scholarly journals Multidetector computerized tomography in acute abdomen

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 2353
Author(s):  
Suhail Rafiq ◽  
Inayat Ellahi ◽  
Shafqat Shabir ◽  
Sheikh Shahnawaz

Background: Acute abdominal pain is a common chief complaint in patients examined reporting to emergency department. The sensitivity of CT is 96% in acute abdomen. In order to decrease the mortality and morbidity rate, an efficient and correct diagnosis should be given for these patients. When investigations, like USG examinations are inconclusive, in such cases, multi-detector computer tomography is a widely accepted primary investigation of choice in patients coming with intense abdominal pain. The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of MDCT in diagnosis of acute abdomen; document the sensitivity and specificity of MDCT; the incidence of different pathologies presenting as acute abdomen.Methods: Prospective study on 64 subjects with acute pain abdomen was subjected to MDCT in GMC Srinagar. The duration of this study was from January to May 2019.Results: About 36 patients were females and 28 were males. Youngest patient had an age of 7 years to eldest patient having age of 79 years. Most common causes of acute abdomen were acute pancreatitis in 21.8, acute appendicitis in 15.6% and bowel obstruction in12.5%. In our study the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictable values of MDCT were 95.0%, 75%%, 98.3% and 60% respectively.Conclusions: We conclude that MDCT has high sensitivity and accuracy rate. In inconclusive cases, MDCT is recommended to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. The results obtained in the study were comparable to pioneer studies conducted worldwide.

Author(s):  
Sevitha Bhat ◽  
Kavya Ramamurthy ◽  
Shalini Shenoy ◽  
Aseem Rangnekar

ABSTRACTObjectives: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains one of the most significant causes of mortality and morbidity in developing countriesespecially India. India has the highest burden of TB, with an estimated incidence figure of 2.1 million cases out of the 9 million cases of TB globally.Diagnosis of TB relies on conventional microscopy and culture with drawbacks related to sensitivity, specificity, turn around time (TAT). The aim ofthis study was to evaluate the performance of Xpert MTB/rifampicin (RIF) assay (GX) for MTB detection in pulmonary and extrapulmonary clinicalsamples.Methods: A total of 209 clinical specimens (182: pulmonary and 27: extrapulmonary) were processed using auramine smear, culture by mycobacteriagrowth indicator tube and GenXpert.Results: The sensitivity of GenXpert was 62.63% for pulmonary and 55% for extrapulmonary samples. The sensitivity and specificity of GX were100% for the smear positive cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the GX for smear negativecases were 67.8%, 97.5%, 90.4%, and 89.6%, respectively. RIF resistance was detected in 3.8% the samples.Conclusion: GenXpert, with short TAT, high sensitivity, specificity and less technical expertise required is a promising tool in TB diagnostics for thefuture.Keywords: GenXpert, Tuberculosis diagnosis, Molecular method, Rifampicin resistance.


Author(s):  
Doaa M. Emara ◽  
Adel M. Rizk ◽  
Abeer M. Ahmed ◽  
Amr Magdi El Abd

Abstract Background Due to changes in the gastrointestinal system in geriatric people, there are higher rates of atypical presentations of common disorders. In order to decrease the mortality rate, an efficient and correct diagnosis should be given for these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the role of MDCT in evaluating gastrointestinal tract-related acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients. Results Among fifty geriatric patients presented clinically with acute abdominal pain of gastrointestinal origin from November 2019 to September 2020, mean age was 70.2 ± 5.6 years ranging from 65 to 86 years. Majority were female, (thirty patients, 60%). Gastric causes (16%): obstruction (62.5%) and perforation (37.5%); and intestinal causes (84%): obstruction (71.4%), inflammatory (28.6%), perforation (23.8%), vascular (11.9%), and others (2.4%) were the frequent causes of acute abdominal pain in the studied patients. MDCT had a very high sensitivity of 98% (95% CI) as well as its PPV (95% CI) was 100% in the evaluation of gastrointestinal-related acute abdominal pain. Conclusion MDCT is a reliable diagnostic imaging modality for geriatric patients presented with acute abdominal pain suggested to be of gastrointestinal origin with a very high sensitivity in diagnosing the causative pathological conditions. MDCT can efficiently differentiate between obstructive, inflammatory, perforated, and ischemic bowel disorders.


Author(s):  
Kamila Motta Stradiotti ◽  
Felipe Pires de Albuquerque ◽  
Maria Laura Silveira de Castro ◽  
Laiane Milani de Arruda

Introdução: Apendagite epiplóica (AE) é uma causa incomum de dor abdominal causada por alterações inflamatórias e isquêmicas relacionadas à torção ou trombose venosa dos apêndices epiplóicos. Estas estruturas consistem em projeções de tecido adiposo que emergem da superfície serosa do cólon e apêndice cecal, sendo maiores e mais numerosas no cólon descendente e sigmóide. A apendagite epiplóica do apêndice cecal (AEA) é uma forma ainda mais rara de apresentação, tendo poucos casos relatados em literatura. Os sinais e sintomas da AE comumente mimetizam outras causas de abdome agudo, que varia dependendo da sua localização, devendo ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de dor abdominal localizada. O diagnóstico correto é fundamental para evitar gastos e procedimentos desnecessários, pois se trata de uma condição benigna e autolimitada, com tratamento conservador sendo suficiente na grande maioria dos casos. Atualmente a tomografia computadorizada é o método de escolha na avaliação de pacientes com abdome agudo. Objetivo: Relatar um caso raro de dor abdominal aguda causada por apendagite epiplóica do apêndice cecal e a importância do seu diagnóstico correto. Relato do caso: Paciente com quadro de dor abdominal aguda no quadrante inferior direito, afebril e sem outras queixas gastrointestinais associadas. Ao exame físico referiu dor à palpação profunda no quadrante inferior direito. Exames laboratoriais sem alterações. Foram solicitados exames de imagem complementares, evidenciando apêndice cecal nos limites superiores da normalidade, inflamação periapendicular e uma imagem com densidade de gordura adjacente ao apêndice. Os diagnósticos diferenciais foram de apendicite inicial e apendagite epiplóica. Foi realizado tratamento operatório e exame anatomopatológico, que confirmou o diagnóstico de apendagite epiplóica do apêndice cecal. As informações foram obtidas por meio de revisão do prontuário, entrevista com o paciente, registro dos métodos diagnósticos, incluindo exames laboratoriais, exames de imagem como tomografia computadorizada e anatomopatológico, aos quais o paciente foi submetido e uma breve revisão da literatura. Conclusão: Relatamos um caso raro de apendagite epiplóica do apêndice cecal, demonstrando um desafio diagnóstico e a importância dos métodos de imagem. Palavras Chave: Dor abdominal, Abdome agudo, Apêndice cecal, Diagnóstico por imagemABSTRACT: Introduction: Epiploic appendagitis (LA) is an uncommon cause of abdominal pain caused by inflammatory and ischemic changes related to venous torsion or thrombosis of the epiploic appendages. These structures consist of projections of adipose tissue that emerge from the serous surface of the colon and cecal appendix, being larger and more numerous in the descending and sigmoid colon. Epiploic appendagitis of the appendix (EAA) is an even rarer form of presentation, with few cases reported in the literature. The signs and symptoms of EAA commonly mimic other causes of acute abdomen, which varies depending on their location, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of localized abdominal pain. Correct diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary expenses and procedures, as it is a benign and self-limited condition, with conservative treatment being sufficient in the vast majority of cases. Currently, computed tomography is the method of choice in the evaluation of patients with acute abdomen. Objectives: To describe a rare cause of abdominal pain due acute epiploic appendagitis of the appendix and reinforce the importance of the CT to diagnosis this condition and rule out other causes of acute abdominal pain. Case report: Patient with acute abdominal pain in the lower right quadrant, afebrile and without other associated gastrointestinal complaints. On physical examination, she reported pain on deep palpation in the lower right quadrant. Laboratory tests without changes. Complementary imaging exams were requested, showing the appendix at the upper limits of normal, periapendicular inflammation and an image with fat density adjacent to the appendix. The differential diagnoses were of initial appendicitis and epiplatic appendagitis. Operative treatment and anatomopathological examination were performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of appendagitis of the appendix. Information was obtained by reviewing medical records, interviewing the patient, recording diagnostic methods, including laboratory tests, imaging tests such as computed tomography, anatomopathology, and a brief review of the literature. Conclusion: We report a case of acute epiploic appendagitis of the appendix, demonstrating a diagnostic challenge and the importance of imaging methods.Keywords: Abdominal pain; Abdomen, acute; Appendix, Diagnostic imaging


2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
TAHIR MALIK ◽  
ZAFAR AMIN ◽  
TAHIR MALIK

) To determine the role of ultrasonography as the primaryimaging modality in patients of acute abdomen. (2) To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negativepredictive value of ultrasonography in acute abdomen. Design: A hospital based descriptive study. Setting: InCombined Military Hospital Lahore which is a tertiary care hospital. Period: From 1 Jan 2003 to 30 Dec 2003. stSubjects: A total of 100 consecutive patients of acute abdomen were selected for the study. There were 61 malepatients and 39 female patients. The patients’ age ranged from 02 years to 70 years. Ultrasonography was done usingALOKA SSD-5500 machine with high resolution probes. Results: During my study of patients of acute abdomen mostcommon conditions encountered were renal colic due to renal and ureteric stones followed by gut perforation,cholecystitis, appendicitis and cholelithiasis. My study revealed a sensitivity of 79.7% and specificity of 88.4% ofultrasonography in patients with acute abdomen. The positive predictive value was 95.1% and a negative predictivevalue was 60.5%. Conclusion: Ultrasonography helped in prompt decision making in most of the cases of acuteabdomen with a high sensitivity and specificity in skilled and experienced hands, as well as high positive predictivevalue. Hence, in our setup it can be used as a primary imaging modality for patients presenting with acute abdomenin any age group, as it is readily available, cost effective and free of any radiation hazards. Ultrasonography not onlyhelps in diagnosing the cause of pain but also ruling out other possibilities.


Author(s):  
Satishchandra K. Kadikar ◽  
Farheenbanu J. Divan ◽  
Usmaan Topiwala ◽  
Saliha Agasiwala

Background: At present time, obstetric bleeding remains to be the world’s main cause of maternal mortality, early identification of factors leading to haemorrhage and early management of underlying pathological process is the key stone of the treatment. The most important pregnancy related condition leading to bleeding with high maternal mortality and morbidity rate is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).Methods: A prospective study of 50 cases of pregnancy with DIC was performed from May 2018 to November 2020 in our institute to detect the various aetiology and complications associated with DIC leading to maternal mortality and morbidity and study perinatal outcome in pregnant women with DIC.Results: The prevalence of DIC in our institute is 0.22%. Common causes of DIC were abruption (36%), haemorrhage (34%), preeclampsia (18%), sepsis (6%) and acute hepatic failure (6%). The composite severe maternal morbidity outcome in haemorrhage (100%), abruption (63%), preeclampsia (58%), and AVH (33%).Out of the three most common causes (abruption, haemorrhage and preeclampsia), the composite maternal morbidity outcome was significantly more in women with haemorrhage than with abruption and preeclampsia.Conclusions: DIC, as a marker of severe obstetrical complications, is associated with high levels of mortality and morbidity. Recognition of the antecedent causes and early investigation for and active management of DIC may help lower this morbidity.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwesh Kumar Thakur ◽  
Rakesh Kumar

Background: Acute abdomen is defined as “a spectrum of surgical, medical and gynecological conditions ranging from trivial to life threatening conditions, which require hospital admission, investigations and treatment. The possible causes of acute abdomen may range from benign and psychogenic pain to life threatening aortic dissection. This study aims to find out the etiological spectrum of surgical acute pain abdomen among patients attending emergency department of a medical college of Eastern India.Methods: An institution based, cross-sectional study was conducted from January- June 2018, among patients admitted with pain abdomen in IQ City Medical College and Narayna Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India. Data were collected on the day of discharge, with the help of pre-tested, semi structured Schedule.Results: Total 8688 patients were admitted through emergency during data collection period. 1236 (14.2%) of them were admitted with complains of pain abdomen. Frequency of surgical and non-surgical pain abdomen was 6.0% and 8.2% respectively. Most consistent symptom and sign were pain abdomen and abdominal tenderness respectively. Most common cause of acute abdomen was acute appendicitis. It was present in 38.9% of cases followed by gall bladder pathology, renal/ ureteric colic, perforation peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, bowel ischemia in 21.0%, 14.2%, 13.7%, 7.8%, and 4.4% of cases respectively.Conclusions: About 15.0% of all emergency hospitalization is due to acute abdominal pain and about 40.0% of all acute abdominal pain was due to surgical causes. Most common cause of surgical acute abdomen was acute appendicitis.


2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ASIF ◽  
JAVED SAJJAD HASHMI ◽  
DANISH ALMAS

Introduction: The term “acute abdomen” denotes any sudden spontaneousnon-traumatic disorder whose chief manifestation is in the abdominal area. There is frequently a progressive underlyingintra-abdominal disorder, the correct early diagnosis and treatment of which is essential for a favorable outcome.Objectives: (I) To find out the most common causes of acute abdomen. (II) To compare the preoperative assessmentwith postoperative diagnosis. Design: A Non-interventional Analytical (Comparative) study. Setting: Emergencydepartment of Combined Military Hospital Kharian. Period: Oct 2001 to Mar 2002. Patients & Methods: Total of 220patients who presented with acute abdomen. Results: The most frequent cause was found to be Acute Appendicitis,followed by Nonspecific abdominal pain, acute cholecystitis, acute intestinal obstruction and perforated duodenal ulcer.Preoperative diagnosis was wrong in 9.5% (n=21) of cases. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis was found to be the mostcommon cause of acute abdomen and the single most important cause of acute abdominal pain causing greatdiagnostic difficulties. the preoperative diagnostic accuracy can be increased especially in female of child bearing ageby using modern diagnostic tools especially laparoscopy.


2017 ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Thi Phuong Thao Hoang ◽  
Trong khoan Le

Background: Appendicitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain, requiring surgical treatment. The problem of how to make an early and accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis should be prioritized. Aims: To describe the image findings and evaluate the added value of CT scan in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Materials and Method: 121 patients were admitted to Hue University Hospital with suspicion of having acute appendicitis from April 2016 to July 2017. There would be a complementary CT scan if the ultrasonography result was inconclusive or irrelevant to clinical manifestations. The results of ultrasonography and CT scan were then correlated with surgical findings and treatment. Results: 39.7% of 121 patients with suspicion of acute appendicitis needed a complementary CT scan after ultrasonography had been performed. CT scan also detected 19 alternative diagnoses that caused acute abdominal pain. The direct signs of acute appendicitis on CT scan with high sensitivity were enlarged appendix with over 6mm in diameter (93.8%), appendiceal wall thickening (87.5%), appendiceal wall enhancement (90.6%); the signs with high specificity were maximum depth of intraluminal appendiceal fluid greater than 2,6mm (100%), appendiceal wall enhancement (87.5%) and appendicolith (87.5%). Among indirect signs of acute appendicitis on CT scan, the sign with the highest sensitivity and specificity was periappendiceal fat stranding (90.6% and 100% respectively). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CT scan in diagnosis of acute appendicitis were 90.6%, 100% and 93.8% in that order. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the diagnosis pathway using primary ultrasonography and complementary CT scan was 97.1%, 94.1% and 96.7%. Conclusion: The signs of acute appendicitis on CT scan with high sensitivity were enlarged appendix with over 6mm in diameter, periappendiceal fat stranding, appendiceal wall thickening and enhancement. The signs of acute appendicitis on CT scan with high specificity were periappendiceal fat stranding, maximum depth of intraluminal appendiceal fluid greater than 2.6mm, appendiceal wall enhancement and appendicolith. The diagnosis pathway using primary ultrasonography and complementary CT scan yielded a high diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for acute appendicitis. Key words: Acute appendicitis, complementary CT scan


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
Pavithra D ◽  
Praveen D ◽  
Vijey Aanandhi M

Agranulocytosis is also known to be granulopenia, causing neutropenia in circulating blood streams .The destruction of white blood cells takes place which leads to increase in the infection rate in an individual where immune system of the individual is suppressed. The symptoms includes fever, sore throat, mouth ulcers. These are commonly seen as adverse effects of a particular drug and are prescribed for the common diagnostic test for regular monitoring of complete blood count in an admitted patient. Drug-induced agranulocytosis remains a serious adverse event due to occurrence of severe sepsis with deep infection leading to pneumonia, septicaemia, and septic shock in two/third of the patient. Antibiotics seem to be the major causative weapon for this disorder. Certain drugs mainly anti-thyroid drugs, ticlopidine hydrochloride, spironolactone, clozapine, antileptic drugs (clozapine), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, dipyrone are the potential causes. Bone marrow insufficiency followed by destruction or limited proliferative bone marrow destruction takes place. Chemotherapy is rarely seen as a causative agent for this disorder. Genetic manipulation may also include as one of the reason. Agranulocytosis can be recovered within two weeks but the mortality and morbidity rate during the acute phase seems to be high, appropriate adjuvant treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics are prerequisites for the management of complicated neutropenia. Drugs that are treated for this are expected to change as a resistant drug to the patient. The pathogenesis of agranulocytosis is not yet known. A comprehensive literature search has been carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar and articles pertaining to drug-induced agranulocytosis were selected for review.


Author(s):  
Suraj Mathur

This prospective study was done in the Department of Radio diagnosis Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode. A total of 65 patients who were referred to our department with clinical suspicion of endometrial lesions and incidentally detected endometrial lesions on ultrasonography underwent transvaginal ultrasound and subsequent Imaging evaluation of pelvis MRI has very high sensitivity (95%) and specificity (98%) and is almost as accurate (97%) as histopathology in differentiating benign from malignant lesions. Addition of DWI with ADC mapping to conventional MRI increases its accuracy even more. However there is inherent limitation to MRI in detecting carcinoma in situ and micrometastasis. Keywords: TVS, MRI, Sensitivity, Specificity, Histopathology.


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