scholarly journals Substantiation and development of rational economic and pharmaceutical mechanisms of drug supply of certain categories of citizens attached to military medical organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Yu V Miroshnichenko ◽  
M P Scherba
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Military Healthcare ◽  
Socially Vulnerable Groups

Despite the positive changes in the regulation of the accordance of benefits at the federal and regional levels, this problem has not been sufficiently studied so far in the area of organizational and legal interaction between civil and military healthcare. The current order of drug supply to certain categories of citizens attached to military medical organizations results in an unjustified expenditure of resources and an increase in the burden on healthcare, which indicates the irrationality of the existing mechanisms of drug supply. In this regard, it is necessary to develop rational economic and pharmaceutical mechanisms, as a set of methods for managing and interacting the entities that determine the order of drug supply for certain categories of citizens, while optimizing the financial, information and material resources of military and civilian healthcare. Theoretical approaches to the formation of rational economic and pharmaceutical mechanisms of drug supply are presented. Rational economic and pharmaceutical mechanisms of drug supply of certain categories of citizens attached to military medical organizations have been substantiated and developed. The characteristic of integration and coordination mechanisms of interaction of military and civil health on drug supply of certain categories of citizens in a single legal space is given. As the basic mechanisms of coordination of interaction are given: information exchange; standardization; direct supervision. The results of an assessment of sound and developed rational economic and pharmaceutical mechanisms of drug supply in the areas of organizational, social and economic efficiency are presented. It is noted that the implementation of the mechanisms of drug supply in the system of preferential drug supply can contribute to the formation of a system of drug supply balanced with the available resources of the country’s population; the formation of economic and social responsibility at each level of decision-making; the optimization of transparency and controllability of financial flows; the optimization of the financial burden on the federal, regional and departmental budgets; the equal access to medicines for all categories of citizens; guaranteed drug supply to socially vulnerable groups of the population.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Level of Accessibility of Public Urban Green Spaces to Different Socially Vulnerable Groups of People

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3917 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Rahman ◽  
Dunfu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Green Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
High Density ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Geographical Data ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Socially Vulnerable Groups

This study estimates the factors affecting socially vulnerable groups’ demand for and accessibility levels to green public spaces in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Dhaka is a high-density city with one of the lowest levels of green space per capita in the world. Dhaka has just 8.5% of tree-covered lands, while an ideal city requires at least 20% of green space. Urban public green space provides a healthy environment to city dwellers as well as ecological soundness. This study aims to examine the effects of population density and size of a community area (Thana) on the social demand for and accessibility to green parks. To determine the socially vulnerable group demand index, this study used demographic data from the National Population and Housing Census 2011 conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. This study used geographical data extracted from Google Earth Pro to measure accessibility levels, and additionally analyzed geographical data with ArcGIS 10.0 and Google Earth Pro. We drew radius circles using Free Map Tools to measure time-distance weighted scores from community areas to urban green spaces. The results show that the large population size of socially vulnerable groups creates very high demand at the score of 0.61 for urban green public parks and small-sized, high-density community areas generate very good accessibility at 2.01% to green public spaces. These findings are highly useful to policymakers, urban planners, landscape engineers, and city governments to make a compact city sustainable, inclusive, and resilient. Moreover, the notion of a “smart city” might be a smart solution in order to manage Dhaka Megacity sustainably in this modern technological age.

scholarly journals Seeking Incentives for a Successful Second and third Business Opportunity after Bankruptcy in Times of Recession

2021 ◽  
Vol Volume II (December 2021) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Aristeidis Bitzenis
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Corporate Failure ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Socially Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Second Chance

In the years of the financial and sovereign debt crisis in Greece, many viable businesses that are facing financial difficulties are led to liquidation rather than timely restructuring, with very few entrepreneurs having a second chance. This corporate failure faced by Greek companies in recent years may have been caused by either endogenous or exogenous factors or a combination of these two. In this paper we investigate the factors (economic, social and political) that will help to facilitate entrepreneurs' access to a second and third opportunity, taking also into account socially vulnerable groups such as disabled people and women entrepreneurs. Moreover, we try to find the characteristics that would encourage honest bankrupt entrepreneurs to a second business venture and the sectors where a second chance may have increased chances of sustainability in Greece. The aim of our research is to lead Greece to higher levels of self-employment, reduction in unemployment, and exit from the crisis.

scholarly journals Challenges of Compensation and Reparation for Loss and Damage Related to the Adverse Effects of Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Jorge Gabriel Arévalo García
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Loss And Damage ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
Adaptation Policies

Anthropogenic climate change has and will have unavoidable adverse effects despite mitigation and adaptation policies. Therefore, the financial burden of the costs of loss and damage must be distributed fairly and proportionally. This implies that those responsible for climate change must take responsibility and compensate those who suffer losses and, if possible, repair the damages related to this phenomenon. However, climate justice has been limited by the lack of a causal link between a specific climate change effect and specific damages or losses. Accordingly, this article discusses the compensation and reparation of losses and damages related to the adverse effects of climate change, as a stream applicable after mitigation and adaptation policies. In addition, this article reviews the implications of the relevant findings that established the existence and development of climate change as a problem that affects the enjoyment of human rights, to argue how the theory of human rights can contribute to the current legal model for reparation and compensation for losses and damages associated with climate change. Also, due to the impossibility of obtaining a legally binding agreement as a structure for integration, and to adequately address the problem of causes, consequences, benefits and burdens, vulnerable groups ought to be the most affected.

scholarly journals Jurisdição Constitucional como mecanismo de emancipação social: uma abordagem a partir de decisões da Corte Constitucional colombiana sobre direitos sociais

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-149
Author(s):  
Alessia Barroso Lima Brito Campos Chevitarese ◽  
Ana Borges Coêlho Santos ◽  
Camila Nascimento de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socially Vulnerable Groups

RESUMOO artigo tem por objetivo analisar a efetividade da jurisdição constitucional como mecanismo de emancipação social de determinados grupos a partir de decisões da Corte Constitucional colombiana. Nesse sentido, busca-se compreender a tutela dos direitos sociais, conforme o disposto na Constituição Colombiana de 1991, e os desafios de implementação dos direitos previstos, bem como o contexto de desenvolvimento de um protagonismo mais acentuado da Corte Constitucional colombiana. O estudo investiga se as progressistas decisões da citada Corte são capazes de modificar positivamente a situação social de grupos socialmente vulneráveis, com a finalidade de ponderar, nesse contexto, o papel da jurisdição constitucional na efetividade dos direitos sociais dos jurisdicionados.PALAVRAS-CHAVECorte Constitucional da Colômbia. Emancipação social. Efetividade dos direitos sociais. ABSTRACTThe article aims to analyze the effectiveness of judicial review as a mechanism of social emancipation of certain groups based on decisions of the Colombian Constitutional Court on social rights. In this sense, we seek to understand the protection of social rights, in accordance with the Colombian Constitution of 1991 and the challenges of implementing the rights envisaged, as well as the context of developing a more prominent role of the Colombian Constitutional Court. The study investigates whether if the progressive decisions of the aforementioned Court are capable of positively changing the social situation of socially vulnerable groups, in order to consider, in this context, the role of constitutional jurisdiction in the effectiveness of the social rights.KEYWORDSColombian Constitutional Court. Social emancipation. Effectiveness of social rights.

Financial Toxicity in Cancer Treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 616-620
Author(s):  
Victoria Blinder ◽  
Francesca M. Gany
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Financial Toxicity

Financial toxicity is a preventable cancer treatment side effect, encompassing the subjective financial distress and objective financial burden that result from increased spending and decreased earning after diagnosis. The prevalence of financial toxicity has increased with new expensive cancer treatments and insurers gradually shifting costs to patients. Patients with financial toxicity experience increased symptom burden, treatment nonadherence, and cancer-related death. The patients at highest risk are young, female, and nonwhite. For low-income patients, the indirect costs of cancer care can be especially burdensome and include child/elder care, transportation, unpaid work absences or job loss, cancer-related comorbidity treatment costs, and fulfilling dietary requirements. Psychosocial impacts include depression, emotional distress, and reduced quality of life. Patients in palliative care have rated financial distress as more severe than physical, familial, and emotional distress. Interventions and policy changes are needed to ameliorate the effects of financial toxicity, especially for the most vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals Post-shipment financial flows in supply chains: A study of small- to medium-sized enterprise importers

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Schutte ◽  
Wesley Niemann ◽  
Theuns Kotzé
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Global Sourcing ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Financial Flows

Background: Global sourcing has impacted inventory levels, lead times and the availability of working capital, affecting the standard financial flow of a supply chain. Poorly managing the link between the financial and physical supply chains could therefore lead to unnecessarily high inventory investments or to a short supply of inventory, affecting cash flow, working capital, sales and, subsequently, a firm’s profitability.Objectives: The aim of this generic qualitative study was to explore how firms manage their financial supply chain alongside their physical supply chain.Method: Data were collected from 12 semi-structured interviews with senior managers across six small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) importing firms in various industries.Results: The research finds that the buyer is the driver of both upstream and downstream financial supply chain management (FSCM) as SME importers in Gauteng are proactively managing their financial alongside their physical supply chains. Through the continuous evaluation of sourcing strategies, exchange rate risk management strategies and inventory investment management strategies, firms can align their physical and financial supply chains.Conclusion: This study highlights the lead time and disruption risks and costs of global sourcing and identifies FSCM tools that can be used to alleviate the financial burden associated with long lead times.

scholarly journals The affordability of prescription medicines in Australia: are copayments and safety net thresholds too high?

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Searles ◽  
Evan Doran ◽  
Thomas A Faunce ◽  
David Henry
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescription Medicines ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Cost

Objective. To create and report survey-based indicators of the affordability of prescription medicines for patients in Australia. Method. A cross-sectional study of 1502 randomly selected participants in the Hunter Region of NSW, were interviewed by telephone. Main outcome measure. The self-reported financial burden of obtaining prescription medicines. Results. Data collection was completed with a response rate of 59.0%. Participants who had received and filled at least one prescription medicine in the previous 3 months, and eligible for analysis (n=952), were asked to self-report the level of financial burden from obtaining these medicines. Extreme and heavy financial burdens were reported by 2.1% and 6.8% of participants, respectively. A moderate level of burden was experienced by a further 19.5%. Low burden was recorded for participants who said that their prescription medicines presented either a slight burden (29.0%) or were no burden at all (42.6%). Conclusion. A substantial minority of participants who had obtained prescription medicines in the 3 months prior to survey experienced a level of financial burden from the cost of these medicines that was reported as being moderate to extreme. What is known about the topic? The Australian National Medicines Policy aims to, amongst other things, facilitate access to medicines at a cost that is affordable to individuals and the community. Copayments combined with the safety net and brand price premium are the main determinants of the amount that patients pay for PBS listed prescription medicines. Previous surveys have reported on selected aspects of medicine affordability in Australia and have shown some groups in the population experience difficulty with the cost of their medicines. What does this paper add? This paper develops and reports on a set of indicators that can be used to periodically measure the level of self-reported financial burden experienced by Australians when obtaining prescription medicines. The analysis assesses affordability issues for both general patients and patients who are able to access prescription medicines using a concession card. What are the implications? Our research suggests that, as they stand, the copayment and safety net thresholds are not protecting nearly one-third of Australian patients from financial burden. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation is required to ensure the copayment and safety net thresholds do not jeopardise the National Medicines Policy’s principle of equitable and affordable access to medicines.

Ideologies and Contradictions in a Public Relations Department: The Seduction and Impotence of Living Myth

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Filby ◽  
Hugh Willmott
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
State Bureaucracy ◽  
Host Organization ◽  
Ethnographic Analysis

Following a review of the major theoretical approaches of the organizational culture literature, the paper presents an ethnographic analysis of a specialist department within a state bureaucracy. Specifically, the study explores how ideology and myth serve to define, defend and mediate the interests of members of the public relations department in relation to the host organization. Their use, we suggest, has self-defeating consequences for the specialists' access to valued symbolic and material resources.

scholarly journals Opinion of low-income families on public support of the population of the Sakhalin Oblast (on the materials of surveys and interviews)

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Vladimirovna Chudnova
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Assistance ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Socially Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Sakhalin Oblast

The object of this research is the low-income incomplete households of the Sakhalin Oblast. The subject is the current state of trends and peculiarities of the measures of public assistance for the low-income incomplete households of the Sakhalin Oblast. The author gives detailed overview to the main vectors of public assistance of households in the region, and describes the key issues faced by the recipients of public assistance. Special attention is given to the questions of assessment of efficiency of public assistance measures, signifying the prioritized vectors for optimization of this process in the Sakhalin Oblast. The conclusions are based on results of specific sociological research, conducted by the author using surveys and interviews. The research demonstrates that the region is undergoing large-scale efforts on meeting the vital needs of the socially vulnerable groups of the population, but not all measures correspond to the volume, quality and accessibility requirements of low-income incomplete households, and are in need of serious correction and establishing constant monitoring of the efficiency of measures based on feedback from the recipients.

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