Share of firms identifying electricity as a major constraint (2013 and 2019)

The AIDS epidemic continues and HIV-infected persons continue to suffer stigmatization and discrimination in Nigeria. The results of an open-ended questionnaire administered non-randomly in Ile-Ife and Ilesa in the late 1990s confirm this. Six questions on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were asked; 83 (36.4%) males and 145 (63.6%) females aged between 11 and 60 years responded. The respondents included 101 students, 49 civil servants, 39 artisans and traders. Others included 29 health professionals (doctors and nurses, etc.), 8 teachers, and 2 commercial sex workers. The median of negative responses (rejection) is 42.2%. It is concluded that there still exists a significant but suppressed or subtle stigmatization and discrimination against HIV-infected people, a major constraint in the management and control of HIV/AIDS.

Download Full-text

Fusarium basal rot: profile of an increasingly important disease in Allium spp.

Tropical Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s40858-021-00421-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dung Le ◽

Kris Audenaert ◽

Geert Haesaert

Keyword(s):

Disease Management ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Future Directions ◽

Basal Rot ◽

Major Constraint ◽

Fusarium Basal Rot ◽

Chemical Pesticides ◽

Important Disease

AbstractFusarium basal rot (FBR) is a soil-borne disease that affects Allium species worldwide. Although FBR has long been recognized as a major constraint to the production of economically important Allium species, information that could support disease management remains scattered. In this review, the current knowledge on the causal agents, symptomology and epidemiology, impact, and management strategies of FBR is synthesized. We highlight that FPR is associated with different complexes of several Fusarium species, of which Fusarium oxysporum and F. proliferatum are the most prevalent. These pathogenic complexes vary in composition and virulence, depending on sites and hosts, which can be challenging for disease management. Research to improve disease management using chemical pesticides, resistance cultivars, biocontrol agents, and cultural practices has achieved both promising results and limitations. Finally, research needs and future directions are proposed for the development of effective FBR management strategies.

Download Full-text

The importance of time of spraying, desiccant type and harvest time on industrial fibre production from stand-retted fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859607007010 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 145 (6) ◽

pp. 565-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. J. BENNETT ◽

D. WRIGHT ◽

G. EDWARDS-JONES

Keyword(s):

Linum Usitatissimum ◽

Fibre Production ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Research Centre ◽

Harvest Time ◽

Careful Monitoring ◽

Major Constraint ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

New Form ◽

Mature Seeds

SUMMARYEven and successful retting of flax through application of a desiccating herbicide and stand-retting is a major constraint to increasing its incorporation in industrial products. With the release of a new form of glyphosate based on the isopropylamine (IPA) salt with biactivator (Roundup Biactive, Monsanto Ltd), a field trial was planted using three flax varieties with differing levels of ease of desiccation at the Henfaes Research Centre, University of Wales Bangor in 2004. The crop was sprayed at four different times of maturity: mid-point of flowering plus 7 days (MPF+7), MPF+14, MPF+21 or MPF+28 using two different herbicide treatments; Roundup Biactive (Monsanto PLC) or Roundup Biactive+Restore (40% ammonium sulphate, AmegA Sciences PLC). Fibre quality was assessed following retting and the ease of decortication was measured. The highest fibre yields were obtained from the MPF+28 spray date, and from the Biactive herbicide treatment. Although lower yields were recorded with the Biactive+Restore treatment, the stems were easier to decorticate. It is suggested that an early sowing date and the use of the IPA salt-based glyphosate with biactivator, and careful monitoring of the crop during the retting process, contributed to the early and successful harvest from the MPF+28 plots, allowing mature seeds as well as fibre to be harvested from the flax plants.

Download Full-text

Culture of native catfish in Bangladesh.

10.1079/ac.85991.20203483582 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Md. Fazlul Awal Mollah

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Exotic Species ◽

Freshwater Fish ◽

Fish Production ◽

Fish Resources ◽

Proper Management ◽

Major Constraint

Abstract Bangladesh is rich in freshwater fish resources, with 260 indigenous and 13 exotic species. However, fish production from natural resources has declined due to overexploitation and lack of proper management over the last few decades. As a result, many species, including catfish that were once abundantly available, are facing the threat of extinction. Catfish in Bangladesh have potential for aquaculture. There are some 46 species of catfish in Bangladesh but non-availability of stockable-size fry has been identified as a major constraint towards their farming. However, seven species of catfish have been successfully induced to breed to propagate their seed under artificial conditions.

Download Full-text

Evaluating the use of ram and suction during prey capture by cichlid fishes

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.204.17.3039 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 204 (17) ◽

pp. 3039-3051 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Peter C. Wainwright ◽

Lara A. Ferry-Graham ◽

Thomas B. Waltzek ◽

Andrew M. Carroll ◽

C. Darrin Hulsey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Poecilia Reticulata ◽

Prey Capture ◽

Suction Feeding ◽

Predator Species ◽

Cichlid Fishes ◽

Major Constraint ◽

Exponential Decline ◽

Astronotus Ocellatus ◽

Limited Variation ◽

Jaw Protrusion

SUMMARYWe characterized prey-capture strategies in seven species of cichlid fishes representing diverse trophic habits and anticipated feeding abilities. The species examined were Petenia splendida, Cichla ocellaris, Cichlasoma minckleyi, Astronotus ocellatus, Crenicichla geayi, Heros severus (formerly Cichlasoma severum) and Cyprichromis leptosoma. Three individuals per species were filmed with video at 500Hz as they captured live adult Artemia sp. and Poecilia reticulata. For each feeding sequence, we measured the contribution of predator movement towards the prey (i.e. ram) and the movement of prey towards the predator due to suction. The use of ram differed significantly among prey types and predator species, varying as much as sixfold across predator species. High values of ram resulted in high attack velocities. Jaw protrusion contributed as much as 50% to overall ram values in some species, verifying its role in enhancing attack velocity. Suction distance did not vary significantly among species. Diversity in prey-capture behavior was therefore found to reflect differences among species in the strategy used to approach prey. Limited variation in the distance from which prey were sucked into the mouth is interpreted as the result of an expected exponential decline in water velocity with distance from the mouth of the suction-feeding predator. We propose that this relationship represents a major constraint on the distance over which suction feeding is effective for all aquatic-feeding predators.

Download Full-text

Special Issue on "Immunomodulatory and therapeutic approaches against infectious diseases"

South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.38150/sajeb.1(5).p1-2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Lavkush Dwivedi

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Human Health ◽

Immune Stimulation ◽

Defense System ◽

Special Issue ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Major Constraint ◽

The World ◽

Insight Into

Infectious diseases and consequent immune imbalancesare major constraint in human health managementthroughout the world. However, in recentdecades enormous efforts have been made to elucidatethe immunomodulatory approaches againstinfectious diseases. Immunomodulation is a therapeuticapproach in which we try to intervene inauto regulating processes of the defense system toadjust the immune response at a desired level.The presentÃ‚Â special issue on cutting edge issues inImmunomodulation like Immune stimulation, Immunesuppression, Immune potentiating and immunereinforcement summarizes our current understandingof this complex mosaic. The accompanyingselection of recent articles from across theworld provides further insight into this topic.Â

Download Full-text

Financing Domestic Rainwater Harvesting in the Caribbean

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v10n5p107 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 107 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Everson James Peters

Keyword(s):

Interest Rates ◽

Household Income ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Strategic Partnerships ◽

Community Based ◽

Capital Costs ◽

2030 Agenda ◽

Major Constraint ◽

Financing Mechanism ◽

The Caribbean

Domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH), an old technology, is playing a key role in meeting some objectives of the UN “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” and building resilience to climate change, particularly in the Caribbean. DRWH projects can be implemented through self-financing, government subsidies, and micro-financing or by external agencies. Most recent promotion initiatives of DRWH have emphasized funding by external agencies, often ignoring the potential financial contributions of beneficiaries. Regional experiences have shown that, generally, the high initial capital costs for DRWH systems is a major constraint. However, in some cases, success in DRWH is possible through self-financing. This study reviews the experiences of some DRWH projects or by external agencies to determine a suitable financing mechanism. This paper shows that households can self-finance DRWH systems if payments are based on 5% of household income and interest rates are less than 5%, It concludes that the product/business cycle pattern of development adequately describes the development of DRWH in some parts of the Caribbean. It is recommended that such a model should be considered in designing DRWH projects through strategic partnerships of the beneficiaries with between local and international NGOs, community based organisations and domestic financial institutions like credit unions.

Download Full-text

Vascular Wilt of Common Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Ecuador

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2001-0918-01-hn ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 15 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. B. Ochoa ◽

B. Yangari ◽

V. Galarza ◽

J. Fiallos ◽

M. A. Ellis

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

Major Constraint ◽

Vascular Wilt Disease

Farmers have generally abandoned production of “common naranjilla” in many areas mainly due to uncontrollable epidemics of an apparent vascular wilt disease. Naranjilla vascular wilt (NVW) and is currently the major constraint to the production of naranjilla in Ecuador, where losses due to NVW may reach up to 80%. Accepted for publication 13 September 2001. Published 18 September 2001.

Download Full-text

Uji Pendahuluan Genotipe-genotipe Kedelai Hasil Seleksi In Vitro terhadap Cekaman Aluminium dan pH Rendah

Jurnal AgroBiogen ◽

10.21082/jbio.v1n2.2005.p73-75 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Arief Vivi Noviati ◽

Sri Hutami ◽

Ika Mariska ◽

Endang Sjamsudin

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

Aluminum Toxicity ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Mutation Breeding ◽

Low Ph ◽

Al Tolerance ◽

Major Constraint ◽

Gamma Irradiated

Aluminum toxicity is a major constraint to soybean production in acid soils. Since variabilities on Al tolerance in plants are very limited, mutation breeding, and in vitro selection were used to increase the variability. Three soyben genotypes were produced from cultivars Wilis and Sindoro that have been gamma irradiated and selected in vitro for their tolerance to Al on Al and low pH media. These genotypes and their original cultivars were then planted in a greenhouse in an acid soil on May 2001. The results showed that the plant performances were varied, some were shorter and more compact than the original. Based on the yield components, a number of plants from the genotypes showed higher than those of the control cultivars. These plants were considered more tolerant to Al than the original cultivars.

Download Full-text

The effect of raised beds on soil structure, waterlogging, and productivity on duplex soils in Western Australia

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr03118 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 575 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

D. M. Bakker ◽

G. J. Hamilton ◽

D. J. Houlbrooke ◽

C. Spann

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Soil Structure ◽

Root Zone ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Major Constraint ◽

No Till ◽

Poor Soil

Waterlogging and poor soil structure in the root-zone of duplex soils in Western Australia has long been recognised as a major constraint to the production of agricultural crops and pastures. The effect of raised beds on waterlogging, soil structure, and productivity of duplex soils was investigated. Five experimental sites were established, monitored, and operated over 5 years as well as 3 larger scale demonstration sites which were operated over 4 or 3 years. Treatments consisted of raised beds and a normal no-till seed bed as the control. The beds were made with a bed former after the soil had been deep cultivated. Bulk density and steady-state infiltration rate observations indicated significant and lasting improvements in soil structure in the beds. The incidence of waterlogging in raised beds was reduced and this was accompanied by an increase in runoff from the raised beds. The average grain yield increase from the beds was 18% for a variety of crops across a range of climatic conditions and duplex soils. Seven years after the introduction of raised beds for broad-acre farming in Western Australia, more than an estimated 30 000 ha of crops is now grown on raised beds.

Download Full-text