scholarly journals DEFICIENCIES OF PLATO’S DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Iryna Liashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Democratic Election ◽  
Proper Operation

Main objective of the study. The objective of the study is to identify deficiencies of the democratic political system in order to protect democracy from rapid degradation into tyranny. Methodology. The systematic method was selected as the methodological basis for the research, as it enables the consideration of Plato’s democratic system as interdependent with other types of states. The comparative method proved to be effective for distinguishing the characteristic features of the aristocratic, timocratic, oligarchic, democratic and tyrannical state of the human soul and Plato’s system of government.Findings and conclusions. To enable proper operation of democracy, it requires protection from its own deficiencies. These deficiencies include the following: firstly, the flaw of haughty, arrogant attitude towards wise talented naturally eminent people and the fear of their coming to power originates from timocracy; secondly, just as «barns with gold» destroyed the timocratic and oligarchic type of state, so the residues of these «barns» turn into a flaw of democracy in the form of a social abyss between the most affluent and the most deprived strata of the society; thirdly, this is excessive will in democracy that is gradually turning into excessive slavery. Regarding the latter, Plato emphasizes the anarchic extreme of freedom in democracy, which turns it into arbitrariness. After all, in a democracy there is no need to participate in government; not necessarily obey; no go to war; neither obey peace or laws, etc. The main consequence of all these deficiencies in the democratic system is the fostering of a future tyrant rooting from a people’s deputy. Since the thinker points out that no matter how many times a tyrant appears, he does not come from somewhere, but only from a democratic election procedure.

scholarly journals DEFICIENCIES OF PLATO’S DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Iryna Liashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Democratic Election ◽  
Proper Operation

Main objective of the study. The objective of the study is to identify deficiencies of the democratic political system in order to protect democracy from rapid degradation into tyranny. Methodology. The systematic method was selected as the methodological basis for the research, as it enables the consideration of Plato’s democratic system as interdependent with other types of states. The comparative method proved to be effective for distinguishing the characteristic features of the aristocratic, timocratic, oligarchic, democratic and tyrannical state of the human soul and Plato’s system of government.Findings and conclusions. To enable proper operation of democracy, it requires protection from its own deficiencies. These deficiencies include the following: firstly, the flaw of haughty, arrogant attitude towards wise talented naturally eminent people and the fear of their coming to power originates from timocracy; secondly, just as «barns with gold» destroyed the timocratic and oligarchic type of state, so the residues of these «barns» turn into a flaw of democracy in the form of a social abyss between the most affluent and the most deprived strata of the society; thirdly, this is excessive will in democracy that is gradually turning into excessive slavery. Regarding the latter, Plato emphasizes the anarchic extreme of freedom in democracy, which turns it into arbitrariness. After all, in a democracy there is no need to participate in government; not necessarily obey; no go to war; neither obey peace or laws, etc. The main consequence of all these deficiencies in the democratic system is the fostering of a future tyrant rooting from a people’s deputy. Since the thinker points out that no matter how many times a tyrant appears, he does not come from somewhere, but only from a democratic election procedure.

scholarly journals THE RESIDUE OF MILITARY REGIME DURING THE EARLY DEMOCRATIZATION ERA IN INDONESIA AND MYANMAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Insan Praditya
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Regime ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Democratic Election ◽  
The Military

This paper is a comparison of democracy structure between two Southeast Asian Nations, Indonesia and Myanmar during their early periods of Post-Praetorianism era where the state was controlled and dominated by the military. This paper found that In Indonesia, democratization after reformasi era in 1998 had successfully changed the structure of power, where the military determination in politics had been decline significantly, despite the military still hold the power to influence political and economic affairs. In Myanmar, the democratization was a result of long term transition previously planned by the military regime, so even in 2010 democratic election, the military still hold the control over the politics and tend to preserve their power within the new face of democratic system.     

scholarly journals DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL SYSTEM IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF MAQASID SHARIA : STUDY ANALYSIS OF YUSUF AL-QARADAWI’S THOUGHT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Athoilah Islamy ◽  
Sansan Ziaul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Epistemological Foundation ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Holistic Vision ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Democratic Political System

Abstract: one of the big issue that is still debatable about the relationship between Islam and politics is how legitimate the democratic political system is in the paradigm of Islamic law. This study will explain the alternative paradigm in evaluating the democratic system based on the paradigm of Islamic law from a prominent Muslim intellectual named Yusuf al-Qaradawi. This research is a qualitative research in the form of literature review. The primary source used is a variety of literature that explains Yusuf al-Qaradawi's thoughts about democracy in Islam. The method used is the method of interpreting the thoughts of the figures with the maqasid al-shari‘ah approach. There are two big conclusions of this research. First, Yusuf al-Qaradawi's view of democracy can be said to be grounded in its epistemological foundation in understanding the concept of an Islamic state. For al-Qaradawi, an Islamic state is a system of government that provides policy improvisation space in the benefit of social, economic and political life based on the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid shari'ah). Second, Yusuf al-Qaradawi's view, the democratic system can be compatible with Islam if the principles in the democratic system are in accordance with various values which are the spirit of the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid shari'ah), such as the value of justice, equality of rights, freedom, etc. so. To realize this, the democratic system must carry a holistic vision and mission, which includes worldly and ukhrawi benefits as well as individual and social benefits.       Keywords: Validity, democracy, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, maqasid shari’ah; 

scholarly journals Interventions in Heritage Sacred Architecture after the Second Vatican Council in Croatia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Zorana Sokol-Gojnik ◽  
Igor Gojnik ◽  
Marija Banić
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Sacred Architecture ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
The Church

In the period of the Second Vatican Council Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. A new political system promoted an atheistic worldview. The result of that process was a hostile relationship between the Church and the official government and a profound division of the Church and the society. It resulted in very rare interventions in the field of sacred architecture. Most of the interventions occurred in the adaptations of sanctuaries after the Second Vatican Council. Most of them were reflecting the lack of co-operation between experts.The change of political system has occurred in 1990. The new democratic system brought religions freedom but the new war destabilized society again. The result is a boom in the construction of sacred buildings reflecting the crisis of that moment. In the last decade, the situation is changing due to the initiatives that bring together theologians, liturgists, architects, architectural conservators, and artists in work on sacred buildings.

Images of Government, Business, and Citizen Identity in the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-123
Author(s):  
GILL STEEL
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Big Business ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThis paper presents a country profile of the United States using data from the AsiaBarometer (2008) survey. I first examine how citizens see themselves, their government and big business. My findings show that Americans remain ambivalent toward politics, their government, and big business. Citizens overwhelmingly support democracy as a political system and are satisfied with a broad range of specific democratic rights, but, at the same time, they complain about the workings of their democratic system, policy output, and many distrust government and big business. I then examine the role citizens play in politics, analyzing who participates and why.

Functions of Borrowings in the Russian Argot

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Gulnara Lisina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
College Level ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Social Linguistics ◽  
Modern Russian

The article explores and describes the functions of borrowings which, at different time peri-ods, entered the argot of Russian fringe population groups. The main purpose of the study is to present a systematizing critical review of the existing literature on the functions of argot and to describe the characteristic features of borrowed argotisms found in Russian literary texts as well as Russian explanatory, etymological, and foreign word dictionaries. The author uses the methods of description and comparison, the comparative method, and the opposition method. Since the general criminal argot, the specialized argot, and the prison argot are rich in their forms and functionality, they perform a number of important tasks, and gradually pene-trate into literary speech. Thus a careful study of their functions helps to explain some of the linguistic realities of the modern Russian language and throws a fresh light on the psychology of native Russian speakers. After analyzing a diverse body of sources, the author identifies sixteen separate functions of borrowed words that are common for the general, specialized, and prison argot, namely: service, secret, identification, nominative, worldview, expressive, utilitarian, communicative, signaling, magic, pseudo-aesthetic, agitation, and game function as well as the function of gender determinism, the function of intimidation, and, finally the function of stylistic characterization of literary characters through their speech. The results of the research can be used in college-level courses of modern Russian for law and language students, in special courses in social linguistics and cultural studies as well as in language and public speaking courses in schools and universities.

Local Elites and Popular Support for Economic Reform in China and India

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
PRADEEP CHHIBBER ◽  
SAMUEL ELDERSVELD
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
China And India ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
Local Politicians ◽  
Democratic System

This article analyzes why it is that China, an authoritarian political system, has managed to generate more popular support for the reform process than India, a democracy. The authors argue that when local politicians and bureaucrats are more supportive of the reform process, there is likely to be greater popular support for economic reform. Local political elite may be more supportive of reform in an authoritarian than in a democratic system because the level of local elite support for the reform process is influenced by the incentives faced by local elite. In China, institutional reform changed the incentives faced by local elite, whereas in India, reforms have not been accompanied by institutional changes that would encourage local elite to support reform to the same extent as in China. The argument is based on local elite and mass surveys conducted in China and India in 1990 and 1996, respectively. A logit model, controlling for a variety of alternative explanations, provides evidence that local elite support is critical for explaining whether reforms are popular.

Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship: Arab Citizens of the Jewish State

1992 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Peled
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
Citizenship Status ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Civil And Political Rights

The citizenship status of its Arab citizens is the key to Israel's ability to function as anethnic democracy, that is, a political system combining democratic institutions with the dominance of one ethnic group. The confluence of republicanism and ethnonationalism with liberalism, as principles of legitimation, has resulted in two types of citizenship: republican for Jews and liberal for Arabs. Thus, Arab citizens enjoy civil and political rights but are barred from attending to the common good.The Arab citizenship status, while much more restricted than the Jewish, has both induced and enabled Arabs to conduct their political struggles within the framework of the law, in sharp contrast to the noncitizen Arabs of the occupied territories. It may thus serve as a model for other dominant ethnic groups seeking to maintain both their dominance and a democratic system of government.

scholarly journals The combustion of aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. V. The products of combustion of benzene and its monoalkyl derivatives

1940 ◽  
Vol 175 (963) ◽  
pp. 539-563 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Aliphatic Aldehyde ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Benzene Nucleus ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Cool Flame ◽  
Cool Flames ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Characteristic Features

The progressive formation of products in the combustion of benzene and its monoalkyl derivatives has been studied by analytical methods, and the characteristic features of the isothermal reactions at various temperatures have been established. A cool-flame reaction of n -propylbenzene has also been investigated, and by comparison with corresponding isothermal combustions, it is concluded that the propagation of cool-flames is conditioned by the accumulation of a phenylalkyl hydroperoxide. The results are interpreted in the light of the theory of the two-stage process, and a schematic mechanism for the main combustion reaction is outlined. This comprises degradation of the side-chain (if present) and rupture of the benzene nucleus, followed by rapid degradation of the higher aliphatic aldehyde thus formed, yielding finally formaldehyde and the ultimate combustion products CO 2 , CO and H 2 O.

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