scholarly journals Legal and Bioethical Changes in the Commodification of Human, Including Bioprinted, Organs and Tissues

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
D. S. Ksenofontova
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Third Party ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Financial Benefit ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Cell Material ◽  
Biomedical Technologies

Modern breakthrough scientific ideas in the field of introduction and development of biomedical technologies have led to a significant objectification of the human body. The paper analyzes the trend of commodification of the human body and its parts from the standpoint of bioethics and law, which determines the consideration of these as goods that participate in economic turnover and have their own price. The problems of insufficiency of human organs suitable for transplantation, the risk of rejection of the transplant by the recipient’s immune system, as well as the need to ensure the safety of donor organs and tissues can be leveled by creating artificial human organs and tissues, including through the use of advanced additive technologies (3D bioprinting), creating a three-dimensional model of a human organ on a cellular basis, which is subject to subsequent transplantation to a recipient in need. The development of 3D-bioprinting allows us to resolve bioethical and legal contradictions caused by the actual inclusion of human organs and tissues in civil (economic) turnover, while international acts enshrine the principle of inadmissibility of commercialization of the human body, by virtue of which the human body and its parts should not be a source of financial benefit. The author summarizes that 3D bioprinting is able to significantly smooth out the negative manifestations of the human body commodification trend. The peculiarity of applying the principle of non-commercialization of the human body is due to the fact that in this case the emphasis is placed on obtaining cellular material for creating a bioprinted human organ. First of all, the principle of non-commercialization of the human body should remain in effect when providing cell material by a third party (donor), even if only in terms of determining the legal regime of cell material and created bioprinted human organs and tissues. If the recipient’s own cells are used, this principle loses its meaning.

scholarly journals Bioethical and Legal Issues in 3D Bioprinting

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Kirillova ◽  
Stanislav Bushev ◽  
Aydar Abubakirov ◽  
Gennady Sukikh
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Interdisciplinary Problems ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues

Bioethical and legal issues of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting as the emerging field of biotechnology have not yet been widely discussed among bioethicists around the world, including Russia. The scope of 3D bioprinting includes not only the issues of the advanced technologies of human tissues and organs printing but also raises a whole layer of interdisciplinary problems of modern science, technology, bioethics, and philosophy. This article addresses the ethical and legal issues of bioprinting of artificial human organs.

scholarly journals ANIMATED THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE AMUR COSSACK OF THE XVII CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
VLADISLAV ROMANOVICH MOSKALCHUK ◽  
◽  
KIRILL NIKOLAEVICH TARASENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Polygonal Model

The stages of modeling a historically accurate character are considered, from recreating the human body and clothing from sketches to optimizing and baking a highly polygonal model onto a texture.

scholarly journals GAME PENGENALAN ORGAN TUBUH MANUSIA BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA MENGGUNAKAN STRUKTUR ALUR MULTIMEDIA HIERARKI

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 621-629
Author(s):  
Hamdan Hamdan ◽  
Umar Mansyuri ◽  
Beni Junedi
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Game Design ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Application System ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Adobe Flash ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Learning Game ◽  
The Media

Natural science is the study of nature and all its contents in it, one of which studies the human body organs which are divided into two parts, namely internal organs and human external organs. The delivery of learning materials in schools is still conventional, namely using the media of printed books. The delivery media that is still conventional and many terms on the material of human organs cause students to have difficulty in understanding the material. There are many media that can be applied in learning human organs, one of which is by using learning game media. Game is a medium of delivery that is widely enjoyed by all people. So it is necessary to create an application system or multimedia-based learning game, as a solution to solving the problem of students' difficulties in understanding the material. Multimedia has aspects that are of interest to students because of its appearance in the form of images, animations, audio, and video. In designing this game, the human body uses a hierarchical multimedia flow structure, while the software used to build this game is Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Flash, and CorelDraw. The results of the game design will be implemented into a multimedia-based human organ recognition game using a multimedia hierarchy structure which is expected to be an effective way of delivering material in overcoming various problems that occur in learning human organs

scholarly journals An Individual Patient's “Body” on Chips—How Organismoid Theory Can Translate Into Your Personal Precision Therapy Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Marx ◽  
Enrico Accastelli ◽  
Rhiannon David ◽  
Hendrik Erfurth ◽  
Leopold Koenig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Precision Therapy

The first concepts for reproducing human systemic organismal biology in vitro were developed over 12 years ago. Such concepts, then called human- or body-on-a-chip, claimed that microphysiological systems would become the relevant technology platform emulating the physiology and morphology of human organisms at the smallest biologically acceptable scale in vitro and, therefore, would enable the selection of personalized therapies for any patient at unprecedented precision. Meanwhile, the first human organoids—stem cell-derived complex three-dimensional organ models that expand and self-organize in vitro—have proven that in vitro self-assembly of minute premature human organ-like structures is feasible, once the respective stimuli of ontogenesis are provided to human stem cells. Such premature organoids can precisely reflect a number of distinct physiological and pathophysiological features of their respective counterparts in the human body. We now develop the human-on-a-chip concepts of the past into an organismoid theory. We describe the current concept and principles to create a series of organismoids—minute, mindless and emotion-free physiological in vitro equivalents of an individual's mature human body—by an artificially short process of morphogenetic self-assembly mimicking an individual's ontogenesis from egg cell to sexually mature organism. Subsequently, we provide the concept and principles to maintain such an individual's set of organismoids at a self-sustained functional healthy homeostasis over very long time frames in vitro. Principles how to perturb a subset of healthy organismoids by means of the natural or artificial induction of diseases are enrolled to emulate an individual's disease process. Finally, we discuss using such series of healthy and perturbed organismoids in predictively selecting, scheduling and dosing an individual patient's personalized therapy or medicine precisely. The potential impact of the organismoid theory on our healthcare system generally and the rapid adoption of disruptive personalized T-cell therapies particularly is highlighted.

scholarly journals Imaging intact human organs with local resolution of cellular structures using hierarchical phase-contrast tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Walsh ◽  
P. Tafforeau ◽  
W. L. Wagner ◽  
D. J. Jafree ◽  
A. Bellier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Spatial Coherence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Deceased Donor ◽  
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Phase Contrast Tomography

AbstractImaging intact human organs from the organ to the cellular scale in three dimensions is a goal of biomedical imaging. To meet this challenge, we developed hierarchical phase-contrast tomography (HiP-CT), an X-ray phase propagation technique using the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)’s Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS). The spatial coherence of the ESRF-EBS combined with our beamline equipment, sample preparation and scanning developments enabled us to perform non-destructive, three-dimensional (3D) scans with hierarchically increasing resolution at any location in whole human organs. We applied HiP-CT to image five intact human organ types: brain, lung, heart, kidney and spleen. HiP-CT provided a structural overview of each whole organ followed by multiple higher-resolution volumes of interest, capturing organotypic functional units and certain individual specialized cells within intact human organs. We demonstrate the potential applications of HiP-CT through quantification and morphometry of glomeruli in an intact human kidney and identification of regional changes in the tissue architecture in a lung from a deceased donor with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

scholarly journals Application of Machine Learning in 3D Bioprinting: Focus on Development of Big Data and Digital Twin

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Jia An ◽  
Chee Kai Chua ◽  
Vladimir Mironov
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Cellular Resolution ◽  
Physical Experiments ◽  
Digital Twins

The application of machine learning (ML) in bioprinting has attracted considerable attention recently. Many have focused on the benefits and potential of ML, but a clear overview of how ML shapes the future of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is still lacking. Here, it is proposed that two missing links, Big Data and Digital Twin, are the key to articulate the vision of future 3D bioprinting. Creating training databases from Big Data curation and building digital twins of human organs with cellular resolution and properties are the most important and urgent challenges. With these missing links, it is envisioned that future 3D bioprinting will become more digital and in silico, and eventually strike a balance between virtual and physical experiments toward the most efficient utilization of bioprinting resources. Furthermore, the virtual component of bioprinting and biofabrication, namely, digital bioprinting, will become a new growth point for digital industry and information technology in future.

scholarly journals Extraction of Human Motion Information from Digital Video Based on 3D Poisson Equation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yilin Wang ◽  
Baokuan Chang
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Equation ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Dimensional Space Time ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Based on the 3D Poisson equation, this paper extracts the features of the digital video human body action sequence. By solving the Poisson equation on the silhouette sequence, the time and space features, time and space structure features, shape features, and orientation features can be obtained. First, we use the silhouette structure features in three-dimensional space-time and the orientation features of the silhouette in three-dimensional space-time to represent the local features of the silhouette sequence and use the 3D Zernike moment feature to represent the overall features of the silhouette sequence. Secondly, we combine the Bayesian classifier and AdaBoost classifier to learn and classify the features of human action sequences, conduct experiments on the Weizmann video database, and conduct multiple experiments using the method of classifying samples and selecting partial combinations for training. Then, using the recognition algorithm of motion capture, after the above process, the three-dimensional model is obtained and matched with the model in the three-dimensional model database, the sequence with the smallest distance is calculated, and the corresponding skeleton is outputted as the results of action capture. During the experiment, the human motion tracking method based on the university matching kernel (EMK) image kernel descriptor was used; that is, the scale invariant operator was used to count the characteristics of multiple training images, and finally, the high-dimensional feature space was mapped into the low-dimensional to obtain the feature space approximating the Gaussian kernel. Based on the above analysis, the main user has prior knowledge of the network environment. The experimental results show that the method in this paper can effectively extract the characteristics of human body movements and has a good classification effect for bending, one-foot jumping, vertical jumping, waving, and other movements. Due to the linear separability of the data in the kernel space, fast linear interpolation regression is performed on the features in the feature space, which significantly improves the robustness and accuracy of the estimation of the human motion pose in the image sequence.

scholarly journals HUMAN BODY MODELING TECHNOLOGIES FOR E-COMMERCE SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Bogdan Litvinov ◽  
Mariia Bilova
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Shopping Cart ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Realistic Representation ◽  
The Face

Relevance of the research work is the analysis of the main features of 3D modeling for further implementation in e-commerce. Namely, the features ofcreating a human body 3D model with the ability to edit personal settings of individual parts of the body, as well as a basic set of clothes to provide amore realistic representation of the model. The features of the 3D model in general were considered in this article. The mathematical analysis of the 3Dgraphics rendering on the 2D monitor and the possibilities of control and editing of such models have been presented. The developed software productallows the user to create an anatomical three-dimensional model of the human body and then adjust it to his needs. The user can apply on createdmodel variety of settings, namely more than 15 different views, with a full package of changes. It is possible to change the size, color of hair,eyebrows, eyes, face, body, legs. Also, the user is able to select the levels of skeletal frame views and additionally can select different backgrounds toprovide a more realistic representation of the model in space. Additional functionality was implemented for more flexible configuration of the model’sface. The user can pre-determine points to select directions or sizes of different parts of the face using settings, displayed on the mouse or touchpadcontrol. After adjustments, the user is able to manage the clothes that he had saved in the shopping cart from the online store, from which he laterproceeded to the online fitting. After the fitting the user can test the creation of animations in 360 degrees of free movement. Finally, the user can go tothe store to pay for the items he left in the shopping cart. Developed software allows improving main metrics of the on-line stores, which has a positiveimpact on increasing the growth of earnings.

scholarly journals Progress in organ 3D bioprinting

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Liu ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Qiuhong Chen ◽  
Qiang Ao ◽  
Xiaohong Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Equity Market ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
The Third ◽  
Biomedical Fields

Three dimensional (3D) printing is a hot topic in today’s scientific research and commercial areas. It is recognized as the third revolution in industrial as well as biomedical fields. Recently, human organ 3D bioprinting has been put forward into equity market as a concept stock and attracted a lot of attention. A large number of outstanding scientists have flung themselves into this area and made some remarkable headways. Nevertheless, organ 3D bioprinting is a sophisticated procedure which needs profound scientific/technological backgrounds/knowledges to accomplish Especially, large organ 3D bioprinting encounters enormous difficulties and challenges. One of them is to build implantable branched vascular networks in a predefined 3D construct. At present, organ 3D bioprinting still in its infancy and a great deal of work needs to be done. Here we briefly overview some of the achievements of 3D bioprinting in three large organs, such as the bone, liver and heart.

scholarly journals Legal Issues of Creation and Use of Bioprinted Human Organs

Lex Russica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Ksenofontova
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Cellular Material ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Cell Material

Transplantation of human organs and (or) tissues is an effective means of saving lives and restoring health of citizens. The achievements of modern medical science contribute to a significant reduction in the potential adverse effects of such operations, which largely determines their prevalence and effectiveness. At the same time, the availability of such high-tech medical care raises certain concerns due to the insufficiency of human organs and (or) tissues suitable for transplantation. In this regard, the most promising is the introduction of modern additive technologies (3D bioprinting) into medical practice. However, the rapid development of new medical methods determines the need to address the most complex bioethical and legal problems associated with the need to ensure respect for human dignity and prevent violations of the integrity of the individual. As a result, the legal principles of creation and use of bioprinted human organs in this paper are the following: the principle of inadmissibility of obtaining donor cell material to create a bioprinted human organ in the absence of explicit and specific consent, the principle of permissible use of the resulting cell material. The principles of exclusivity and noncommercialization of the human body should retain limited effect: the first principle — in terms of allowing the production of cellular material to create a bioprinted human organ to be transplanted, only for the treatment of the recipient, and the second — in terms of determining the legal regime of cellular material and bioprinted human organs. The paper emphasizes the importance of extending the principle of priority of human interests over the interests of society and science to the analyzed sphere. In turn, models of legal regulation of social relations arising from the removal and transplantation of human organs and tissues, on the one hand, and about the creation and use of bioprinted human organs, on the other hand, should be based on the principles of unity and differentiation.

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