established when moving from the North-West to the South-East of the Ural region: from 37 species in the forest-meadow and mountain-forest zones to 10 in the steppe zone. Zonal features of the composition of weed communities associated with the hydrothermal gradient consist in the mutual substitution of annual monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species with a stable contribution of perennial dicotyledons, as well as the replacement of mesophytic weeds with xerophytic species of the same families. A comparison of cross-spectrum herbicides effectiveness in the forest-steppe and forest-meadow zones showed the advantages of a post-emergent preparation with soil effect of Meister Power. In temperate soil fertility in the Southern area of the region, it is economically feasible to use post-emergent herbicides without soil effect, in Northern areas with stable moisture – soil ones.


2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-107
Author(s):  
J. L. Poleva

The article is devoted to the study of the bottom fauna of small reservoirs of the Steppe zone of Ukraine and the search for approaches aimed at increasing fish productivity. The need to increase the fish productivity of reservoirs has put on the agenda the problem of increasing and improving the forage resources of fish. Increasing fish productivity by increasing stocks of industrially valuable fish species is possible by expanding aquatic invertebrate habitats by acclimatizing or relocating them to new reservoirs, introducing new species into all parts of the food chain that use food resources of reservoirs, i.e. by reconstructing benthic fauna. The main solution to this problem is the introduction and acclimatization of valuable forage aquatic invertebrates. Despite the fact that Ukraine has a very significant fishery fund of freshwater reservoirs, the state of many fisheries enterprises at the present stage is characterized by a decrease in production. The decline in fisheries production is largely due to a set of interrelated socio-economic and environmental limiting factors that emerged during the transition to market relations. The urgency of the problem and the biological productivity of water bodies are determined by the activity of aquatic organisms – an important part of which is the benthic fauna. Rational use of water bodies plays a significant role in the development of the country's economy and the preservation of the ecological situation.


Radiocarbon ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2B) ◽  
pp. 619-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijian Zhou ◽  
Wu Zhengkun ◽  
A J T Jull ◽  
G Burr ◽  
D D Donahue ◽  
...  

Stratigraphic investigations together with climatic proxy data measurements and reliable radiocarbon dating show a history of fluctuations of dry and wet environmental conditions in the arid to semi-arid zone of northern China since the late Pleistocene. Based on these data, we are able to reconstruct shifts of the desert margin in two period extremes, the last glacial maximum (21–15 ka) and the Holocene Optimum (9–5 ka). We have compared the present desert margin with that for the two extremes. The results indicate that a southward shift of the present margin of about 3 degrees in latitude might be caused by anthropogenic impact. Hence the influence of human activity must be taken into consideration for sustainable development and environment protection. Future research will be to find a two-way feedback existing between climate and anthropogenic impacts.


2003 ◽  
pp. 97-98
Author(s):  
N. I. Bobrovskaya

Existed since the late 60-ies of the last century, Laboratory of vegetation of the arid zone V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1993 was transformed into a Laboratory of vegetation of the steppe zone of geopolitical change led to the fact that the arid lands presents now in our country is mainly steppes. Since then 10 years have passed, it is already possible to draw some conclusions. As a result of human activities, the steppe, like most grassy biomes arid regions of the world, almost completely destroyed, and the remaining vegetation is degraded. In this regard, one of the goals of this Laboratory is to determine (primarily in the European part of the country, subjected to the most heavy anthropogenic load), where fragments of steppes and what is their condition.


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