Marked differences between subnational government per capita spending suggest inequality in service provision

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Service Provision ◽  
Subnational Government ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita

Pricing for Hill Tourism Destination

2019 ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
Debasish Batabyal
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Landscape Value ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tangible Product ◽  
Tour Operator

Pricing an alpine tourism is unlike pricing a tangible product. As a part of overall marketing strategy pricing a destination has lot of intricate issues that starts from the basic characteristics of the destination elements to the changing demand aspects. At the time of packaging, an alpine destination by a tour operator or destination promotion organization (DPO), a simplified model, is used that is not essentially limited to an absurd analysis of attraction features through FAM trips a priori. In almost all Indian leisure destinations, tourists are found to be price sensitive and per capita spending is not so high. So, an Indian alpine destination-specific model, based on simple linear regression equation, largely explaining the spending of tourists and thereby implying a modified landscape value has been explained here.

scholarly journals Health system financing paradigm in the state of São Paulo

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Adilson Soares
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the allocation of financial resources in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in the state of São Paulo by level of care, health region, source of funds and level of government. METHODS: This is an exploratory study based on 2014 data extracted from the Public Health Budget Database, presented in absolute terms, relative terms and per capita. RESULTS: In 2014, R$52.1 bi were spent on public health, 58.0% having corresponded to the expenditures of the municipalities and 42.0% to those of the state government. Regional per capita spending varied from R$561.75 to R$824.85. As for the per capita spending on primary health care, which represented 37.5% of the municipalities’ total expenditure, the lowest value was found in the city of São Paulo and the highest, in Araçatuba. Campinas had the highest per capita expenditure on medium and high complexity care, while Presidente Prudente had the lowest. The highest regional percentage of the current net revenue spent on health was verified in Registro, and the lowest, in the city of São Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: The paradigm of the health sector’s financing in São Paulo revealed that the expenditure on primary health care, level elected by health policy as strategic because it depends on coordination and integral health care in the attention networks, was not considered a priority in relation to the expenditure with the medium and high complexity, exposing the iniquities in the state’s regions.

Sharing the Monopoly on Violence? Shall-Issue Concealed Handgun License Laws and Responsibilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent Steidley
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Event History ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Gun Laws ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Licensing Laws

Although research has examined if concealed handgun licensing laws may affect crime rates by enabling gun carry in public, the determinants of these policies have received less attention. Drawing on the thesis of the new criminologies of everyday life and the more recent conceptualization of sovereign subjects, this study posits that the expansion of shall-issue concealed handgun laws in the United States is a product of low-collective security in states. Understanding that shall-issue laws reflect state efforts to responsibilize firearm carrying, shall-issue laws are more likely to become state policy when a state has lower rates of police officers and lower per capita spending on police and corrections. Results from discrete-time, event history analyses indicate that shall-issue laws are, indeed, related to reduced capacities to provide collective security, independent of competing political and social correlates. This understanding of why states adopt such gun laws appears to be unique to shall-issue laws and has little explanatory power for newer unrestricted concealed handgun laws.

The Low Incidence of Alcoholic Cirrhosis in the Islands of Lewis and Harris

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A.D. Goodall ◽  
C. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholic Cirrhosis ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Cirrhosis Of The Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Low Incidence

The annual incidence of clinically apparent cirrhosis of the liver from all causes in the islands of Lewis and Harris has been found to be 5.5 cases per 100,000 and alcoholic cirrhosis to be 2.76 per 100,000. Sales of alcohol in the island amount to £6.85 million giving a per capita spending on alcohol of £283 in 1984. The incidence of alcoholic cardiomyopathy was found to be 3.7 cases per 100,000 and there were 120 admissions per 100,000 with illnesses directly related to alcoholism. It was suggested that the very low incidence of alcoholic cirrhosis despite the high per capita spending on alcohol could be due to inherited factors, the pattern of drinking and the type of alcohol consumed.

scholarly journals FROM EMPTY PEWS TO EMPTY CRADLES: FERTILITY DECLINE AMONG EUROPEAN CATHOLICS

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Berman ◽  
Laurence R. Iannaccone ◽  
Giuseppe Ragusa
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Church Attendance ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Demand For Children

Abstract:Total fertility in the Catholic countries of Southern Europe has dropped to remarkably low rates (=1.4) despite continuing low rates female labor force participation and high historic fertility. We model three ways in whichreligionaffects the demand for children – through norms, market wages, and childrearing costs. We estimate these effects using new panel data on church attendance and clergy employment for 13 European countries from 1960 to 2000, spanning the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). Using nuns per capita as a proxy for service provision, we estimate fertility effects on the order of 300 to 400 children per nun. Moreover, nuns outperform priests as a predictor of fertility, suggesting that changes in childrearing costs dominate changes in theology and norms. Reduced church attendance also predicts fertility decline, but only for Catholics, not for Protestants. Service provision and attendance complement each other, a finding consistent with club models of religion.

Gastos públicos com educação: a análise da eficiência dos municípios da Zona da Mata mineira (p. 119-143)

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Mesquita Nascimento ◽  
Ivy Silva Costa ◽  
Bruno Silva Olher
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Social Area

ResumoA educação pública é fator importante para amenizar as disparidades socioeconômicas e para promover o desenvolvimento local. Este estudo buscou analisar a eficiência na alocação dos gastos públicos nos 142 municípios da Zona da Mata mineira por meio da análise envoltória de dados (DEA). Utilizou-se de dados secundários referentes ao ano de 2010, obtidos nos sites do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Fundação João Pinheiro (FJP) e Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional (STN). Foram extraídas as variáveis PIB per capita, gastos com educação per capita e o Índice Mineiro de Responsabilidade Social (IMRS) relacionado à área de educação. Com base no modelo DEA, apenas 13 municípios foram classificados como eficientes. Por meio da análise de correlação, foi possível inferir que o PIB per capita e os gastos com educação per capita influenciam positivamente o IMRS relacionado à área de educação. No entanto, essa correlação positiva não permite afirmar que maiores investimentos em educação acarretam em eficiência nesta área. Os resultados sugerem a revisão das práticas de gestão dos municípios considerados ineficientes, no intuito de aperfeiçoar os métodos alocativos adotados para que haja melhor aproveitamento dos recursos e melhor provimento da educação pública nesses municípios.Palavras-chave: Análise envoltória de dados. Recursos públicos. Municípios da Zona da Mata mineira. Responsabilidade social em educação pública.Public spending on education: the analysis of the efficiency of municipalities in the Zona da Mata MineiraAbstractPublic education is an important factor to reduce the socioeconomic disparities and to promote local development. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency in the allocation of public spending in the 142 municipalities in the Zona da Mata through data envelopment analysis (DEA). We used secondary data for the year 2010, obtained on the websites of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), João Pinheiro Foundation (FJP) and the National Treasury Secretariat (STN). The GDP variables were extracted per capita, per capita spending on education and Mining Index of Social Area of Responsibility Education (IMRS Education). Based on DEA model, only 13 municipalities were classified as efficient. Through correlation analyzes indicated that GDP per capita and per capita spending on education influence positively the IMRS Education. Therefore, this positive correlation did not show that greater investment in education lead in efficiency in this area. The results suggest the review of municipalities management practices that were considered inefficient in order to improve the allocation methods adopted so there is a better use of resources and public education provision in these municipalities.Keywords: Data envelopment analysis. Public resources. Zone municipalities da Mata. Social responsibility in public education.El gasto público en educación: el análisis de la eficiencia de los municipios de la Zona da Mata MineiraResumenLa educación pública es un factor importante para mitigar las disparidades socioeconómicas y promover el desarrollo local. Este estudio investiga la eficiencia en la asignación del gasto público en los 142 municipios de la Zona da Mata mediante el análisis envolvente de datos (DEA). Utilizamos datos secundarios para el año 2010, obtenida en los sitios web del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), João Pinheiro Fundación (FJP) y la Secretaría del Tesoro Nacional (STN). Las variables del PIB fueron extraídos por habitante, el gasto per cápita en educación y Minería Índice de Área Social de Educación Responsabilidad (IMRS Educación). Basado en el modelo DEA, sólo 13 municipios fueron clasificados como eficiente. A través del análisis de correlación fue posible inferir que el PIB per cápita y el gasto per cápita en educación positivamente influir en la Educación IMRS. Sin embargo, esta correlación positiva no dice que una mayor inversión en la educación lograr la eficiencia en esta área. Los resultados sugieren una revisión de las prácticas de gestión de los municipios considerados ineficientes, con el fin de mejorar los métodos de asignación adoptadas para que haya un mejor uso de los recursos y una mejor provisión de la educación pública en estos municipios.Palabras clave: Análisis envolvente de datos. Los recursos públicos. Municipios Zona da Mata. Responsabilidad social en la educación pública.

Do Older People Receive Equitable Private Psychiatric Service Provision Under Medicare?

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 626-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M Draper ◽  
Annette Koschera
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Psychiatric Service ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Item Statistics ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Medicare Expenditure

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the 1998 rates, types, regional variation and Medicare expenditure of private psychiatry services for older people in Australia, as compared with younger adults and with 1985–1986 data. Method: Medicare Benefits Schedule Item Statistics for the psychiatric item numbers 300–352 and item 14224 were obtained from the Health Insurance Commission for each State and Territory. The items were examined in the age groups 15–64 years, 65 years and over and 75 years and over. Main outcome measures were per capita service provision by age group, State and Territory and Medicare expenditure by age group. Results: During 1998, 6.4% (5765.6 per 100 000) of private psychiatric services were to patients aged > 64 years. Patients aged 15–64 received 2.7 times the number of psychiatric services per capita than patients > 64 and 3.6 times that of patients aged > 74 years. Patients aged > 64 received more hospital and nursing home consultations, home visits and electroconvulsive therapy per capita, while younger adults used more office-based consultations, longer consultations, and group therapy. Victoria had the highest per capita rate (7659.2 per 100 000) and the Northern Territory the lowest (540.4 per 100 000), although the highest proportion of services to older patients was in Western Australia. Per capita the proportion of Medicare expenditure allocated to adults aged less than 65 years was 4.1 times that for adults over 64 years. Conclusions: Private psychiatric service provision to older people is inequitable when compared with younger adults. The proportion of Medicare private psychiatry expenditure on older adults has declined since 1985–1986.

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