Coded excitation for low-power guided ultrasonic wave inspection in safety-critical industries: case studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 712-720
Author(s):  
S Jayakrishnan ◽  
N Suresh ◽  
D Koodalil ◽  
K Balasubramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Ultrasonic Wave ◽  
High Power ◽  
Pulse Compression ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Signal Processing Technique ◽  
Coded Excitation ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Inspection Systems

High-power ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) poses significant threats to intrinsic safety. It may lead to hazards in critical industrial applications, especially in oil & gas refineries, high-energy material technologies and the aerospace and aviation industries. Typically, industries employ various certifications and undertake several safety protocols to suppress the likelihood of industrial hazards. In order to satisfy safety standards for operating high-power equipment close to potential explosives and inflammable substances, industries direct large sums of investment into making these inspection systems intrinsically safe by designing complex structures and devising procedures to isolate such equipment from the system or process entirely. However, the uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of such protective measures results in a persisting difficulty in obtaining plant safety certifications and approvals. In this paper, the application of a coded excitation method to make inspection systems intrinsically safe and easily certifiable is explored. Using a pulse compression-based signal processing technique called coded excitation, it has been made possible to achieve non-contact transduction (electromagnetic acoustic transduction and air-coupled transduction) in transmitreceive mode with excitation as low as 0.5 Vpp (peak-to-peak supply voltage). This work reports on the application of coded excitation in bringing down the transduction power requirements for guided ultrasonic wave inspection, thereby making it possible to formulate new inspection applications at very low power, particularly in safety-critical industries.

AlInAs/GaInAs on InP HEMTs for low power supply voltage operation of high power-added efficiency microwave amplifiers

1993 ◽  
Vol 29 (15) ◽  
pp. 1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.E. Larson ◽  
M.M. Matloubian ◽  
J.J. Brown ◽  
A.S. Brown ◽  
M. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Power Supply Voltage ◽  
Power Added Efficiency ◽  
Microwave Amplifiers

scholarly journals GAMMA RAYS FROM RADIO GALAXIES: FERMI/LAT OBSERVATIONS

2012 ◽  
Vol 08 ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
PAOLA GRANDI
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
High Power ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Radio Galaxies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Γ Ray

We review the high energy properties of Misaligned AGNs associated with γ-ray sources detected by Fermi in 24 months of survey. Most of them are nearby emission low power radio galaxies (i.e FRIs) which probably have structured jets. On the contrary, high power radio sources (i.e FRIIs) with GeV emission are rare. The small number of FRIIs does not seem to be related to their higher redshifts. Assuming proportionality between the radio core flux and the γ-ray flux, several of them are expected to be bright enough to be detected above 100 MeV in spite of their distance. We suggest that beaming/jet structural differences are responsible for the detection rate discrepancy observed between FRIs and FRIIs.

scholarly journals A 100 MHz 0.41 fJ/(Bit∙Search) 28 nm CMOS-Bulk Content Addressable Memory for HEP Experiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Federico Fary ◽  
Andrea Baschirotto
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Energy Physics ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Content Addressable Memory ◽  
28 Nm

This paper presents a transistor-level design with extensive experimental validation of a Content Addressable Memory (CAM), based on an eXclusive OR (XOR) single-bit cell. This design exploits a dedicated architecture and a fully custom approach (both in the schematic and the layout phase), in order to achieve very low-power and high-speed performances. The proposed architecture does not require an internal clock or pre-charge phase, which usually increase the power request and slow down data searches. On the other hand, the dedicated solutions are exploited in order to minimize parasitic layout-induced capacitances in the single-bit cell, further reducing the power consumption. The prototype device, named CAM-28CB, is integrated in the deeply downscaled 28 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) Bulk (28CB) technology. In this way, the high transistor transition frequency and the intrinsic lower parasitic capacitances allow the system speed to be improved. Furthermore, the high radiation hardness of this technology node (up to 1Grad TID), together with the CAM-28CB high-speed and low-power performances, makes this device suitable for High-Energy Physics experiments, such as ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) at Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The prototype operates at a frequency of up to 100 MHz and consumes 46.86 µW. The total area occupancy is 1702 µm2 for 1.152 kb memory bit cells. The device operates with a single supply voltage of 1 V and achieves 0.41 fJ/bit/search Figure-of-Merit.

A SURVEY OF LOW-VOLTAGE LOW-POWER TECHNIQUES AND CHALLENGES FOR CMOS DIGITAL CIRCUITS

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 89-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
YU-CHERNG HUNG ◽  
SHAO-HUI SHIEH ◽  
CHIOU-KOU TUNG
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Low Power Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Power Circuit ◽  
Low Power Cmos ◽  
Short Time ◽  
System Selection

Low-power design is an important research in recent years. A huge amount of papers in the open literature until now were proposed to deal with various low-power issues, including technology innovation, circuit/logic design techniques, algorithm realization, and architecture/system selection. Due to the high-energy electron effect and reliability consideration, it is necessary to further reduce the supply voltage of integrated circuit in CMOS sub-micro technologies. However, it is hard to get a whole view for various low-power low-voltage techniques in a short time. In this paper, the motivations and challenges of CMOS low-voltage low-power circuit are addressed. Various design methodologies are surveyed and summarized in whole. The paper attempts to quickly give readers a full-view conception in low-voltage low-power CMOS system design.

scholarly journals High efficiency UWB pulse generator for ultra-low-power applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remy Vauche ◽  
Sylvain Bourdel ◽  
Nicolas Dehaese ◽  
Jean Gaubert ◽  
Oswaldo Ramos Sparrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Ultra Low Power ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Nanosecond Pulses

This paper presents the design of a fully integrated ultra-low-power Ultra Wide Band (UWB) pulse generator. The circuit is designed and optimized for low rate and localization applications. This UWB transmitter is based on the impulse response filter method in order to achieve high energy sub-nanosecond pulses. The circuit has been integrated in a ST-Microelectronics CMOS 0.13 μm technology with a supply voltage of 1.2 V on a die area of 0.56 mm2. A power manager is used to reduce the power leakages to 3.91 μW which gives a power consumption of 3.98 Mw at 10 kb/s. The measured dynamic energy consumed per pulse is 68 pJ and the measured energy of the emitted pulse is 2.15 pJ.

Less Power, Greater Conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra C. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Goal Conflict ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Way

Abstract. Power facilitates goal pursuit, but how does power affect the way people respond to conflict between their multiple goals? Our results showed that higher trait power was associated with reduced experience of conflict in scenarios describing multiple goals (Study 1) and between personal goals (Study 2). Moreover, manipulated low power increased individuals’ experience of goal conflict relative to high power and a control condition (Studies 3 and 4), with the consequence that they planned to invest less into the pursuit of their goals in the future. With its focus on multiple goals and individuals’ experiences during goal pursuit rather than objective performance, the present research uses new angles to examine power effects on goal pursuit.

Effect of Power on Moral Judgment

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
Russell Hamby
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
High Power ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Need For Power ◽  
Experimenter Effects

Ambiguous effects of power on attributions of moral responsibility for an accident are interpreted to result from the intervening effects of need for power, which is aroused by the anticipation of exercising power over another. 160 subjects from introductory social psychology classes participated in a questionnaire-type experiment comparing effects of high/low carelessness, severe/minor consequences, and high/low power of the attributor in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. In a follow-up experiment 30 subjects were assigned to conditions of high or low power, and their needs for power and moral attributions were measured. High power seemed to arouse need for power, which was curvilinearly related to moral judgments. Those high and low in need for power attributed more moral responsibility to the perpetrator of an accident than those with moderate levels of need for power. The results suggest complicated models of both moral judgments and experimenter effects related to the level or arousal of motivations.

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