Aflatoxin B1 Contamination in Wheat Grain Samples Collected from Different Geographical Regions of India: A Multicenter Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. TOTEJA ◽  
A. MUKHERJEE ◽  
S. DIWAKAR ◽  
PADAM SINGH ◽  
B. N. SAXENA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multicenter Study ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Geographical Regions

In a multicenter study conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research, 1,646 samples of wheat grain collected from rural and urban areas of 10 states representing different geographical regions of India were analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). AFB1 concentrations of ≥5 μg kg−1 were recorded in 40.3% of the samples, and concentrations above the Indian permissible regulatory limit of 30 μg kg−1 were found in 16% of the samples. The proportion of samples with AFB1 concentrations above the Indian regulatory limit ranged from 1.7 to 55.8% in different states, with the minimum in Haryana and the maximum in Orissa. The variation in wheat contamination among states seems to be mainly the result of unsatisfactory storage conditions. Median AFB1 concentrations of 11, 18, and 32 μg kg−1 were observed in samples from Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Orissa, respectively; concentrations in other states were <5 μg kg−1. The maximum AFB1 concentration of 606 μg kg−1 was observed in a sample from the state of Uttar Pradesh. The calculated probable daily intakes of AFB1 through consumption of contaminated wheat for the population in some states were much higher than the suggested provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. Human health hazards associated with such AFB1 exposure over time cannot be ruled out.

The Indicators of Psychosocial Development in Thailand

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Udom Laksanavicharn ◽  
Poolsook Sriyaporn ◽  
Kulsuda Jiamsuchon ◽  
Wacharaporn Pissasoontorn ◽  
Suchada Sakornsatian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Social Skill Development ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Geographical Regions

A battery of 119 items for psychosocial development screening testing of preschool children in Thailand was assembled. Appropriateness to Thai culture and suitability for use in the home and community by parents and primary health care workers were the chief criteria in selecting the test items. The battery consisted of 22 items for testing gross motor development; 17 items for fine motor development; 30 items for hearing, language, and concept development; 29 items for self-help skill development; and 21 items for social skill development. Between April 1987 and January 1988, the battery was administered to a sample of 5, 424 children up to the age of six years in rural and urban areas in the four geographical regions of Thailand. At the same time, information on the children and their families was recorded. The development data were processed with the Grandstat package program to obtain curves showing the percentages of the children not passing the items at different ages. The development curves and bar charts showing the ages at which certain percentiles of the children were unable to pass each developmental test item are presented together with information on the children and their families incorporating the findings of this study.

Factors affecting fear of crime: a study of elderly in a district of Uttar Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-227
Author(s):  
Avanish Bhai Patel
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Purpose Fear of crime is an emerging social problem in Indian society that has a significant impact on the quality of life of the elderly. In the view of this fact, the purpose of this paper is to examine the factors such as (prior victimisation, vulnerability and incivility) which contribute their role in bringing fear of crime among the elderly. Design/methodology/approach Mixed method approach has been applied in this paper. This study has been designed as an exploratory lead-in to a planned wider study into rural–urban context as possible factors in shaping the victimisation experience. The study has been conducted from October 2012 to January 2013 on a sample of 220 elderly living in both rural and urban areas of Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Findings The study found that elderly have been victimised by known persons as compared to unknown persons. Further, the study found that immediate neighbourhood was swarming with loiters, unruly teenagers, gangs, beggars and alcoholic people walk in the society which have significantly impact on the elderly and give threat in neighbourhood. Originality/value This is an original work of researcher.

scholarly journals A community based comparative study on gender perceptions among married (reproductive age) women of rural and urban areas of district Gautam Buddha Nagar

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Amit Singh Pawaiya ◽  
Khushboo Juneja ◽  
Ajay Kumar Jha ◽  
Tuhina Shree ◽  
Ankita Makhija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background: The preference for a son over female offspring continues to be a prevailing norm within the ancient Indian family. Sons are expected to work within the fields, give bigger financial gain and look after parents. Additionally, in Indian patriarchal society, sons are a unit responsible for the preservation of the family name. The preference for a son and female feticide continues to be a prevailing norm in ancient Indian families (urban and rural) leading to declining sex ratio to an alarming level. With this background the following study was conducted in Gautam Buddha Nagar with the objective of finding out gender bias in rural and urban area.Methods: A study was carried out in rural and urban field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, district Gautam Buddha Nagar of Uttar Pradesh. The study was conducted among 270 married women of reproductive age group. The women were interviewed using a semi structure questionnaire.Results: More than half of the respondents in the rural areas (57.7%) preferred son while in the urban areas, 43% of women preferred a son. The most important reason for preferring a son in the rural area was a support to the parents. While in urban area son was preferred because of the continuation of a family line.Conclusions: Preference for son was found to be high. Further amendments in the existing laws and quality education may help in breaking gender stereotypes and minimizing gender bias. 

Education inside China: a longitudinal (1989-2011) analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangqin Weng ◽  
Mingzhi Li ◽  
Check-Teck Foo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Education In China

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the rates of returns on education in China and in the process raises issues relevant to the management of China’s system of education. In the ongoing great transformation period of China, the rising rates of returns on education may have been indicators reflecting China’s social progressiveness. However, very little research efforts have been devoted to the study of the impacts of such factors as geographical regions and genders, etc. The authors hope to fill these gaps in the literature. Design/methodology/approach The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database is used for this study (University of North Carolina). The longitudinal nature of the data sets covering 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011 provides a good basis for comparative analyses. The theory is grounded upon the Mincer equations through which econometric estimates are then made. Findings Disparities in returns on education are found between genders and across geographical regions. The regression results show that the women’s returns on education are consistently higher than those of men. However, the scales of such gender differences differ between the rural and urban areas: smaller for rural area and larger, more significantly so for urban. Additionally, we have found that the rates of returns on education in China have risen significantly over these years, and these increases have been largely due to the effects of institutional reforms. The urban-rural gap in their degrees of market orientation has contributed to the differences in their rates of returns on education. The analyses also suggest that foreign direct investment inflows, international trade and the increasing competitiveness from private enterprises render human capital more valuable to urban businesses. In case of the rural areas, a lack of incentive system tends to have contributed to the lower rates of returns on education. Originality/value The authors have presented evidence on the trends in the rates of returns on education during China’s critical transition period. Analyses of the possible reasons behind the differential rates of returns are provided. These findings are helpful for the government to shape their policies towards education. For instance, the government should give more emphasis to vocational schooling due to their significantly higher rates of returns.

scholarly journals Prevalence and sociodemographic covariates of infertility in Allahabad district

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samreen Kazmi ◽  
Shiv Prakash ◽  
Khurshid Parveen ◽  
Shama Shaikh ◽  
Gyan Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Infertility ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
One Year ◽  
Demographic Covariates ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Childbearing is an extremely important event in every human’s life and is strongly associated with the ultimate goals of completeness, happiness and family integration. Infertility also has important demographic and health implications. TheWorld Health Organization (WHO), using a two year reference period, defines primary infertility as the lack of conception despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy and secondary infertility is defined as the failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy (in the absence of contraception, breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhea) for a period of two years.Methods: The study was conducted for a period of one year in randomly selected rural and urban areas of Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Multistage random sampling was done and sample size was calculated out to be 844. Data was collected on a predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Various socio-demographic covariates of infertility were also found.Results: Prevalence of infertility in Allahabad was 8.53%, 11.85% in urban area and 5.21% in rural area. Overall prevalence of primary infertility was 4.98% and secondary infertility was 3.55%. Age of female at the time of marriage, educational and working status of female and socioeconomic status of the couple was found to be significantly associated with infertility.Conclusions: Prevalence of infertility was higher in urban area and overall prevalence of primary infertility was higher as compared to secondary infertility.

Women and ICT: A Study on Access and Perceptions in North India

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-419
Author(s):  
Sumanjeet Singh ◽  
Surender Singh ◽  
Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
North India ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Information And Communication

The potential of information and communication technology (ICT) as a tool to reduce gender inequality and strengthen the position of women in a society is increasingly recognized. However, a significant gender digital divide is also observed, which is reflected in women’s low level of access and use of ICT as compared to men due to socio-economic, structural, psychological and institutional barriers. In this context, this article aims to explore the state of Indian women with regard to access, usage and effects of ICT tools. It analyses respondents’ perceptions on ICT in relation to betterment of women’s conditions and also explores the reasons for poor access and usage of ICT among Indian women. The article is based on a study of cross-sectional survey data collected from women respondents residing in rural and urban areas of six states of India, namely Haryana, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. This article argues that it is imperative to make ICT more accessible and affordable for Indian women in order for them to garner its benefits.

So why is Uttar Pradesh still poor? Poverty incidence and its correlates

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2351-2377
Author(s):  
Akarsh Arora ◽  
S.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The State ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Socially Excluded

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the regional profile of poverty in Uttar Pradesh, one of the most populated and impoverished states of India. It also identifies the factors underlying the inter-regional differences of poverty in the state. Design/methodology/approach Regional estimates have been evaluated by dividing the state into four economically classified regions (Western, Central, Southern, and Eastern), using the unit-level records of two latest available Consumption Expenditure Surveys of NSSO representing the period 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. Poverty has been defined by the latest available Rangarajan Expert Groups’ poverty line and aggregated in terms of headcount ratio and share of below poverty line population. Furthermore, to investigate the correlates of poverty, a survey-based logistic regression has been estimated specifically for each region and for both rural and urban areas. Findings Estimates reveal that though overall poverty in the state has declined, inter-regional poverty trends witness rise in the level of impoverishment particularly in urban Southern Region (SR), rural Eastern Region (ER), and in both rural and urban areas of Central Region. Nevertheless, the inter-regional disparity in poverty has observed a decline; it can further be eliminated if such high poverty reduction in urban ER and rural SR is sustained along with a similar progress in their impoverished counterparts. Originality/value The study recommends that poverty alleviating policies in the state should focus more on reducing the household size, development of socially excluded sub-groups (Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes), delivery of basic facilities (education and health care), and enhancement of employment prospects for casual laborers, with special emphasis on identified impoverished regions.

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