scholarly journals Immunization coverage in an urban resettlement colony of district Gautam-Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India using WHO 30×7 cluster sampling technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 4089
Author(s):  
Harsh Mahajan ◽  
Shalini Srivastava ◽  
S. Nagesh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Variate Analysis

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions to prevent the suffering that comes from avoidable sickness, disability and death. In India, though immunization coverage has improved over the past few years, the country still accounts for the largest number of children who are not immunized i.e. 7.4 million. So, this study was taken up to assess the immunization coverage among children in District Gautam-Budh Nagar of Uttar Pradesh and to decipher the causes behind the partial immunization/non- immunization. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during June-August 2015 in an urban resettlement colony of District Gautam-Budh Nagar in Uttar Pradesh among 210 children aged 12-23 months selected using WHO 30X7 cluster sampling technique. Results: A total of 210 children were covered, of which 72.9% children were fully immunized, 19.0% children were partially immunized, whereas, 8.1% children did not receive even a single dose of any vaccine, thus constituting a total of 27.1% children with partial/no immunization. On bi-variate analysis, significant associ­ation was observed between immunization status among children and caste (p=0.047), mother’s education (p=0.01), father’s education (p=0.000) and socio-economic status (p=0.003). On multi-variate analysis, however, only father’s educational status was found to be significantly associated. The major reasons for partial/non-immunization among children were Ignorance (80.7%) followed by unavailability of vaccines (7.0%). Conclusions: Immunization coverage found in the present study is still way short of the target of universal coverage. Therefore, health planners and policy makers in our country should develop a comprehensive strategy to achieve universal immunization coverage.  

scholarly journals Immunization coverage under universal immunization programme in Kozhikode district, Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3667
Author(s):  
Sreedevi C.
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Multi Stage

Background: Immunization is an important cost effective tool for preventing the morbidities and mortalities caused by vaccine preventable diseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the universal immunization programme coverage of children of 12–23 months of age in Kozhikode district and to study the factors associated with immunization coverage.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 30 randomly selected electoral wards of Kozhikode district which were selected using multi stage cluster sampling technique during April 2013 to May 2014.Results: 469 children were studied from 30 clusters. 75.5% was fully immunized while 1.5% was unimmunized. Dropout rate for DPT 3 to Measles was the highest accounting to 20.2%. Most common reason for failure of immunization among unimmunized was that the parents didn’t feel the need (57.1%) and for partially immunized was the illness of the child (27.8%) followed by lack of awareness of the time of immunization (22.2%). Religion, early age of the mother at marriage and first delivery and high birth order were significantly associated with a higher proportion of partially immunized while higher education of the parents (>12th standard), health worker’s home visit in the first year of the child and presence of immunization card were significantly associated with a high full immunization coverage (p<0.05).Conclusions: Immunization coverage of 75.5% is far behind the target to be achieved. 1.5% of the children didn’t get any of the vaccinations. It is very important to increases the coverage to prevent the re-emergence of vaccine preventable diseases.

scholarly journals A study on predictors of complete immunization in children aged 12-23 months in slums of Kanpur Nagar, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1207
Author(s):  
Ruchi Chaturvedi ◽  
R. P. Sharma ◽  
D. S. Martolia ◽  
Tanu Midha
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Common Reason ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
General Category ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunization Status ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Kanpur is one of the major industrial hub of Uttar Pradesh. Migration of people in the search of jobs led to formation of slums in many part of city which is 20% of total population of the city. A large number of below poverty line (BPL) population (about 60%) also live-in slums. Little data is known about immunization status of children residing in these slums. With this background this study is planned to predict various demographic factors affecting immunization status and to study various factors responsible for partial/non immunization of children.Methods: Cross sectional observational study. 30 cluster sampling technique was used to select 30 clusters from 380 identified slums of Kanpur Nagar.Results: More children were completely immunized with increase in educational level of mothers. (χ2= 16.62, df=2, p=0.000) ; mothers having institutional delivery (χ2 =31.8, df=1, ,p=0.000; belonged to general category (χ2=25.3, df=2, p=0.000) and Hindu by religion. (χ2=7.34, df=1, p=.006). No significant difference was seen in immunization coverage with respect to gender (χ2 =2.7, df=1, p=.09). Obstacles (45.2%) were the most common reason for partial immunization whereas lack of information (52.63 %) was most common reason cited in case of non-immunized children.Conclusions: Educational status of the parents particularly mothers and the economic status of the family have great bearing on the immunization coverage of under 5 children. So female empowerment measures may prove helpful in improvement of the immunization status.

scholarly journals Assessment of immunization coverage and associated factors among children in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam district, Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3594
Author(s):  
Anuradha Kizhatil ◽  
Reshma . ◽  
Harsha Chollankil Hariharan ◽  
Alexander John ◽  
Ann Mary Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 5

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions averting countless childhood deaths and protecting millions of children from disability and illness. The objective of the current study was to assess the immunization coverage and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months and 5-7 years in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam district, Kerala.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done. Cluster sampling method of WHO was used for evaluation of immunization coverage.300 children in the age group of 12–23 months and 300 children in the age group 5-7 years were selected from each of the 30 clusters. Crude coverage details for each vaccine were estimated using percentages. Bivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of immunization coverage.Results: Among the children 12-23 months old, eleven (3.7%) children were partially immunized, while everybody had received at least one vaccine. The proportion of children fully immunized was 96.3%. Among the children 5-7 years old 55 (18.3%) were partially immunized. Belonging to Muslim religion, fathers’ occupation i.e. who were labourers/unskilled workers, mother’s education less than 12th standard and not possessing the mother and child protection card were found to be factors associated with partial immunization.Conclusions: This study shows that full immunization has not reached all children.

scholarly journals Socio demography of mental retardation: A community-based study from a goitre zone in rural sub-Himalayan India

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailja Sharma ◽  
Sunil Kumar Raina ◽  
Ashok Kumar Bhardwaj ◽  
Sanjeev Chaudhary ◽  
Vipasha Kashyap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mental retardation is one of the most common disabilities of childhood which can be prevented by timely identification of the causative agent and an adequate management accordingly. District Kangra lies in the sub-Himalayan belt and forms a part of the 2400 km long goitre belt along the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Objective: To study the prevalence of mental retardation among children (1-10) years of age. Materials and Methods: A two-phase cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural area of district Kangra. A 30-cluster sampling technique was used to screen a population of children 1-10 years of age from five randomly selected panchayats (village government units) of district Kangra. The screening was based on a modified version of the ten questions screen, adapted to the local population. In the first phase a door to door survey was done to identify suspects of mental retardation. In the second phase, the children found positive in the first phase were called for examination by the pediatrician to confirm mental retardation. Results: A total of 2420 children were screened in the first phase of which 95 tested positive. About 52 of these children were found to be mentally retarded in the second phase giving a prevalence of 2.15%. The 69% of these children belonged to the lower middle class and 28.3% belonged to middle class families using the Uday Parekh scale for assessment of the socio-economic status. Conclusion: Prevalence of mental retardation is high in district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh in comparison to other states of India. This could be attributed to the good primary health care in Himachal Pradesh where institutional deliveries are about 70%. This may have led to better survival of children with congenital disorders and those that suffer perinatal trauma.

scholarly journals Barriers for Full Immunization Coverage among under Five Years Children in  Mogadishu, Somalia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hayir Tahlil Mohamud ◽  
Lul Mohamud Mohamed ◽  
Mohamed Ali Magan ◽  
Mohamed Abdulkadir Mohamud ◽  
Abdishakur Abdukadir Muse
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five

Abstract Background: Immunization is amongst the most cost effective public health interventions for reducing global childhood morbidity and mortality. However globally 9 million deaths of children occur as a result of vaccine-preventable disease, a bigger proportion occurred in sub-Saharan Africa which was 4.4 million. Therefore, this study aimed to assess barriers for complete vaccination coverage among under five years children in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community based Cross-sectional study was conducted in between April to July, 2019 in Mogadishu-Somalia. Two-stage cluster sampling with systematic random sampling was used to select a sample of 820 households. Data was collected through structured, interviewer administrator questionnaire. In case more eligible children found at single selected household, one child was randomly selected and the information related to immunization was interviewed from his/her caregiver. Results: the overall, fully vaccinated under five years children was found to be 45.2%. Immunization was found to be increased by being a younger caregiver (β = -0.019, P-value=0.042), being married caregiver, being Father with Secondary & above education (AOR=1.755, 95% CI=1.161-2.655, P-value =0.008), being a young child (β = -0.018, P-value=0.011), being children from birth order of fifth & above (AOR=1.539, 95% CI=1.011-2.343, P-value=0.044), Married caregiver (AOR=0.244, 95% CI= 0.063-0.94, P-value=0.041), increased Household monthly family income= (β = 0.003, P-value=0.000), Availability of vaccine at the time of visit (AOR =6.147, 95% CI=1.943-19.441, P-value=0.002), Cost affordability of vaccine =( AOR =1.951, 95% CI=1.238-3.076, P-value=0.004), Being born at health facility (AOR =1.517, 95% CI=1.104-2.086, P-value=0.010), having good Knowledge on immunization (AOR =1.125, 95% CI=1.070-1.181, P-value=0.001), having good Practice on immunization (AOR =2.756, 95% CI=2.233-3.402, P-value=0.001) and having good Perception on vaccine (AOR =4.976, 95% CI=2.183-11.340, P-value =0.001).Conclusion: In conclusion, the result of this study has revealed that the proportion of fully vaccinated under five children in Mogadishu is very low. Steps to promote Health education and vaccine availability should be lounged.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT MOTHERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS IMMUNIZATION IN THE SOUTH-SOUTH REGION OF NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
D. Brotobor ◽  
I. Nwadike ◽  
O. I. Edeawe ◽  
O. C. Izekor ◽  
J. Olowogboye
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Full Immunization

Vaccination demand and acceptance depends on several factors that are quite broad and complex. The knowledge and attitude of a mother to childhood immunization play a key role in immunization coverage.  Low immunization coverage in Nigeria is mostly attributed to poor knowledge, compliance, accessibility and inappropriate attitude among other factors. Poor compliance with full immunization is believed to be the most significant reason for low immunization coverage in the country due to socio-cultural obstacles to the acceptance of immunization. Aim: This study aims to assess the factors that determine the attitude of mothers towards immunization. Methodology: A hundred (100) mothers were recruited into this cross-sectional descriptive study using a simple random sampling technique. Data collection was performed by using a structured questionnaire. This study was carried out in Ukpenu community in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. This study was carried out in the Ukpenu community in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. 100 mothers were recruited into the study using a simple random sampling technique. Result: The results showed that the respondents have a positive attitude towards immunization. This was evident in the immunization report. Their record revealed that most of their children were fully immunized. This is seen in their readiness to fully immunize their children against childhood vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), their willingness to recommend full immunization of children to their friends, relatives and other women, and their readiness to purchase the vaccines if they are no longer available free of charge to ensure that their children are fully immunized. It was discovered that educational status plays a contributory role in the knowledge and attitude of mothers towards immunization. Conclusion: Maternal health education should be sustained to ensure continuous compliance and a positive attitude of mothers towards immunization.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Alcohol Consumption Among Youth Men, Ethiopian 2016 Demographic Health Survey.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kindie Mekuria Tegegne ◽  
Biruk Beletew Abate ◽  
Mesfine Wudu Kassaw ◽  
Etsay Hailu G/mariam ◽  
Mohammed Ahmed Yimam
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background: Alcohol consumption is a global issue, both developed and underdeveloped countries' health trouble. Specifically in Ethiopia, youth men 15-24 years of age are engaged in psychoactive substances mainly alcohols. Alcoholic person has other concomitant mental illness the discord of school, unemployment and being low socio-economic status.Methods: A cross-sectional study using the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data set was applied. The samples were selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 20. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with alcohol consumption by controlling confounders. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95 % confidence interval was considered to declare a statistically significant association.Results: The present study comprised of 4486 weight samples of youth men. The prevalence of alcohol consumption among youth men in this study was 39.3 %. Men aged 15-19 (AOR=1.27 (95% CI =1.01-1.60), being unemployed (AOR=1.62 (95% CI=1.27-2.07), don’t have awareness about HIV/AIDS (AOR=4.70 (95%=2.44-9.01),being married (AOD 0.58(0.39-0.85) and poorer youth men (AOD =1.75(95%CI=1.21-2.54) ,being orthodox (AOR=5.12(95%CI =2.47-10.64), protestant (AOR=0.42(95% CI =0.20- 0.87)Muslim (AOR=0.07(95% CI=0.03-0.16) religious followers were significantly associated with alcohol consumption.Conclusion: Alcohol consumption among youth men was relatively high when we compared with other countries study. Strengthening the awareness of HIV/AIDS, change alcohol drinking experience on religious ceremonies especially in orthodox, organizes the youth and job creation is suggested to avert alcohol consumption trajectory.

scholarly journals Investigating Factors Associated with Immunization Incompletion of Children Under Five in Ebonyi State, Southeast Nigeria: Implication for Policy Dialogue

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2199100
Author(s):  
Prince Christian Ifeanachor Umoke ◽  
MaryJoy Umoke ◽  
Chioma Adaora Nwalieji ◽  
Festus Okechukwu Igwe ◽  
Ugochi Georgina Umoke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Policy Dialogue ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Low Coverage

Purpose. To investigate factors associated with immunization incompletion of children under 5 years in Ebonyi state, Southeastern part of Nigeria. Method. A cross-sectional and a cluster sampling design were implemented; 400 women of childbearing age in families with children between 0 to 59 months of age were interviewed in Ebonyi state. Demographic characteristics of the child and mother, the child’s immunization history, and reasons for partial immunization were obtained with the use of a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA with SPSS version 23 and hypothesis tested at P < .05. Results. Findings revealed that 180 (48.1%) females, and 194 (51.9%) males’ children were immunized; Less than half 155 (41.9%) of the children had 1 missed dose, considered as partial immunization cases indicating low coverage. Of the reasons given for incomplete immunization mothers, mothers agreed that immunization centers are far from home (x̄ = 2.55 ± 0.92). This reason significantly affects mothers who were young (≤20 years) ( x = 2.86 ± 0.94; P = .018), single ( x = 2.84 ± 1.05; 0.037), had secondary education ( x = 2.65 ± 1.08;0.000), students (2.89 ± 1.08; P = .000), poor ( x = 2.63 ± 1.05; P = .009), and primiparous ( x = 2.50 ± 1.08; P = .036) are more affected and they agreed (grand mean >2.50). Conclusion. Immunization coverage was low, and far location from health facility was indicted thus policy implementers should locate health facilities close to homes. also health education on the importance of immunization should be given to mothers especially those who are young and has low socio-economic status.

scholarly journals Knowledge of breastfeeding practice and associated factors among fathers whose wife delivered in last one year in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254824
Author(s):  
Solomon Shitu ◽  
Daniel Adane ◽  
Haimanot Abebe ◽  
Ayenew Mose ◽  
Alex Yeshaneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice ◽  
At Home

Background Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from female human breasts. It confers short-term and long-term benefits for both child and mother, including helping to protect children against a variety of acute and chronic disorders. In mothers, breastfeeding (BF) reduces postpartum bleeding, enhances accelerated involution of the uterus, and plays a crucial role in child spacing. Fathers have an important but often neglected role in the promotion of healthy breastfeeding practices. Evidence shows that mothers who have a supportive and encouraging partner are more likely to plan to breastfeed for a longer duration. So, this study was aimed to assess knowledge and associated factors towards breastfeeding practice among fathers. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gurage Zone among 597 fathers. One stage cluster sampling technique was used to select study participants. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data and it was checked for consistency and completeness and entered into epi data and exported to SPSS for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify independent predictors. P-value < 0.05 was considered to declare a result as statistically significant. Result In this study, a total of 585 participants were involved making a response rate of 98%. The overall knowledge status of participants was 341 (58.3%). The mean age of participants was 29.5 (SD±4.5). Urban residence, educational status, exposure to media, having more than one baby at home, and accompany his wife during health-seeking were independent predictors of knowledge status. Conclusion This study has shown the level of knowledge of fathers towards breastfeeding in the study area was low (58.3%). Residence, two or more babies at home, accompany during ANC, and indexed infant illness was independent predictors of knowledge status of fathers towards breastfeeding. Policymakers and possible stack holders should better focus on the improvement of knowledge because the knowledge determines the overall condition of the family including the psychological development of the children that affect their life especially in a country like Ethiopia in which most of the decisions are made by them. Other researchers focus on the interaction of parents and the child and feeding disorders.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to Malaria During the Prevention of Re-introduction/Re-establishment Phase in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamsananthy Jeevatharan ◽  
Wickremasinghe AR
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Establishment Phase ◽  
Free Status

Abstract BackgroundSusceptibility to malaria is the predisposition of populations to be infected by malaria parasites. It is influenced by the age-sex composition, parasitaemia, immunity, pregnancy status, type of residency, socio economic status, history migration of the population; broadly biological and generic factors. As imported cases are still being reported and one introduced malaria case was reported in 2018, prevention of re-introduction/re-establishment of malaria is a challenge for Sri Lanka. Addressing susceptibility to malaria is crucial for planning and implementing appropriate interventions to sustain malaria-free status of the country. The aim of this study was to assess susceptibility to malaria during the prevention of re-introduction/re-establishment phase in Sri Lanka. Methods A national survey was conducted among 3,454 households. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select the households. Susceptibility was assessed based on a developed conceptual framework adapted from Kienberger and Hagenlocher (2014), and an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 package. ResultsThere was zero prevalence of malaria parasites both in the general population and among fever patients. The proportion of population who had been overseas within the last 3 years in the urban sector (4.5%, n=99) was significantly higher than that of rural (2.8%, n=288) and estate sectors (0.2%, n=2) (χ42=66.103; p<0.001) and it significantly declined with the wealth index up to the 4thquintile with a slight rise in the 5th quintile (χ82=60.985; P<0.001).Conclusions Zero prevalence of malaria parasites supports the malaria-free status of the country and pooled blood samples may be tested during reactive case surveillance as a cost-effective approach. Urban and upper socioeconomic class population should be targeted for screening and awareness programmes on prevention of re-establishment of malaria.As susceptibility is a dynamic phenomenon, its assessment should be done periodically. Combining it with the resilience and receptivity, social vulnerability and risk of re-introduction/re-establishment of malaria could be assessed.

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