scholarly journals Strain adjustments associated with earthquakes in southern California

1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1569-1589
Author(s):  
Stewart W. Smith ◽  
William Van de Lindt
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Body ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
The Real ◽  
Major Earthquake ◽  
The Past ◽  
Southern California Region

Abstract A technique for the calculation of strain changes in a two-dimensional elastic body with arbitrary internal dislocations is presented. This technique is applied to the southern California region by assigning a specific fault and fault slip function for each major earthquake that has occurred since 1812. Although the model used has serious shortcomings when applied to the real Earth, certain important features concerning strain energy changes associated with earthquakes are brought out. The occurrence of earthquakes over the past 150 years has resulted in net increases in stored strain energy in a number of regions including the northern end of the Gulf of California, the Cajon Pass area, and the northern part of the Carizzo Plain. Large regions of strain energy decrease can also be seen, the most important of which is in the vicinity of Fort Tejon.

Rat Cutaneous RA Afferents Activated by Two-Dimensional Skin Stretch

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 484-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Grigg ◽  
Daniel R. Robichaud
Keyword(s):  
Gaussian Noise ◽  
Strain Energy Density ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Directional Selectivity ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Orthogonal Axis ◽  
The Past

Skin develops biaxial stresses and strains when stretched. Rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptor neurons are known to be stretch sensitive, yet in the past, they have been studied using stretch stimuli applied along only a single direction. In this study, cutaneous rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors were studied in preparations of isolated skin in which the skin was stretched dynamically using biaxial stretch stimuli and in which loads and displacements were measured along two directions. Stretch stimuli followed a pseudo-Gaussian waveform and were applied along either one or two directions simultaneously. Associations between spikes and mechanical variables were determined using multiple logistic regression. When the skin was actuated along a single direction, holding the orthogonal axis fixed, spike responses were strongly associated with mechanical variables along the actuated direction. The variables were stress and its rate of change, the rate of change of strain, and the product of stress and its rate of change, which is proportional to strain energy density. When the skin was stretched along a single direction, spikes were very poorly associated with stress variables measured along the direction orthogonal to the stretch. Afferents showed weak directional selectivity: they were slightly more responsive to the variable stress along the circumferential direction of the hindlimb. When the skin was stretched biaxially (i.e., along both directions simultaneously) with identical pseudo-Gaussian noise stimuli, neuronal responses were associated with the same variables as above, but the associations were weaker.

Russian and Soviet historiography of the life and work of Anatoly Fedorovich Koni in the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11-1) ◽  
pp. 263-279
Author(s):  
Alexander Kodintsev ◽  
Danil Rybin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Past ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The study analyzes historical researches on the life and work of the outstanding Russian lawyer A. F. Koni. It is noted that several directions in the study of the personality of this figure can be distinguished. It is concluded that systematic study of the legacy of Koni in the context of the era, taking into account the accumulated knowledge, coupled with archival materials will recreate the real face of the remarkable humanist figure of Russia in the past era.

THE 2017 AMENDMENTS TO THE LAW REFORM (MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE) ACT 1976: A MILESTONE OR A STONE’S THROW IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN FAMILY LAW?

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-479
Author(s):  
Sridevi Thambapillay
Keyword(s):  
Child Custody ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marriage And Divorce ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
Family Issues ◽  
The Law ◽  
Muslim Family

The Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (LRA) which was passed in 1976 and came into force on 1st March 1982, standardized the laws concerning non-Muslim family matters. Many family issues concerning non-Muslim have emerged ever since, the most important being the effects of unilateral conversion to Islam by one of the parties to the marriage. There has been a lot of public hue and cry for amendments to be made to the LRA. After much deliberation, the Malaysian Parliament finally passed the amendments to the LRA in October 2017, which came into force in December 2018. Although the amendments have addressed selected family law issues, the most important amendment on child custody in a unilateral conversion to Islam was dropped from the Bill at the last minute. Howsoever, at the end of the day, the real question that needs to be addressed is whether the amendments have resolved the major issues that have arisen over the past four decades? Hence, the purpose of this article is as follows: first, to examine the brief background to the passing of the LRA, secondly, to analyse the 2017 amendments, thirdly, to identify the weaknesses that still exist in the LRA, and finally, to suggest recommendations to overcome these weaknesses by comparing the Malaysian position with the Singaporean position. In conclusion, it is submitted that despite the recent amendments to the LRA, much needs to be done to overcome all the remaining issues that have still not been addressed.

Modifications of the Godunov method for computing disturbance propagation in an elastic body

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Aganin ◽  
N.A. Khismatullina
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Body ◽  
Godunov Method ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Problem ◽  
Order Accuracy ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Disturbance Propagation ◽  
Linear Waves ◽  
Longitudinal And Shear Waves ◽  
Contact Discontinuities

Numerical investigation of efficiency of UNO- and TVD-modifications of the Godunov method of the second order accuracy for computation of linear waves in an elastic body in comparison with the classical Godunov method is carried out. To this end, one-dimensional cylindrical Riemann problems are considered. It is shown that the both modifications are considerably more accurate in describing radially converging as well as diverging longitudinal and shear waves and contact discontinuities both in one- and two-dimensional problem statements. At that the UNO-modification is more preferable than the TVD-modification because exact implementation of the TVD property in the TVD-modification is reached at the expense of “cutting” solution extrema.

scholarly journals Restoring the real world records in Men’s swimming without high-tech swimsuits

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-300
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Gao ◽  
Yixing Li ◽  
Zhengxin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Strong Indication ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Past ◽  
Optimal Estimates ◽  
World Records ◽  
And Training

AbstractThe recently concluded 2019 World Swimming Championships was another major swimming competition that witnessed some great progresses achieved by human athletes in many events. However, some world records created 10 years ago back in the era of high-tech swimsuits remained untouched. With the advancements in technical skills and training methods in the past decade, the inability to break those world records is a strong indication that records with the swimsuit bonus cannot reflect the real progressions achieved by human athletes in history. Many swimming professionals and enthusiasts are eager to know a measure of the real world records had the high-tech swimsuits never been allowed. This paper attempts to restore the real world records in Men’s swimming without high-tech swimsuits by integrating various advanced methods in probabilistic modeling and optimization. Through the modeling and separation of swimsuit bias, natural improvement, and athletes’ intrinsic performance, the result of this paper provides the optimal estimates and the 95% confidence intervals for the real world records. The proposed methodology can also be applied to a variety of similar studies with multi-factor considerations.

scholarly journals Coseismic fault-slip distribution of the 2019 Ridgecrest Mw6.4 and Mw7.1 earthquakes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Gao ◽  
HuRong Duan ◽  
YongZhi Zhang ◽  
JiaYing Chen ◽  
HeTing Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strike Slip ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Slip Distribution ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dextral Strike Slip Fault ◽  
Fault Slip Distribution ◽  
Dextral Strike Slip

AbstractThe 2019 Ridgecrest, California seismic sequence, including an Mw6.4 foreshock and Mw7.1 mainshock, represent the largest regional seismic events within the past 20 years. To obtain accurate coseismic fault-slip distribution, we used precise positioning data of small earthquakes from January 2019 to October 2020 to determine the dip parameters of the eight fault geometry, and used the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data processed by Xu et al. (Seismol Res Lett 91(4):1979–1985, 2020) at UCSD to constrain inversion of the fault-slip distribution of both earthquakes. The results showed that all faults were sinistral strike-slips with minor dip-slip components, exception for dextral strike-slip fault F2. Fault-slip mainly occurred at depths of 0–12 km, with a maximum slip of 3.0 m. The F1 fault contained two slip peaks located at 2 km of fault S4 and 6 km of fault S5 depth, the latter being located directly above the Mw7.1hypocenter. Two slip peaks with maximum slip of 1.5 m located 8 and 20 km from the SW endpoint of the F2 fault were also identified, and the latter corresponds to the Mw6.4 earthquake. We also analyzed the influence of different inversion parameters on the fault slip distribution, and found that the slip momentum smoothing condition was more suitable for the inversion of the earthquakes slip distribution than the stress-drop smoothing condition.

scholarly journals Template-Free Self-Assembly of Two-Dimensional Polymers into Nano/Microstructured Materials

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3310
Author(s):  
Shengda Liu ◽  
Jiayun Xu ◽  
Xiumei Li ◽  
Tengfei Yan ◽  
Shuangjiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
The Past ◽  
2D Polymers ◽  
Template Free ◽  
Self Assembled ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Polymer Tubes

In the past few decades, enormous efforts have been made to synthesize covalent polymer nano/microstructured materials with specific morphologies, due to the relationship between their structures and functions. Up to now, the formation of most of these structures often requires either templates or preorganization in order to construct a specific structure before, and then the subsequent removal of previous templates to form a desired structure, on account of the lack of “self-error-correcting” properties of reversible interactions in polymers. The above processes are time-consuming and tedious. A template-free, self-assembled strategy as a “bottom-up” route to fabricate well-defined nano/microstructures remains a challenge. Herein, we introduce the recent progress in template-free, self-assembled nano/microstructures formed by covalent two-dimensional (2D) polymers, such as polymer capsules, polymer films, polymer tubes and polymer rings.

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