Income-inequality and rate of doctors per inhabitant and their influence on esophageal cancer mortality in Brazil.

e16089 Background: There are substantial disparities in esophageal cancer mortality across different social groups, including sex, race/ethnicity, geographical location and socio-economic status. Methods: This is an ecological study with secondary data from 2016 to 2018 that evaluated the effects of income-inequality and number of doctors per inhabitant on esophageal cancer mortality in Brazil and its Federative Units. The amount of deaths and the overall number of doctors were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System. Mortality was estimated per 100,000 individuals and age-standardized through the World Health Organization’s population, whereas the rate of doctor per inhabitant was calculated per 1,000 inhabitants. Income-Inequality was measured by the Gini index, obtained from the United Nations Development Programme. Linear regression was performed by the stepwise backward method. Results: Sex, Gini index values and oncology surgeons were all related to lower mortality rates (p < 0.05), whereas clinical oncologists and general surgeons were both associated with higher mortality (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Esophageal cancer mortality rates were influenced by both the type and amount of doctors per inhabitant of any given administrative region in Brazil, however there was no association found with regards to income inequality.[Table: see text]

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PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, KETIMPANGAN PEDAPATAN DAN DESENTRALISASI DI INDONESIA

KINERJA ◽

10.24002/kinerja.v20i1.697 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Lestari Agusalim

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Gini Index ◽

National Income ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Regression Approach

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh desentralisasi dalam mendistribusikan pendapatan nasional untuk mengurangi ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, yaitu PDB sebagai representasi pendapatan nasional dan data indeks gini sebagai representasi tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan dengan rentang waktu 1978-2015. Metode analisis menggunakan regresi linear dengan pendekatan OLS dimana Indeks gini digunakan sebagai variabel dependen, dan PDB sebagai variabel independen. Selain itu, terdapat variabel independen lainnya, yaitu variabel dummy desentralisasi yang berguna untuk mengetahui pengaruh desentralisasi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari aspek ekonomi, desentralisasi belum mampu mendistribusikan pertumbuhan ekonomi untuk memperkecil ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat.Kata Kunci: Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Ketimpangan Pendapatan, DesentralisasiAbstractThis research aims to analyze the effect of decentralization on national income distribution and the reduce of income Inequality in Indonesia. This research used secondary data with gross domestic product (GDP) representing national income and gini index data representing income inequality from 1978 to 2015. An OLS Linear Regression approach was employed where the gini index was the dependent variable, and the independent variables were GDP and the Dummy for decentralization implementation. The result revealed that decentralization had not been able to distribute economic growth to minimize income Inequality.Keywords: Economic Growth, Income Inequality, Decentralization

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Poverty and child (0–14 years) mortality in the USA and other Western countries as an indicator of “how well a country meets the needs of its children” (UNICEF)

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh.2011.052 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Colin Pritchard ◽

Richard Williams

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Child Mortality ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

World Health ◽

Relative Poverty ◽

Western Countries ◽

Income Inequalities ◽

The Usa

Abstract Background: Children’s (0–14 years) mortality rates in the USA and 19 Western countries (WCs) were examined in the context of a nation-specific measure of relative poverty and the Gross Domestic Product Health Expenditure (GDPHE) of countries to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of health care systems “to meet the needs of its children” (UNICEF). Method: World Health Organisation child mortality rates per million were analysed for 1979–1981 and 2003–2005 to determine any significant differences between the USA and the other WCs over these periods. Child mortality rates are correlated with all countries GDPHE and ‘relative poverty’, defined by ‘Income Inequalities’, i.e., the gap between top and bottom 20% of incomes. Findings: Outputs: The mortality rate of every country fell substantially ranging from falls of 46% in the USA to 78% in Portugal. The highest current mortality rates are: USA, 2436 per million (pm), New Zealand 2105 pm, Portugal 1929 pm, Canada 1877 pm and the UK 1834 pm; the lowest are: Japan 1073 pm and Sweden 1075 pm, Finland 1193 pm and Norway 1200 pm. A total of 16 countries rates fell significantly more than the USA over these periods. Inputs: The USA had the greatest GDPHE and widest Income Inequality gap. There was no significant correlation between GDPHE and mortality but highly significant correlations with children’s deaths and income inequalities. The five widest income inequality countries had the six worst rates, the narrowest four had the lowest. Conclusions: Despite major improvements in every WC, based upon financial inputs and child mortality outputs, the USA health care system appears the least efficient and effective in “meeting the needs of its children”.

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Diet and mortality from common cancers in Brazil: an ecological study

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x1996000100016 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 53-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Rosely Sichieri ◽

James E. Everhart ◽

Gulnar A. S. Mendonça

Keyword(s):

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Ecological Evaluation ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

High Fiber ◽

Total Fat ◽

Colon Cancer Mortality ◽

Mate Tea

A prospective ecological evaluation of mortality from common malignancies with dietary risk factors and alcohol consumption was carried out among 10 state capitals of Brazil. Regression analysis was used to examine the association of dietary intake with mortality rates of the most common cancers among adults age 30 years and older. Age-adjusted cancer mortality rates varied 2.4 to 3.3 fold across the state capitals. A positive relationship was observed between energy intake and colon, lung, and esophageal cancer (p<=0.02 for each). Colon cancer mortality was positively associated with consumption of total fat, eggs, alcohol, mate tea, cereals, and vegetables (p<=0.01). Lung cancer was positively associated with mate and cereal intake (p<0.05). Stomach cancer was associated with consumption of eggs (p=0.04); and negatively associated with consumption of high fiber foods, fruits, and vitamin A and C (p<=0.05). Esophageal cancer was positively associated with fat intake, mate and cereals (p<=0.05) and negatively associated with vitamin A (p=0.02); prostate cancer was negatively associated with vitamin C (p=0.007). Breast cancer was not associated with any of the factors studied. The marked variation in cancer mortality rates in Brazil may be partially related to the high variation in dietary components or other diet associated factors.

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Covid-19 and the entrenchment of a virtual Elite private school: Rethinking education policies in Zimbabwe

Journal of Culture and Values in Education ◽

10.46303/jcve.2021.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hove Baldwin ◽

Dube Bekithemba

Keyword(s):

Education System ◽

Private School ◽

Economic Status ◽

Geographical Location ◽

World Health ◽

Digital Learning ◽

Education Policies ◽

Theoretical Paper ◽

Digital Gap ◽

Rethinking Education

By using a critical emancipatory research framework, this theoretical paper discusses the COVID-19-induced commercialisation of the education system in Zimbabwe. It argues that COVID-19 exposed and widened the digital gap between privileged and underprivileged learners, regardless of the learners’ geographical location. The digitalisation of the education space –in adherence to World Health Organization’s COVID-19 guidelines – has resulted in the creation of virtual elite schools. Learners from privileged families found sanctuary in digital learning, whilst underprivileged learners continue to be exposed to the reality of commercialised education. This trend has revealed educational inequalities between privileged and underprivileged learners. The paper answers two major questions: 1. What are the inequalities that were reintroduced by the COVID-19 pandemic in the Zimbabwean education system? and 2. How effective is stakeholders’ response to COVID-19-induced inequalities? The paper argues that COVID-19 has dashed the hopes of free education for all, by creating a digital gap that perpetuates and entrenches inequalities in relation to learners. In light of these findings, the study suggests that education stakeholders invest in digital infrastructure, with special attention being paid to learners’ economic status, as opposed to their geographical location.

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Inequality of income, asset and debt of inland fishers in the Theni District of Tamil Nadu, India

Indian Journal of Fisheries ◽

10.21077/ijf.2017.64.2.59794-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kalidoss Radhakrishnan ◽

R. Marimuthu ◽

M. Rajakumar ◽

Neha W. Qureshi

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Gini Index ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Economic Status ◽

Fishing Gear ◽

Income Equality ◽

Fishing Sector ◽

The Impact ◽

Policy Attention

In the present study, an attempt was made to measure the impact of inequality on income, asset and debt of inland fishers in the Theni District of Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 140 respondents were surveyed for this work. Gini index (GI) was applied to measure the income inequality and multiple regression was done to identify the influencing variable of asset and debt. Higher income was observed in non-fishing activities than those of the fishing and fishing related works while higher income equality was recorded in fishing. Among assets, fishing gear, craft, television and land had lesser inequality (GI 0.06 to 0.41) while furniture and livestock had higher inequality (GI 0.0 to 0.80). Average debt was found to be higher among institutional sources than that of the non-institutional ones, whereas, a minimum GI (0.59) was recorded in Vagai and the maximum GI (0.76) in Kullapuram. Results of the study indicate that there is a need for curtailing the credit from non-institutional sources, which burden fishers and affects their economic status. Also, the fishing sector in Tamil Nadu needs proper policy attention regarding education and well-designed market policies and institutions to minimise the inequality that is plaguing the sector.

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Cervical cancer mortality among young women in Latin America and the Caribbean: trend analysis from 1997 to 2030

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12413-0 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J. Smith Torres-Roman ◽

Luz Ronceros-Cardenas ◽

Bryan Valcarcel ◽

Janina Bazalar-Palacios ◽

Jorge Ybaseta-Medina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Latin America ◽

Young Women ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

World Health ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Cervical Cancer Mortality ◽

The World ◽

The Caribbean

Abstract Background Cervical cancer continues to show a high burden among young women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Limited data is available describing cervical cancer mortality among young women in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The purpose of this study was to examine the mortality trends of cervical cancer among young women in LAC and predict mortality rates to 2030. Methods Deaths from cervical cancer were obtained from the World Health Organization mortality database. Age-standardized mortality rates per 100,000 women-years were estimated in women aged 20–44 years using the world standard population for 16 countries (and territories) in LAC from 1997 to 2017. We estimated the average mortality rates for the last 4 years (2014–2017). Joinpoint regression models were used to identify significant changes in mortality trends. Nordpred method was used for the prediction of the mortality rates to 2030. Results Between 2014 and 2017, Paraguay and Venezuela had the highest mortality rates of cervical cancer, whereas Puerto Rico had the lowest rates. Overall, most of the LAC countries showed downward trends of cervical cancer mortality over the entire period. Significant decreases were observed in Chile (Average annual percent change [AAPC]: − 2.4%), Colombia (AAPC: − 2.0%), Cuba (AAPC: − 3.6%), El Salvador (AAPC: − 3.1%), Mexico (AAPC: − 3.9%), Nicaragua (AAPC: − 1.7%), Panama (AAPC: − 1.7%), and Peru (AAPC: − 2.2%). In contrast, Brazil (AAPC: + 0.8%) and Paraguay (AAPC: + 3.7%) showed significant upward trends. By 2030, mortality rates are not predicted to further decrease in some LAC countries, including Argentina, Paraguay, and Venezuela. Conclusions Mortality trends of cervical cancer among young women have large variability in LAC countries. Cervical cancer screening programs have a high priority for the region. Primary and secondary prevention in the community are necessary to accelerate a reduction of cervical cancer mortality by 2030.

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ANALISIS KETIMPANGAN DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN RUMAHTANGGA (Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan)

Quantitative Economics Journal ◽

10.24114/qej.v4i3.17469 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Artha Novelia Sipayung

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

World Bank ◽

Gini Index ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

The World Bank ◽

Index Analysis ◽

The World ◽

The Village

This study aims to analyze the income inequality in the four villages, namely: (1) Percut, (2) Saentis, (3) Tembung and (4) Bandar Khalifah in District Percut Sei Tuan Deli Serdang. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. While methods to collect data using the method of observation while digunanakan data collection techniques are simple random sampling technique. The method of analysis is the analysis of the Gini index, Lorenz curve and the World Bank criteria. The results showed that the analysis of income inequality according to the Gini index in the village Percut 0.39; Saentis 0.29; Tembung 0.24; Bandar Caliph overall 0.32 and 0.42. While the results according to criteria of the World Bank in the village Percut 17.98%; Saentis 24.94%; Tembung 28.98%; Bandar Caliph 23.84% and 21.21% overall. Income inequality in the four villages based on the Gini index Analysis Percut village and Bandar Khalifah included in katerogi being while Saentis village and Tembung included in the overall category is low and the four villages included in the medium category. In addition, based on the analysis of the overall World Bank criteria are included in the low category.

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Lung cancer mortality in Europe and the United States between 2000 and 2017: an observational analysis

ERJ Open Research ◽

10.1183/23120541.00311-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 00311-2021

Author(s):

Chinmay Jani ◽

Dominic C Marshall ◽

Harpreet Singh ◽

Richard Goodall ◽

Joseph Shalhoub ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Lung Cancer Mortality ◽

The United States ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

World Health ◽

Female Mortality ◽

The Us ◽

Male To Female

BackgroundThe lung is the most common site for cancer and has the highest worldwide cancer-related mortality. Our study reports and compares trends in lung cancer mortality in the United States (US) and 26 European countries.Study design and methodsLung cancer mortality data were extracted for males and females for each of the years 2000–2017 from the World Health Organization (WHO) Mortality and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WONDER databases. Lung cancer mortality trends were compared using Joinpoint regression analysis, and male-to-female mortality ratios were calculated.ResultsDown-trending lung cancer mortality rates were observed in males in all countries except Cyprus and Portugal between 2000 and 2017. In females, increasing mortality rates were observed in 22 of the 27 countries analyzed. Latvia had the highest estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in male mortality (−9.6%) between 2013–2015. In the US, EAPCs were −5.1% for males and −4.2% for females between 2014–2017. All countries had an overall decrease in the ratio of male-to-female lung cancer mortality. The most recent observation of median male-to-female mortality was 2.26 (IQR 1.92–4.05). The countries with the greatest current sex disparity in lung cancer mortality were Lithuania (5.51) and Latvia (5.00).ConclusionBetween 2000 and 2017, lung cancer mortality rates were decreasing for males in Europe and the US, whereas increasing lung cancer mortality rates were generally observed in females. There is a persistent but decreasing sex-mortality gap, with men having persistently greater lung cancer mortality but with rates decreasing faster than women.

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Epidemiological profile of prostate cancer mortality and access to hospital care in Brazilian regions - an ecological study

Journal of Human Growth and Development ◽

10.36311/jhgd.v31.12227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 310-317

Author(s):

Stefanie De Sousa Antunes Alcantara ◽

Patricia Merly Martinelli ◽

Luiz Vinicius de Alcantara Sousa ◽

Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

World Health ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

The World ◽

Epidemiological Profile ◽

Health Organization

Introduction: Due to the high incidence and mortality rates that cancer has, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as a public health problem and points out that there are approximately 10 million people affected by cancer, the estimate for the year 2020 will be 16 million of sick individuals.One of the most frequent neoplasms in the world, Prostate Cancer (CaP) (1.1 million), occupies 4th place, being behind only lung cancer (1.8 million), breast (1.7 million), and intestine (1.4 million). In the year 2012, approximately 1,112,000 new global cases of CaP were registered, with about 307,000 deaths. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological profile of mortality from prostate cancer and the access of patients to health among Brazilian regions. Methods: Ecological study based on secondary data from between the years 2000 and 2015. Mortality, hospitalization, and population were collected at the DATASUS. The variables were related to the epidemiological profile of CaP among Brazilian regions, stratified by the number of hospitalizations, of deaths, admission fee, mortality rate, and age group (40 to 79 years). The study looks at a time trend and gains access to health and mortality using regression models. Results: The northern showed a greater decrease in cases from 40-59 years (β: -1,800; -0.46). Southeast, with a small reduction only between 40 and 44 years old (β: -0.345 and p: 0.665). Northeast, South, and Center-West regions did not express a drop in the hospitalization rate, with the greatest growth between 65 and 69 years old (β: 7,862; 11,346; and p> 0.05). The Midwest had the greatest increase between 55 and 59 years (β: 3,660, p: 0.098), followed by 65 to 69 years (β: 3,491, p: 0.314). Mortality rates indicated a reduction in the Southeast (β: - 0.440) and South (β: -0.361). Conclusion: This study found an association with various environmental and economic cultures in each Brazilian region, being an important resource for the development of health services and their access to the population.

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ESOPHAGEAL CANCER MORTALITY IN BRAZIL: A TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS FROM THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE STUDY

Arquivos de Gastroenterologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-2803.202100000-17 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 100-106

Author(s):

Max Moura de OLIVEIRA ◽

Igor Pereira Bertoncini SILVA ◽

Renato TEIXEIRA ◽

Deborah Carvalho MALTA ◽

Betine Pinto Moehlecke ISER

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Burden Of Disease ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Global Burden Of Disease ◽

Global Burden ◽

World Population ◽

Standardized Mortality Rate

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In the world, around 450,000 new cases of esophageal cancer are diagnosed each year. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trend of esophageal cancer mortality rates in Brazil between 1990-2017. METHODS: A time series study using data on mortality from esophageal cancer in residents ≥30 years in Brazil from 1990 to 2017. Data was estimated by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and analyzed according to sex, age group and federal unit of Brazil. The standardized rates according to age were calculated by the direct method using the standard GBD world population. Annual average percentage change and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated for mortality by Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: The age-standardized mortality rate in males was 20.6 in 1990 and 17.6/100,000 in 2017, increasing according to age, being 62.4 (1990) and 54.7 (2017) for ≥70 years. In women, the age-standardized mortality rate was 5.9 in 1990 and 4.2/100,000 in 2017. There was a reduction in mortality rates in all age groups and both sexes with great variation among the states. CONCLUSION: Despite the high mortality rates for esophageal cancer in Brazil, the trend was decreasing, but with regional differences. Mortality was around four times higher in men.

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