scholarly journals Brazil’s Innovative Anti-Poverty & Inequality Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghafoor Awan
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Different Characteristics

Introduction: Poverty and income inequality were two main problems of Brazil. In order to solve these problems Brazil has taken different policy initiatives. The economists call it an innovative anti-poverty and inequality model. Objectives: The objectives of this paper are to study different aspects of Brazilian innovative anti-poverty and inequality model and its impact on Brazilian society. Another objective to study is whether this model is specification in its applicability or it may be applied on other medium-income economies because income inequality and poverty are the common problems of almost all developing countries. Methodology of study: This is a qualitative research study in which we have studied different characteristics in general terms and policies introduced by the Brazilian government during 2000-2010 periods. We have used secondary data extracted from the database of IMF, World Bank, US Federal Reserves, US Bureau of Economic Analysis and relevant journals. Results & conclusions: Our study finds hat poverty in Brazil has reduced from 17 percent in 2000 to 8 percent in 2010. The evidence also shows that the wealth of the richest 20 percent of upper class was decreased during 2000-2010 due to high tax rates payment and the income of lowest 20 percent quintile was increased from 2.6 percent to 3.5 percent in the same period. It shows that the income of lower class was increased while the wealth and income of upper class was decreased during 2000-2010. The study also reveals that about half of the poor segment of Brazilian population has come out of the poverty trap in a short span of just 10 years.

scholarly journals On the Upper and Lower Class For Gaussian Processes with Several Parameters

1969 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 109-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Kawada
Keyword(s):  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Gaussian Processes ◽  
Hölder Continuity ◽  
Integral Form ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Uniform Continuity ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Holder Continuity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Almost All

1.In the study on Hölder-continuity of Brownian motion, A.N.Kol-mogorov introduced the concept of upper and lower classes and presented a criterion with the integral form to test whether some function belongs to upper or lower class; the so-called Kolmogorov’s test (I.Petrovesky [10]). P.Lévy considered the upper and lower class with regard to the uniform continuity of Brownian motion. We shall recall the definition of the upper and lower classes. We shall call <p(t) a function belonging to the upper class with regard to the uniform continuity of Brownian motion x(t) if there exists a positive number s{w) such that, for almost all w,implies(1.1)

scholarly journals STRATEGI HIDUP PETANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA TUMANI SELATAN KECAMATAN MAESAAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA SELATAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Glandie ., Runturambi ◽  
Elsje Pauline Manginsela ◽  
Olly Esry Harryani Laoh
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Rice Farmers

This study aims to determine the life strategy of wetland rice farmers in Tumani Selatan Village, Sub-District of Maesaan, South Minahsa Regency. This research was conducted for three months from September to November 2018. The data used in this study were primary and secondary data. Primary data collection through direct interviews with 15 respondents of paddy rice farmers based on a questionnaire that had been prepared previously. Secondary data was collected from the office of Desa Tumani Selatan, from the internet through google searching regarding the profile of South Minahasa Regency, and from previous research documents that were relevant to this study. Data analysis in this study is quantitative and qualitative analysis which is presented in the form of a table, then described descriptively. The results of the research that have been done show that the life strategy of the upper class of farmers applies two strategies, namely the accumulation strategy and consolidation strategy. Middle class farmers apply accumulation strategies. While the lower class farmers implement a survival strategy.*eprm*

scholarly journals Social Class and Poverty in American Society in the 2000’s Era as Seen in Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games Novel

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidy Putri Permatasari
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Hunger Games ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Hunger Games ◽  
American Society

The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins tells about the survival game in one country and the participant of the game is obtained by random election in each district of the country. The objective of this paper is to reveal the economic inequality in American society in the 2000’s era that is depicted in the novel. The method used is based on library research. The main data of the study were The Hunger Game novel. The secondary data to support the analysis were books, articles, and encyclopedias. Additional information is also taken from the internet.The theory applied in this article is mimetic approach. It analyses the character, setting, plot, and theme. The findings show that there is a gap between the upper class and the lower class. The lower class has to struggle to still alive, while the upper class becomes richer. The upper class also has more power than the lower class. Then, the lower class is suffering from the poverty. Social class is one of thing that determines people to have more opportunity in the society.It can be concluded that the novel is about the reflection of the society condition of American society in the 2000’s era. The author of the novel describes the social gap, social class, and poverty in American society very clearly and in detail. Therefore,there any differences between The Hunger Games and social background.

Changes in Poverty, Income Inequality, and the Standard of Living in the United States during the Reagan Years

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Plotnick
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Income Transfers ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Policy Shifts

The record of economic well-being in the 1980s belied Reagan's claim that Americans would be better off if they scaled back the welfare state and cut tax rates. Though the standard of living rose, its growth was no faster than during 1950–1980. Income inequality increased. The rate of poverty at the end of Reagan's term was the same as in 1980. Cutbacks in income transfers during the Reagan years helped increase both poverty and inequality. Changes in tax policy helped increase inequality but reduced poverty. These policy shifts are not the only reasons for the lack of progress against poverty and the rise in inequality. Broad social and economic factors have been widening income differences and making it harder for families to stay out of poverty. Policy choices during the Reagan Administration reinforced those factors.

scholarly journals Personal income inequality in USA from a two-class perspective: 2004-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishabh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Exponential Distribution ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Pareto Distribution ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

US incomes follow a two class pattern -- an insight originally shown by physicists in the econophysics literature. The upper class fits a power-law, or Pareto distribution, while the lower class follows an exponential distribution. I show that these patterns hold over 2004-2018 and that the upper class has expanded, from 1-3 percent until 2001, to almost the top 6 percent by 2018. I find that growing income inequality is explained by growing \emph{between-class} inequality. As the fraction in the upper class increases, higher average incomes are allocated to more members of the population, while the lower class is constrained tightly around mean incomes that are an order of magnitude smaller.

scholarly journals INCOME INEQUALITY, MOBILITY, AND THE WELFARE STATE: A POLITICAL ECONOMY MODEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1198-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bossi ◽  
Gulcin Gumus
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Welfare State

In this paper, we set up a three-period stochastic overlapping-generations model to analyze the implications of income inequality and mobility for demand for redistribution and social insurance. We model the size of two different public programs under the welfare state. We investigate bidimensional voting on the tax rates that determine the allocation of government revenues among transfer payments and old-age pensions. We show that the coalitions formed, the resulting political equilibria, and the demand for redistribution crucially depend on the level of income inequality and mobility.

scholarly journals Poverty and survival from COVID-19 in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Olivia Millán-Guerrero ◽  
Ramiro Caballero-Hoyos ◽  
Joel Monárrez-Espino
Keyword(s):  
Cox Regression ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Lower Survival ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

Abstract Background Recent evidence points to the relevance of poverty and inequality as factors affecting the spread and mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19 patients living in Mexican municipalities with high levels of poverty have a lower survival compared with those living in municipalities with low levels. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Secondary data was used to define the exposure (multidimensional poverty level) and outcome (survival time) among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between 27 February and 1 July 2020. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) from Cox regression were computed. Results Nearly 250 000 COVID-19 patients were included. Mortality was 12.3% reaching 59.3% in patients with ≥1 comorbidities. Multivariate survival analyses revealed that individuals living in municipalities with extreme poverty had 9% higher risk of dying at any given time proportionally to those living in municipalities classified as not poor (HR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06–1.12). The survival gap widened with the follow-up time up to the third to fourth weeks after diagnosis. Conclusion Evidence suggests that the poorest population groups have a lower survival from COVID-19. Thus, combating extreme poverty should be a central preventive strategy.

‘Tales of Wonder and Horror’: Coverage of insanity in the Leeds press, 1808-1840

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Evgeniya Kryssova
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
The North ◽  
The Press

<p>The press was at the centre of the reform of the meaning of insanity, during its evolution from an equivocal eighteenth-century concept of melancholia to a medicalised Victorian notion of ‘lunacy’. During the late Georgian era newspapers provided a public forum for the opinion of newly emerging psychiatric practitioners and fostered the fears and concerns about mental illness and its supposed increase. The press was also the main source of news on crime, providing readers with reports on criminal insanity and suicide. In the first half of the nineteenth century, newspaper contents included official legal reports, as well as editorial commentary and excerpts from other publications, and newspaper articles can rarely be traced to one single author. Historians of British insanity avoid consulting periodical literature, choosing to use asylum records and coroners’ reports, as these sources are more straightforward than newspapers. However, Rab Houston’s recent study of the coverage of suicide in the north of Britain shows that the provincial press has been unjustly overlooked and can offer the material for a unique social analysis. Asylum records and coroners’ records do not contain the same detail provided in the press. Newspaper commentary can arguably reveal contemporary attitudes towards insanity and, moreover, sources such as asylum records only deal with the lower-class patients, as the middle- and upper-class insane were usually privately detained.  This thesis examines the press coverage of insanity in Leeds newspapers, and expands on previous research by looking at the way insanity was portrayed in the two most popular publications in the industrial region of Yorkshire: the Leeds Intelligencer and the Leeds Mercury. Chapter one focuses on legal cases that featured a verdict of insanity and explores the language used by the press in the reports of, mainly, violent domestic crime. Chapter two looks at reports of suicide and considers how contemporary views on financial and moral despondency influenced the portrayal of self-murder. Chapter three considers editorial articles that cannot be described as either crime or suicide reports. This chapter uncovers the presence of surprisingly humorous and entertaining articles on insanity found in editorials and the ‘Miscellany’ sections of the newspapers. Ultimately, this thesis argues that the reportage of insanity in the Leeds press was sensational, moralistic and selectively sympathetic; furthermore, such portrayal of insanity was reinforced throughout the body of the paper. Leeds newspapers segregated the insane by adopting a moralising tone and by choosing to use class-specific language towards the insane of different social ranks.</p>

Income-inequality and rate of doctors per inhabitant and their influence on esophageal cancer mortality in Brazil.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16089-e16089
Author(s):  
Jean Henri Schoueri ◽  
Luis Eduardo Werneck De Carvalho ◽  
Isabella Batista Martins Portugal ◽  
Manuela de Almeida Roediger ◽  
Edige Felipe de Sousa Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unified Health System

e16089 Background: There are substantial disparities in esophageal cancer mortality across different social groups, including sex, race/ethnicity, geographical location and socio-economic status. Methods: This is an ecological study with secondary data from 2016 to 2018 that evaluated the effects of income-inequality and number of doctors per inhabitant on esophageal cancer mortality in Brazil and its Federative Units. The amount of deaths and the overall number of doctors were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System. Mortality was estimated per 100,000 individuals and age-standardized through the World Health Organization’s population, whereas the rate of doctor per inhabitant was calculated per 1,000 inhabitants. Income-Inequality was measured by the Gini index, obtained from the United Nations Development Programme. Linear regression was performed by the stepwise backward method. Results: Sex, Gini index values and oncology surgeons were all related to lower mortality rates (p < 0.05), whereas clinical oncologists and general surgeons were both associated with higher mortality (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Esophageal cancer mortality rates were influenced by both the type and amount of doctors per inhabitant of any given administrative region in Brazil, however there was no association found with regards to income inequality.[Table: see text]

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