Marked differences between subnational government per capita spending suggest inequality in service provision: Gini coefficients of per capita expenditures of main spending categories

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Service Provision ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Subnational Government ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals Is there a growing social acceptance of earnings inequalities in Poland?

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Paweł Kumor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Two Stages

In our studies, we deal with the estimating of the optimal ranges of earnings – the optimal Gini indexes which are favourable to the maximisation of GDP growth in Poland. We suspect that the optimal Gini coefficients expressing the whole of society’s acceptance of earnings inequalities can increase. In the article, we formulated a hypothesis on society’s habituation to increasing earnings disparities. We verified the hypothesis on the basis of the model of economic growth using data from 1970 to 2007. We carried out econometric studies in two stages. In the first stage, we estimated the optimal Gini coefficients for short subsequent sub-periods. In the second stage, we studied the character of changes in the optimal Gini coefficients. In the studies, we proved the hypothesis on society’s habituation to increasing earnings disparities. The optimal Gini coefficients increase along with the increase of differences in earnings and the increase of the economic level per capita. The growth of the optimal Gini coefficients may be slowed down.

Pricing for Hill Tourism Destination

2019 ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
Debasish Batabyal
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Landscape Value ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tangible Product ◽  
Tour Operator

Pricing an alpine tourism is unlike pricing a tangible product. As a part of overall marketing strategy pricing a destination has lot of intricate issues that starts from the basic characteristics of the destination elements to the changing demand aspects. At the time of packaging, an alpine destination by a tour operator or destination promotion organization (DPO), a simplified model, is used that is not essentially limited to an absurd analysis of attraction features through FAM trips a priori. In almost all Indian leisure destinations, tourists are found to be price sensitive and per capita spending is not so high. So, an Indian alpine destination-specific model, based on simple linear regression equation, largely explaining the spending of tourists and thereby implying a modified landscape value has been explained here.

Convergence and Equality of Road Infrastructure

2016 ◽  
pp. 170-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utpal Das ◽  
Ramesh Chandra Das ◽  
Kamal Ray
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The West ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Over Time

The development of road infrastructure works as one of the most important inputs of production and overall economic activities all around the global economics. The developed countries of the west hold the larger road lengths in both gross and per capita terms compared to the less developed and emerging countries. But it is also undeniable that the less developed emerging countries have been growing fast in this respect or rushing to catch with the developed countries. The present chapter, hence, tries to study the modes of growth and convergence of GDP per kilometer of road length across the 30 selected countries for the period of 1990-2011 by means of ? convergence and also try to estimate the cross country inequalities by means of Gini Coefficients. It observes a sign of ? convergence and the inequality are going down over time, although there are some signs of divergences in some of the short time spans.

scholarly journals Health system financing paradigm in the state of São Paulo

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Adilson Soares
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the allocation of financial resources in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in the state of São Paulo by level of care, health region, source of funds and level of government. METHODS: This is an exploratory study based on 2014 data extracted from the Public Health Budget Database, presented in absolute terms, relative terms and per capita. RESULTS: In 2014, R$52.1 bi were spent on public health, 58.0% having corresponded to the expenditures of the municipalities and 42.0% to those of the state government. Regional per capita spending varied from R$561.75 to R$824.85. As for the per capita spending on primary health care, which represented 37.5% of the municipalities’ total expenditure, the lowest value was found in the city of São Paulo and the highest, in Araçatuba. Campinas had the highest per capita expenditure on medium and high complexity care, while Presidente Prudente had the lowest. The highest regional percentage of the current net revenue spent on health was verified in Registro, and the lowest, in the city of São Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: The paradigm of the health sector’s financing in São Paulo revealed that the expenditure on primary health care, level elected by health policy as strategic because it depends on coordination and integral health care in the attention networks, was not considered a priority in relation to the expenditure with the medium and high complexity, exposing the iniquities in the state’s regions.

Sharing the Monopoly on Violence? Shall-Issue Concealed Handgun License Laws and Responsibilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent Steidley
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Event History ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Gun Laws ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Licensing Laws

Although research has examined if concealed handgun licensing laws may affect crime rates by enabling gun carry in public, the determinants of these policies have received less attention. Drawing on the thesis of the new criminologies of everyday life and the more recent conceptualization of sovereign subjects, this study posits that the expansion of shall-issue concealed handgun laws in the United States is a product of low-collective security in states. Understanding that shall-issue laws reflect state efforts to responsibilize firearm carrying, shall-issue laws are more likely to become state policy when a state has lower rates of police officers and lower per capita spending on police and corrections. Results from discrete-time, event history analyses indicate that shall-issue laws are, indeed, related to reduced capacities to provide collective security, independent of competing political and social correlates. This understanding of why states adopt such gun laws appears to be unique to shall-issue laws and has little explanatory power for newer unrestricted concealed handgun laws.

The Low Incidence of Alcoholic Cirrhosis in the Islands of Lewis and Harris

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A.D. Goodall ◽  
C. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholic Cirrhosis ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Cirrhosis Of The Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Low Incidence

The annual incidence of clinically apparent cirrhosis of the liver from all causes in the islands of Lewis and Harris has been found to be 5.5 cases per 100,000 and alcoholic cirrhosis to be 2.76 per 100,000. Sales of alcohol in the island amount to £6.85 million giving a per capita spending on alcohol of £283 in 1984. The incidence of alcoholic cardiomyopathy was found to be 3.7 cases per 100,000 and there were 120 admissions per 100,000 with illnesses directly related to alcoholism. It was suggested that the very low incidence of alcoholic cirrhosis despite the high per capita spending on alcohol could be due to inherited factors, the pattern of drinking and the type of alcohol consumed.

scholarly journals FROM EMPTY PEWS TO EMPTY CRADLES: FERTILITY DECLINE AMONG EUROPEAN CATHOLICS

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Berman ◽  
Laurence R. Iannaccone ◽  
Giuseppe Ragusa
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Church Attendance ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Demand For Children

Abstract:Total fertility in the Catholic countries of Southern Europe has dropped to remarkably low rates (=1.4) despite continuing low rates female labor force participation and high historic fertility. We model three ways in whichreligionaffects the demand for children – through norms, market wages, and childrearing costs. We estimate these effects using new panel data on church attendance and clergy employment for 13 European countries from 1960 to 2000, spanning the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). Using nuns per capita as a proxy for service provision, we estimate fertility effects on the order of 300 to 400 children per nun. Moreover, nuns outperform priests as a predictor of fertility, suggesting that changes in childrearing costs dominate changes in theology and norms. Reduced church attendance also predicts fertility decline, but only for Catholics, not for Protestants. Service provision and attendance complement each other, a finding consistent with club models of religion.

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