scholarly journals Finland’s Arctic strategy: international cooperation and legal aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Vladimir Jilkine
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Government

The article is devoted to the issues of international cooperation of Finland in the Arctic in the sphere of environment on a stable international legal basis. The international cooperation in the Arctic began at the government level in 1991 at Rovaniemi at the meeting of the Arctic countries ministers. The improvement of the regulatory and legal framework for environmental protection and perfection of the legal instruments of interaction with international environmental organizations is a priority task in the development of the Arctic zone. The development of interstate relations is promoted by a multitude of Arctic forums and discussion platforms that unite Finland and Russia in virtue of these countries geographical neighbourhood and trade and economic relations. Finland actively stands for mutually beneficial bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the Arctic countries on the basis of international treaties and agreements, and favours international scientific and technical cooperation within the framework of global and regional technological and research projects in the Arctic. The international attention to the prospects of the Arctic, as well as Finlands climate-related agreements and commitments, required a revision of the national legislation on environmental. In the first 11 months of 2018, the Parliament of Finland received 265 draft bills in the sphere of ecology for consideration. The protection of indigenous small-numbered nations, their original habitat and traditional way of life is based on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In the authors opinion, the study and application of the experience and achievements in the field of digital technologies in legal science in Finland will give a positive impetus to the perfection of the Russian digital model of legal groundwork for the Arctic, it will favour the improvement of the regulatory and legal framework for laying the foundations of state governance of the Russian Federation Arctic Zone and for legislative recognition of its status as a special object of state regulation, and it will also promote development of technologies for legal monitoring, legal prognostication and expert examination of international projects of statutory legal acts.

scholarly journals State regulation of the socio-economic relations during Elizabeth I Tudor's rule

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Elizabeth I ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
English Society ◽  
The Government

The author of the article reconstructs the hierarchical structure of the 16th century English society, the development of capitalist relations in the English countryside at the British Queen Elizabeth I Tudor led to a noticeable socio-economic changes, which affected all major categories, such as land users and owners. A new legal framework was created to protect the interests of the ruling class. The essence of these normative legal acts was the attempt of the country's leadership to cope with the problems that arose due to the growth of the proletariat, and most importantly, the inability of the British industry to use the hands released from agriculture. The government was well aware of this imbalance – the supply and demand for labour. But the government of Elizabeth was not able to propose a specific programme for the use of labour, and went on a proven path – forced coercion of workers' fulfillment of unprofitable obligations. The conclusion is made about the usefulness of the information contained here in the analysis of the transition states of societas.

scholarly journals Russia in the Arctic: the Results of 2020 and Development Prospects

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Valery Zhuravel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
New Members ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government

The Arctic has always been in the field of close attention of the Russian leadership. This was especially true in 2020. This year, a number of important strategic planning documents were adopted that define the country’s state policy in the Arctic zone for the next 15 years. These are: The Fundamentals of State policy in the Arctic Zone until 2035 and the Strategy for the development of the Russian Federation’s Arctic zone and ensuring national security for the period up to 2035. In parallel, work continued improving the federal authorities activities on the exploration and development of the Arctic. New members of the State Commission for Arctic development approved including their powers expanded. The newly formed Ministry of the Russian Federation for development of the Far East and the Arctic has begun its activity. Simultaneously, the Government decided on the extension of the Far East development institutions competence in the Arctic zone. The attention of the public was drawn to the planned major infrastructure projects in all the subjects of the Russian Arctic. The author, drawing attention to a wide list of planned major arctic infrastructure projects in all the subjects of the Russian Arctic zone, expresses doubts about the possibility of their implementation, taking into account the existing and potential difficulties. The article points to the need to use the experience in the advancement and development of the Arctic, acquired in 2020, during the Russian presidency of the Arctic Council in 2021–2023.

A hectare of development and opportunities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.N. Shelomentsev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Municipal Ownership ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Far Eastern

The article analyzes the regulatory and legal framework for the implementation of the program providing citizens with land plots from the state or municipal ownership and located in the territories of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as in the Far Eastern Federal District, or included in the program "Socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation".

scholarly journals Prolonged occupation: An analysis of obligations of the occupying powers in an occupied territory and contemporary challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Sardar M. A. W. K. Arif
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
The Subject

The International Law of Occupation (ILOC) regulates all kinds of occupation. However, the other bodies of law, such as, International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL) also apply in times of occupation. These bodies of law create obligations especially on states and in particular, on the occupying powers. The presumption is that occupations are temporary in nature but why prolonged occupations? In this context, this article focuses on legal aspects of belligerent prolonged occupation. It evaluates the international legal framework and sources of belligerent prolonged occupation. While protection of civilians is central to the bulk of texts of international treaties and the occupiers have obligations, it investigates into obligations of the occupying powers in occupied territory by analysing the existing legal framework under IHL and IHRL. Further, it also discusses the provisions of ILOC. The argument developed throughout this article is that the occupying powers are under humanitarian and human rights obligations to guarantee the best possible protection of rights of occupied people in the case of prolonged occupation in particular and adding on that IHL and IHRL apply in complementarity in situations of prolonged occupation. For the purpose of this article, qualitative method is followed, and existing literature on the subject has been analysed. 

scholarly journals Environmental and legal aspects of sustainable development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation using the genomic technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 01015
Author(s):  
N.O. Vedysheva
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
The Russian Federation

After analyzing the documents of the strategic planning of the Russian Federation, the state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic until 2035, the author makes an attempt to consider current legal problems in the field of environmental management and environmental protection in the region, ensuring the sustainable development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The article highlights the main threats and risks of ensuring the environmental safety, including when applying innovative, genomic technologies in the field of agriculture. In conclusion, a summary is made about the need to amend the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of ensuring the environmental safety and sustainable development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation

scholarly journals Basics of Energy Supply Regulation in the Arctic Regions

Federalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
A. A. Gasnikova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Authorities

Energy supply is a necessary condition for supporting normal life and activities of humans. Problem of providing reliable and accessible energy supply becomes extremely important under the Arctic severe climate. Organization of energy supply is affected by many factors. It is suggested to consider natural-resource, economical, social, technological, ecological, and legal factors. Legal factors set legal framework for energy enterprises and energy consumers to act. Economic relations, social guarantees for energy consumers, technological and environmental requirements for energy industry are legally regulated. Thus, legal factors determine other factors of energy supply to significant extent. In this regard, an analysis of the powers and functions of federal and regional authorities in the field of energy supply regulation is relevant. Most of the powers of energy supply regulation are concentrated at the federal level. At the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation energy supply issues are regulated by regional authorities within the framework of their powers. Ensuring reliable energy supply to consumers requires coordinated actions of authorities and energy sector enterprises, taking into account the whole variety of considered factors.

Problems and Prospects of Energy Complex Development in the Russian Arctic Zone

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
O. V. Skotarenko ◽  
V. I. Babenkov ◽  
Yu. A. Nikitin ◽  
M. V. Kutepova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Energy Complex ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
High Level

The presented study examines the specific aspects of operation of energy enterprises in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.Aim. The study aims to identify the current problems in the operation of energy enterprises in the Arctic territories by analyzing their state and development and thus to substantiate the selection of perspective directions for improving the efficiency of their management.Tasks. The authors show the role and importance of energy supply for the functioning of the socioeconomic system of the Arctic territories, analyze the major performance indicators of energy enterprises, and substantiate recommendations on improving the organization of their activities.Methods. This study uses the methodology of economic analysis, trend analysis, structural analysis, and specific methods of regional economic analysis.Results. One of the crucial current problems in the development of the energy complex in the Russian Arctic zone is the high level of debt in the accounts, which leads to an imbalance in the current activities of energy enterprises. Furthermore, formation of electricity tariffs depends on the money paid for the generation and transportation of electricity and the services of distribution companies. This is due to the lack of continuous monitoring of the state of accounts and the lack of a legal framework for settling differences between network and energy supply companies, which are not given sufficient attention in economic studies.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the authors propose the major directions for improving regulation of the development and operation of energy enterprises in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. 

International Legal Aspects of Environmental Management in the Arctic

2019 ◽  
pp. 428-450
Author(s):  
Olga Pasko ◽  
Natalia Staurskaya ◽  
Anna Safronova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
The Sustainable Development

The chapter is about contemporary ecological problems of the Arctic with regard to the relevant regulations, as well as their practical implementation. The chapter outlines the range of problems related to the coordination of international cooperation and concerted actions of stakeholder states for sustainable development in the region. The goals of international treaties on environmental protection have been classified. There is a review of key tendencies of legal regulation improvement for safeguarding Arctic ecosystems and the designation of protected areas. The natural resources and theoretical issues of their use have been thoroughly described and illustrated with examples obtained internationally. There are conclusions on the state of the art in the field of international rules and regulations for the sustainable development of the Arctic, in particular by sound environmental management, improvement of infrastructure and industrial facilities, preservation of the authentic culture of the northern indigenous communities, and improvement of the quality of their life.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF CUSTOMS RISK MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Alina Brendak
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Risk Management System ◽  
Risks Assessment

Legal framework is a core element of every public activity. Customs affairs are not an exception. Main source of customs regulation in Ukraine is a Customs Code adopted in 2012. According to article 320 of Ukrainian Customs Code forms and scope of control, sufficient to ensure that the customs legislation and international treaties of Ukraine are observed at the time of customs clearance, shall be selected by the customs offices (customs stations) on the basis of the risk management system. Thus, proper functioning of risk management system is a crucial thing for selective customs control. Aim of this article is to describe legal basis for customs risk management system application and to find out if there are any gaps in customs legislation, which prevent form its full-fledged functioning and use. So apart of customs risk management legislation, some general provisions are to be analyzed further. Keywords: customs regulations in Ukraine, customs control, risk management system, risks analysis, risks assessment, risk profile, risk indicators.

scholarly journals Legal Issues Regarding Arctic Cruise Shipping in the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7016
Author(s):  
Novikova Kseniia ◽  
Mehran Idris Khan ◽  
Yen-Chiang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
National Level ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Cruise Tourism ◽  
The Russian Federation

With the development of the transportation network, vessels are increasingly used in the tourism business. The international cruise business requires huge investments and a clear international and domestic legal framework. Russia has unique opportunities to develop cruise tourism as a country with the world’s longest total length of coastal line (37.7 thousand kilometres). Russia intends to develop and support cruise tourism in the Arctic and increase the tourist flow to the Arctic to a certain level in order to promote socio-economic development in the region. At the same time, a rapidly evolving tourism in the Arctic brings new challenges related to the preservation of environmental safety and protection of national interests and requires comprehensive legal cover and regulation at the national level. This article deals with Russian Federation’s laws regulating sea/river cruise shipping involving an international element. It scrutinises state rules and policies on navigation in the Russian Arctic waters and relevant International Treaties of the Russian Federation, highlights the peculiarity of the cruise shipping contract in terms of Russian laws regulating the relationship arising from it, and finally, analyses the effects of Russian legislation in the field of Arctic tourism to its development. The authors attempted to summarise experts’ views on relevant Russian legislation’ shortcomings and put forward possible solutions.

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