scholarly journals Problem hydromorphic soils in north-east Thailand. 3. Saline-acid conditions, reclamation, improvement and management.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brinkman ◽  
P.J. Dieleman
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
North East

Saline-acid conditions have developed in patches in the irrigated areas on the low terrace in north-east Thailand. There are also traditionally uncultivated, virtually barren, saline-acid strips adjoining higher terrace remnants, in spite of the excess of monsoon rainfall over evapotranspiration. Calculations show that the salts in the shallow groundwater of the low terrace may have originated from rainfall, but that salts in the main rivers are mainly derived from salt beds. The local surface salinity, mainly of NaCl, is caused by continual evapotranspiration during the dry season and locally impeded leaching. The latter is due to a combination of a shallow water-table, slow vertical permeability and in some cases the slight elevation above the normal level of monsoon flooding. The high salt concentrations in and on the soil surface bring originally exchangeable aluminium into solution, which lowers the pH. In extreme cases even some ferric iron is dissolved at the soil surface. Reclamation, improvement and management practices on these soils should include leaching, for example under two rice crops per year; judicious liming, to eliminate most of the exchangeable aluminium but not to exceed the small buffer capacity of these soils; and emphasis on paddy rice, both in the monsoon season, and, irrigated, in the dry season. If, however, dry-season dryland crops are to be grown, physical problems of different kinds may necessitate further land improvement and management practices. These include, principally, lowering and keeping down the water-table, for example by control of irrigation water losses from canals and ditches; ploughing or disking in chopped crop residues with added nitrogen; and locally, chiselling the upper part of a dense subsurface horizon. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Dissolved Phosphorus Losses in Tile Drainage under Subirrigation

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Stämpfli ◽  
Chandra A. Madramootoo
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Water Table Control

Abstract Recent studies have shown subirrigation (SI) to be effective in reducing nitrate losses from agricultural tile drainage systems. A field study was conducted from 2001 to 2002 in southwestern Québec to evaluate the effect of SI on total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) losses in tile drainage. In an agricultural field with drains installed at a 1-m depth, a SI system with a design water table depth (WTD) of 0.6 m below the soil surface was compared with conventional free drainage (FD). Subirrigation increased drainage outflow volumes in the autumn, when drains were opened and water table control was interrupted for the winter in the SI plots. Outflows were otherwise similar for both treatments. Throughout the study, the TDP concentrations in tile drainage were significantly higher with SI than with FD for seven out of 17 of the sampling dates for which data could be analyzed statistically, and they were never found to be lower for plots under SI than for plots under FD. Of the seven dates for which the increase was significant, six fell in the period during which water table control was not implemented (27 September 2001 to 24 June 2002). Hence, it appears that SI tended to increase TDP concentrations compared with FD, and that it also had a residual effect between growing seasons. Almost one-third of all samples from the plots under SI exceeded Québec's surface water quality standard (0.03 mg TDP L-1), whereas concentrations in plots under FD were all below the standard. Possible causes of the increase in TDP concentrations in tile drainage with SI are high TDP concentrations found in the well water used for SI and a higher P solubility caused by the shallow water table.

scholarly journals IS DEEP SOWING BENEFICIAL FOR DRY SEASON CROPPING WITHOUT IRRIGATION ON SANDY SOIL WITH SHALLOW WATER TABLE?

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-381
Author(s):  
B. BUAKUM ◽  
V. LIMPINUNTANA ◽  
N. VORASOOT ◽  
K. PANNANGPETCH ◽  
R. W. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Permanent Wilting Point ◽  
Wilting Point

SUMMARYDeep sowing (15 cm) on sands in the dry season is a practice used in post-rice sowing of legumes without irrigation, designed to increase moisture access for germination, growth and crops yield. However, with such deep sowing there can be a penalty for emergence and growth if there is abundant water stored in the upper soil profile during the growing season. Hence, there is a need to define the soil water regimes under which deep sowing is advantageous for different legumes. To investigate the adaptation of legume crop species to deep sowing, we studied their emergence, growth and yield on three deep soils (3–16% clay) with shallow water tables during two years in northeast Thailand. At site 1 and 2, peanut, cowpea, mungbean and soybean were sown shallow (~5 cm) or deep (~15 cm). At site 3, only cowpea and peanut were shallow or deep sown. Shallow water tables maintained soil water content (0–15 cm) above permanent wilting point throughout the growing season. Deep sowing of all legumes delayed emergence by 3–7 days at all locations. Shoot dry weight of legumes after deep sowing was mostly similar or lower than weight after shallow sowing. Yield and harvest index of legumes did not differ meaningfully among sowing depths. Therefore, deep sowing was not beneficial for dry season cropping without irrigation when there was a shallow water table and sufficient water for crop growth throughout soil profiles in the growing season. Taken together with previous studies, we conclude that shallow rather than deep sowing of legumes was preferred when the soil water content at 0–15-cm depth remained higher than permanent wilting point throughout the growing season due to shallow water table.

scholarly journals Managing glyphosate-resistant weeds with cover crop associated with herbicide rotation and mixture

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aroldo Marochi ◽  
Antonio Ferreira ◽  
Hudson Kagueyama Takano ◽  
Rubem Silvério Oliveira Junior ◽  
Ramiro Fernando Lopez Ovejero
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Suppression Effect ◽  
Herbicide Programs

ABSTRACT Herbicide resistance has become a major concern for agricultural systems, and integrating weed management practices seem to be the most promise way for its mitigation. The effects of cropping systems including ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) associated with herbicide rotation programs were evaluated for the management of glyphosate resistant conyza (Conyza sumatrensis) and sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) in soybean and corn production systems. A 3x3 factorial was evaluated in four consecutive soybean (spring-summer) and corn (fall-winter) double cropping seasons. Factor A consisted of three combinations of cropping systems in the fall-winter: corn, corn plus ruzigrass, and ruzigrass alone. Factor B was based on increasing levels of diversity in herbicide mode of action over the four-year period (5, 8, and 11 MoAs). The results indicate that using ruzigrass significantly increased soil coverage by cover crop residues. In general, the cover crop was more efficient for conyza than for sourgrass control, whereas herbicide programs provided greater control on sourgrass than on conyza. Besides the weed suppression effect, the accumulation of ruzigrass biomass on the soil surface during the fall-winter also improved yield of soybean in the spring-summer. The integration of ruzigrass as a cover crop and the use of herbicide programs with multiple modes of action can provide efficient control of glyphosate-resistant conyza and sourgrass. The use of only one of these strategies was not effective in most cases, especially for the long term.

scholarly journals Soil water storage and groundwater behaviour in a catenary sequence beneath forest in central Amazonia: I. Comparisons between plateau, slope and valley floor

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Hodnett ◽  
I. Vendrame ◽  
A. De O. Marques Filho ◽  
M. D. Oyama ◽  
J. Tomasella
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Shallow Water Table

Abstract. Soil water storage was monitored in three landscape elements in the forest (plateau, slope and valley floor) over a 3 year period to identify differences in sub-surface hydrological response. Under the plateau and slope, the changes of storage were very similar and there was no indication of surface runoff on the slope. The mean maximum seasonal storage change was 156 mm in the 2 m profile but it was clear that, in the dry season, the forest was able to take up water from below 3.6 m. Soil water availability was low. Soil water storage changes in the valley were dominated by the behaviour of a shallow water table which, in normal years, varied between 0.1 m below the surface at the end of the wet season and 0.8 m at the end of the dry season. Soil water storage changes were small because root uptake was largely replenished by groundwater flow towards the stream. The groundwater behaviour is controlled mainly by the deep drainage from beneath the plateau and slope areas. The groundwater gradient beneath the slope indicated that recharge beneath the plateau and slope commences only after the soil water deficits from the previous dry season have been replenished. Following a wet season with little recharge, the water table fell, ceasing to influence the valley soil water storage, and the stream dried up. The plateau and slope, a zone of very high porosity between 0.4 and 1.1 m, underlain by a less conductive layer, is a probable route for interflow during, and for a few hours after, heavy and prolonged rainfall.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUNDWATER LEVEL AND ITS IMPACT ON TUBEWELL ENERGY NEXUS

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Hafiz M. Awais ◽  
Aamir Shakoor
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
North East ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Over Exploitation

Over exploitation of groundwater to fulfill the crop water requirements due to insufficient canal water supply can pose a major threat of water table lowering in semi-arid regions like Pakistan. So, it is necessary to analyze the seasonal groundwater level variations for appropriate management strategies to sustainable groundwater use. Water table declining has adverse economic impacts on total cost of agricultural inputs, as more than 50% of irrigation demand is being fulfilled from groundwater resources. Therefore, this research was aimed to draw the groundwater level zones and to determine the impacts of lowering water table on tubewell energy nexus in district Hafizabad, Pakistan. Water table depth was categorized in three zones i.e., shallow (<10 m), moderate (10-15 m) and deep (>15 m) for years 2003, 2008 and 2013. It was found that water table was shallow on north-east boundary, moderate on the Centre and deep on west-south boundary. During the study period, the area under shallow water table zone reduced from 38.6 to 23%, moderate area expanded from 52.3 to 59.2% and deep area increased from 9.1 to 17.9%. The difference between total cost of shallow and moderate water table was minor. The total cost (construction and operational) of tubewell for 36 m deep water table was 3 times higher than shallow depth (9 m). Thus, lowering of water table should be controlled by increasing share of canal water in deeper zone and introducing artificial recharge methods

scholarly journals Problem hydromorphic soils in north-east Thailand. 1. Environment and soil morphology.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
R. Brinkman ◽  
A.G. Jongmans ◽  
R. Miedema
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iron Mobilization ◽  
North East ◽  
Secondary Silica ◽  
Dryland Crops ◽  
Two Stages

The Roi Et soil, a Gleyic Acrisol (FAO, 1974) is one of the main soils on the extensive seasonally wet, low terrace in north-east Thailand. The soil looks poor and produces traditionally low yields of one paddy rice crop/year. With fertilizers and dry-season irrigation, problems of water-logging, surface salinity and acidity caused poor germination and low yields of both rice and dry-season dryland crops. X-ray stereo radiographs, and macro- and micromorphological data indicate that the processes that have taken place in this soil include perforation and homogenization by roots and soil fauna; iron mobilization and redistribution; clay translocation; alteration of clay and formation of secondary silica; and surface slaking alternated with ploughing. The clay translocated appears to be fossil clay. Two stages of iron mobilization under (seasonally) wet conditions are indicated, the later one, with clay alteration, continuing at present. The soil has considerable macroporosity, due to worms and termites, mainly in the subsoil. The ploughpan and the deep subsoil have low porosity. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Calibration and validation of the EPIC model to predict glyphosate movement with different agronomic practices under shallow water table conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Longo ◽  
Nicola Dal Ferro ◽  
Roberto Cesar Izaurralde ◽  
Miguel Cabrera ◽  
Federico Grillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Water Percolation ◽  
Agronomic Conditions

&lt;p&gt;Glyphosate (GLP) has been the most frequently used herbicide worldwide, including Europe. Due to its systemic, post-emergence, and non-selective characteristics, it offers optimal weed control without the need of mechanical treatments. Therefore, it is widely used in no-till practices. However, increasing awareness of its potential harmful effect to human health and ecosystems has led numerous countries to restrict or, even, ban its use. The EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate mode) model has been selected as a screening tool to evaluate the vulnerability of groundwater to glyphosate contamination under different pedo-climatic and agronomic conditions across the Veneto Region (NE Italy), an area where the interaction of different pedo-climatic and agronomic conditions makes it difficult to predict site-specific GLP movement.&amp;#160;The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a modified version of EPIC that includes a fast solution of Richards&amp;#8217; equation to predict GLP dynamics under shallow water table conditions.&amp;#160;The experimental site was in Northeastern Italy and consisted of eight drainable lysimeters; 4 treatments, replicated twice, in factorial combination of two management practices (conventional -CV- and conservation -CA- agriculture) and two water table levels (60 and 120 cm). Degradation and movement of GLP in the soil profile were monitored in 2019 from May to September. The herbicide (144 mg m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;) was applied on bare soil in CV and on the cover crop (Secale cereale) in CA. Water samples were systematically collected at 15, 30 and 60 cm depth using suction cups, whose suction was regulated by an automated system that combined matric potential readings, provided by electronic tensiometers, with a vacuum regulator. Water samplings from groundwater were also performed. Soil samples were collected at 0-5 and 5-15 cm depth every other week. Weather and soil data were used as input to EPIC, while the GLP experimental results, along with yields, soil water content, evapotranspiration and water percolation data, were used to calibrate (from 2011 to 2017) and validate (from 2018 to 2019) the model.&amp;#160;In all lysimeters, GLP reached the groundwater the day after the first irrigation event, with higher leaching in CV than in CA and at 120 than at 60 cm. After 40 days, GLP was almost completely dissipated in CA soil, while it was still detected in CV.&amp;#160;EPIC was able to acceptably reproduce evapotranspiration (R2=0.76), yields (R2=0.74) and water percolation (R2= 0.59-0.90). In general, GLP predictions compared well with observations but the predictions in CV treatments were closer to observations than in CA treatments.&amp;#160;This work showed the robustness of the modified EPIC, suggesting its use as a tool to assess the potential vulnerability of the groundwater under different management scenarios and water table levels.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Mapping the Pollution Plume Using the Self-Potential Geophysical Method: Case of Oum Azza Landfill, Rabat, Morocco

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Meryem Touzani ◽  
Ismail Mohsine ◽  
Jamila Ouardi ◽  
Ilias Kacimi ◽  
Moad Morarech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The Self ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
Geophysical Method ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Sandy Material ◽  
The City ◽  
Self Potential

The main landfill in the city of Rabat (Morocco) is based on sandy material containing the shallow Mio-Pliocene aquifer. The presence of a pollution plume is likely, but its extent is not known. Measurements of spontaneous potential (SP) from the soil surface were cross-referenced with direct measurements of the water table and leachates (pH, redox potential, electrical conductivity) according to the available accesses, as well as with an analysis of the landscape and the water table flows. With a few precautions during data acquisition on this resistive terrain, the results made it possible to separate the electrokinetic (~30%) and electrochemical (~70%) components responsible for the range of potentials observed (70 mV). The plume is detected in the hydrogeological downstream of the discharge, but is captured by the natural drainage network and does not extend further under the hills.

scholarly journals Assessing Opportunities to Increase Yield and Profit in Rainfed Lowland Rice Systems in Indonesia

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Erythrina Erythrina ◽  
Arif Anshori ◽  
Charles Y. Bora ◽  
Dina O. Dewi ◽  
Martina S. Lestari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Information Access ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Yield Gap

In this study, we aimed to improve rice farmers’ productivity and profitability in rainfed lowlands through appropriate crop and nutrient management by closing the rice yield gap during the dry season in the rainfed lowlands of Indonesia. The Integrated Crop Management package, involving recommended practices (RP) from the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), were compared to the farmers’ current practices at ten farmer-participatory demonstration plots across ten provinces of Indonesia in 2019. The farmers’ practices (FP) usually involved using old varieties in their remaining land and following their existing fertilizer management methods. The results indicate that improved varieties and nutrient best management practices in rice production, along with water reservoir infrastructure and information access, contribute to increasing the productivity and profitability of rice farming. The mean rice yield increased significantly with RP compared with FP by 1.9 t ha–1 (ranges between 1.476 to 2.344 t ha–1), and net returns increased, after deducting the cost of fertilizers and machinery used for irrigation supplements, by USD 656 ha–1 (ranges between USD 266.1 to 867.9 ha–1) per crop cycle. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 37%. Disaggregated by the wet climate of western Indonesia and eastern Indonesia’s dry climate, the RP increased rice productivity by 1.8 and 2.0 t ha–1, with an additional net return gain per cycle of USD 600 and 712 ha–1, respectively. These results suggest that there is considerable potential to increase the rice production output from lowland rainfed rice systems by increasing cropping intensity and productivity. Here, we lay out the potential for site-specific variety and nutrient management with appropriate crop and supplemental irrigation as an ICM package, reducing the yield gap and increasing farmers’ yield and income during the dry season in Indonesia’s rainfed-prone areas.

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